气溶胶探测仪CCD成像系统的设计
|
摘要
设计了吸收性气溶胶探测仪CCD成像系统,该系统的硬件包括驱动时序电路、预处理和模拟前端电路、电源管理电路、FPGA主控单元,以及Camera Link通信电路等。提出一种带有反向转移的驱动时序来消除帧转移过程的残余电荷,并对该CCD成像系统性能进行测试验证。实验结果表明,该成像系统能稳定输出14 bit图像数据,帧频为1.8 frame/s,最短曝光时间为17.28 ms,非线性度误差为1.68%,当曝光饱和度为80%时,成像信噪比为54.36 dB,CCD可探测信号的动态范围为61.55 dB,可满足探测仪输出稳定、时间分辨率高、线性性能优、信噪比高、信号动态范围大的工作需求。
A CCD imaging system in the absorbent aerosol detector is designed, whose hardware includes timing driving circuit, pre-processing and analog-front-end circuit, power management circuit, FPGA main control unit, Camera Link communication circuit, and so on. A kind of driving timing with reverse transfer is introduced to effectively eliminate the residual charge in the frame transfer process and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of this CCD imaging system is tested. The experimental results show that as for this imaging system, the 14 bit image data can output steadily with a frame frequency of 1.8 frame/s, the shortest exposure time of 17.28 ms and a nonlinearity error of 1.68%. Under the condition of 80% saturation exposure, the imaging signal-to-noise ratio is 54.36 dB, and the dynamic range of CCD detectable signals is 61.55 dB. The operational requirements of this detector such as stable output, high time resolution, excellent linear performance, high signal-to-noise ratio, and large dynamic range of signals are satisfied.
A CCD imaging system in the absorbent aerosol detector is designed, whose hardware includes timing driving circuit, pre-processing and analog-front-end circuit, power management circuit, FPGA main control unit, Camera Link communication circuit, and so on. A kind of driving timing with reverse transfer is introduced to effectively eliminate the residual charge in the frame transfer process and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of this CCD imaging system is tested. The experimental results show that as for this imaging system, the 14 bit image data can output steadily with a frame frequency of 1.8 frame/s, the shortest exposure time of 17.28 ms and a nonlinearity error of 1.68%. Under the condition of 80% saturation exposure, the imaging signal-to-noise ratio is 54.36 dB, and the dynamic range of CCD detectable signals is 61.55 dB. The operational requirements of this detector such as stable output, high time resolution, excellent linear performance, high signal-to-noise ratio, and large dynamic range of signals are satisfied.
引文
[1] Zhang L, Song Y, Hu X Y. CCD noise processing based on CDS[J]. Semiconductor Optoelectronics, 2007, 28(2): 265-272. 张林, 宋寅, 胡学友. 基于CDS技术的CCD噪声信号处理[J]. 半导体光电, 2007, 28(2): 265-272.
[2] Zheng L L, Jin G, Qu H S, et al. Space-borne CCD imaging circuit system with high signal-to-noise ratio[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering, 2016, 24(8): 2027-2036. 郑亮亮, 金光, 曲宏松, 等. 高信噪比星载CCD成像电路系统[J]. 光学 精密工程, 2016, 24(8): 2027-2036.
[3] Jerram P, Morris D. Recent sensor designs for earth observation[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2016, 9881: 988111.
[4] Popowicz A. Analysis of dark current in BRITE nanostellite CCD sensors[J]. Sensors, 2018, 18(2): 18020479.
[5] Li Y P, He B, Fu T J. Design of imaging system of interline area CCD[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2014, 43(8): 2602-2606. 李亚鹏, 何斌, 付天骄. 行间转移型面阵CCD成像系统设计[J]. 红外与激光工程, 2014, 43(8): 2602-2606.
[6] Xue X C, Li Y F, Guo Y F. Design of analog front end of CCD imaging system[J]. Optics And Precision Engineering, 2007, 15(8): 1191-1195. 薛旭成, 李云飞, 郭永飞. CCD成像系统中模拟前端设计[J]. 光学 精密工程, 2007, 15(8): 1191-1195.
[7] Fang L L, Wang Y, Qiu X H, et al. Application of integrated correlated double sampling A/D chip in satellite-borne devices[J]. Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2017, 34(1): 15-22. 方玲丽, 王煜, 邱晓晗, 等. 集成相关双采样A/D芯片在星载设备中的应用[J]. 量子电子学报, 2017, 34(1): 15-22.
