湿地公园鸟类栖息地营建研究——以北京琉璃河湿地公园为例
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摘要
北京地区处于全球候鸟东亚-澳大利西亚的迁徙路线上,是候鸟重要的迁徙路线,近些年,随着人为活动的影响,该区生境破碎化问题愈发突出,直接威胁着本地鸟种和过境迁徙鸟类的生存。为达到保护鸟类多样性的目的,需开展相应的栖息地恢复工作。不同生态类群的鸟类对栖息地有着不同的要求,相同鸟种在不同空间、季节和生活期对栖息地的选择也有着不同的特点。因而,鸟类栖息地恢复应针对目标鸟种根据其繁殖特点、巢位空间分布、食性特点、活动空间特点等进行规划营造。以北京房山琉璃河湿地公园为例,针对项目所在区域的鸟类分布特征,确定目标恢复鸟种,结合项目区现场条件,围绕目标鸟种对于栖息地水系、植被等方面的需求,从岸线重塑、水深设计、植物配置、生态鸟岛等方面规划设计鸟类栖息地修复措施。
Beijing is located on the East Asian-Australian Flyway(EAAF),one of the major bird migration routes.During recent years,the problem of bird habitat fragmentation had worsened for the reason of human activity in this area,which has directly threatened the survival of local and migratory birds.For protecting bird diversity,necessary measures should be taken to restore bird habitats.Because habitat requirements of birds vary among species,spatial scales,seasons,and phases of life history,the restoration of bird habitats could be planned according to the breeding characteristics,nest-site distribution,feeding habits,and suitable activity space of the target bird species.In this paper,we considered Liuli River wetland park,located in the southwest of Beijing,as an example for demonstrating the restoration of the habitats of birds.Target species of habitat restoration program were selected based on bird distribution in the study area.By combining information on field conditions and the requirements of the target species for water,food,and breeding,bird habitat restoration measures were designed based on aspects such as shoreline pattern,water depth reconstruction,vegetation configuration,and ecological bird island.Among them,the river bank line should conform to the form of natural channel,presenting a winding shape.According to the water depth requirement of different types of birds,wide deep-water and shallow-water surface areas were prepared.In addition,for vegetation restoration,different types of plants were chosen,including trees,shrubs,emergent plants,and submerged plant to enhance plant biodiversity.A bird island was built based on the altered topography after excavation of a new river channel in study area.
Beijing is located on the East Asian-Australian Flyway(EAAF),one of the major bird migration routes.During recent years,the problem of bird habitat fragmentation had worsened for the reason of human activity in this area,which has directly threatened the survival of local and migratory birds.For protecting bird diversity,necessary measures should be taken to restore bird habitats.Because habitat requirements of birds vary among species,spatial scales,seasons,and phases of life history,the restoration of bird habitats could be planned according to the breeding characteristics,nest-site distribution,feeding habits,and suitable activity space of the target bird species.In this paper,we considered Liuli River wetland park,located in the southwest of Beijing,as an example for demonstrating the restoration of the habitats of birds.Target species of habitat restoration program were selected based on bird distribution in the study area.By combining information on field conditions and the requirements of the target species for water,food,and breeding,bird habitat restoration measures were designed based on aspects such as shoreline pattern,water depth reconstruction,vegetation configuration,and ecological bird island.Among them,the river bank line should conform to the form of natural channel,presenting a winding shape.According to the water depth requirement of different types of birds,wide deep-water and shallow-water surface areas were prepared.In addition,for vegetation restoration,different types of plants were chosen,including trees,shrubs,emergent plants,and submerged plant to enhance plant biodiversity.A bird island was built based on the altered topography after excavation of a new river channel in study area.
引文
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[20]昝启杰,谭凤仪.华侨城湿地生态修复示范与评估.北京:海洋出版社,2016.
[21]国家林业局.中国湿地资源(北京卷).北京:中国林业出版社,2015.
[22]成玉宁,张祎,张亚伟,戴丹骅.湿地公园设计.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.
[23]刘佳妮.基于鸟类栖息地修复的浙江省城市滨水开放空间设计研究[D].杭州:