[8] Zhang H, Liu D B, Li W, et al. Research of noise at analog front end in CCD imaging system[J]. Modern Electronics Technique, 2011, 34(24): 113-117. 张航, 刘栋斌, 李巍, 等. CCD成像系统中模拟前端噪声的研究[J]. 现代电子技术, 2011, 34(24): 113-117.
[9] Zhao H J, Liu X K, Zhang Y. CCD imaging electrical system of AOTF imaging spectrometer[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering, 2013, 21(5): 1291-1296. 赵慧洁, 刘小康, 张颖. 声光可调谐滤波成像光谱仪的CCD成像电子学系统[J]. 光学 精密工程, 2013, 21(5): 1291-1296.
[10] Wang Y, Lu Y H, Zhao X, et al. Design and implementation of CCD imaging circuit for satellite-borne DOAS spectrometer[J]. Laser & Infrared, 2015, 45(6): 663-668. 王煜, 陆亦怀, 赵欣, 等. 星载差分吸收光谱仪CCD成像电路的设计及实施[J]. 激光与红外, 2015, 45(6): 663-668.
[11] Ma Q J, Song K F, Qu Y, et al. Design of CCD circuit systems for ultraviolet limb imaging spectrometers[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering, 2011, 19(7): 1538-1545. 马庆军, 宋克非, 曲艺, 等. 紫外临边成像光谱仪CCD电路系统的设计[J]. 光学 精密工程, 2011, 19(7): 1538-1545.
[12] Jin L X, Li G N, Liu Y Y. Design of driving circuit for frame transfer area CCD[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering, 2008, 16(6): 1140-1145. 金龙旭, 李国宁, 刘妍妍. 帧转移型面阵CCD驱动电路的设计[J]. 光学 精密工程, 2008, 16(6): 1140-1145.
[13] Chang Z, Wang Y, Si F Q, et al. Design and implementation of ultraviolet imaging system based on scientific grade CCD[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2017, 44(8): 0804002. 常振, 王煜, 司福祺, 等. 基于科学级CCD的紫外成像系统设计与实现[J]. 中国激光, 2017, 44(8): 0804002.
[14] Bai X P, Zheng Y, Li J, et al. A frame transfer EMCCD image sensor with 512×512 pixels[J]. Infrared Technology, 2016, 38(4): 300-304. 白雪平, 郑渝, 李金, 等. 512×512元帧转移EMCCD图像传感器[J]. 红外技术, 2016, 38(4): 300-304.
[15] Zhang Z, Cheng X G, Jiang Z F. Excessive saturation effect of visible light CCD[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2008, 20(6): 917-920. 张震, 程湘爱, 姜宗福. 可见光CCD的光致饱和现象[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2008, 20(6): 917-920.
[16] Paul J, David M. Recent sensor designs for Earth observation[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2016, 9881: 988111.
[17] Zhao X L, Ma X R, Peng X F, et al. A precise method to adaptively adjust the exposure timeof CCD[J]. Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators, 2011, 24(6): 870-873. 赵晓琳, 马秀荣, 彭雪峰, 等. 一种自适应精确调节CCD曝光时间的方法[J]. 传感技术学报, 2011, 24(6): 870-873.
[18] Jiang Y, Jedrkiewicz O, Minardi S, et al. Retrieval of spatial shot-noise in the full dynamic range of calibrated CCD cameras[J]. The European Physical Journal D, 2003, 22(3): 521-526.
[19] Yu D, Zhou H D, Long K H, et al. Screening and testing method for area CCD[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2013, 40(7): 0708001. 余达, 周怀得, 龙科慧, 等. 一种面阵CCD的筛选测试方法[J]. 中国激光, 2013, 40(7): 0708001.
[2] Zheng L L, Jin G, Qu H S, et al. Space-borne CCD imaging circuit system with high signal-to-noise ratio[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering, 2016, 24(8): 2027-2036. 郑亮亮, 金光, 曲宏松, 等. 高信噪比星载CCD成像电路系统[J]. 光学 精密工程, 2016, 24(8): 2027-2036.
[3] Jerram P, Morris D. Recent sensor designs for earth observation[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2016, 9881: 988111.
[4] Popowicz A. Analysis of dark current in BRITE nanostellite CCD sensors[J]. Sensors, 2018, 18(2): 18020479.
[5] Li Y P, He B, Fu T J. Design of imaging system of interline area CCD[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2014, 43(8): 2602-2606. 李亚鹏, 何斌, 付天骄. 行间转移型面阵CCD成像系统设计[J]. 红外与激光工程, 2014, 43(8): 2602-2606.
[6] Xue X C, Li Y F, Guo Y F. Design of analog front end of CCD imaging system[J]. Optics And Precision Engineering, 2007, 15(8): 1191-1195. 薛旭成, 李云飞, 郭永飞. CCD成像系统中模拟前端设计[J]. 光学 精密工程, 2007, 15(8): 1191-1195.
[7] Fang L L, Wang Y, Qiu X H, et al. Application of integrated correlated double sampling A/D chip in satellite-borne devices[J]. Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2017, 34(1): 15-22. 方玲丽, 王煜, 邱晓晗, 等. 集成相关双采样A/D芯片在星载设备中的应用[J]. 量子电子学报, 2017, 34(1): 15-22.
[8] Zhang H, Liu D B, Li W, et al. Research of noise at analog front end in CCD imaging system[J]. Modern Electronics Technique, 2011, 34(24): 113-117. 张航, 刘栋斌, 李巍, 等. CCD成像系统中模拟前端噪声的研究[J]. 现代电子技术, 2011, 34(24): 113-117.
[9] Zhao H J, Liu X K, Zhang Y. CCD imaging electrical system of AOTF imaging spectrometer[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering, 2013, 21(5): 1291-1296. 赵慧洁, 刘小康, 张颖. 声光可调谐滤波成像光谱仪的CCD成像电子学系统[J]. 光学 精密工程, 2013, 21(5): 1291-1296.
[10] Wang Y, Lu Y H, Zhao X, et al. Design and implementation of CCD imaging circuit for satellite-borne DOAS spectrometer[J]. Laser & Infrared, 2015, 45(6): 663-668. 王煜, 陆亦怀, 赵欣, 等. 星载差分吸收光谱仪CCD成像电路的设计及实施[J]. 激光与红外, 2015, 45(6): 663-668.
[11] Ma Q J, Song K F, Qu Y, et al. Design of CCD circuit systems for ultraviolet limb imaging spectrometers[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering, 2011, 19(7): 1538-1545. 马庆军, 宋克非, 曲艺, 等. 紫外临边成像光谱仪CCD电路系统的设计[J]. 光学 精密工程, 2011, 19(7): 1538-1545.
[12] Jin L X, Li G N, Liu Y Y. Design of driving circuit for frame transfer area CCD[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering, 2008, 16(6): 1140-1145. 金龙旭, 李国宁, 刘妍妍. 帧转移型面阵CCD驱动电路的设计[J]. 光学 精密工程, 2008, 16(6): 1140-1145.
[13] Chang Z, Wang Y, Si F Q, et al. Design and implementation of ultraviolet imaging system based on scientific grade CCD[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2017, 44(8): 0804002. 常振, 王煜, 司福祺, 等. 基于科学级CCD的紫外成像系统设计与实现[J]. 中国激光, 2017, 44(8): 0804002.
[14] Bai X P, Zheng Y, Li J, et al. A frame transfer EMCCD image sensor with 512×512 pixels[J]. Infrared Technology, 2016, 38(4): 300-304. 白雪平, 郑渝, 李金, 等. 512×512元帧转移EMCCD图像传感器[J]. 红外技术, 2016, 38(4): 300-304.
[15] Zhang Z, Cheng X G, Jiang Z F. Excessive saturation effect of visible light CCD[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2008, 20(6): 917-920. 张震, 程湘爱, 姜宗福. 可见光CCD的光致饱和现象[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2008, 20(6): 917-920.
[16] Paul J, David M. Recent sensor designs for Earth observation[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2016, 9881: 988111.
[17] Zhao X L, Ma X R, Peng X F, et al. A precise method to adaptively adjust the exposure timeof CCD[J]. Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators, 2011, 24(6): 870-873. 赵晓琳, 马秀荣, 彭雪峰, 等. 一种自适应精确调节CCD曝光时间的方法[J]. 传感技术学报, 2011, 24(6): 870-873.
[18] Jiang Y, Jedrkiewicz O, Minardi S, et al. Retrieval of spatial shot-noise in the full dynamic range of calibrated CCD cameras[J]. The European Physical Journal D, 2003, 22(3): 521-526.
[19] Yu D, Zhou H D, Long K H, et al. Screening and testing method for area CCD[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2013, 40(7): 0708001. 余达, 周怀得, 龙科慧, 等. 一种面阵CCD的筛选测试方法[J]. 中国激光, 2013, 40(7): 0708001.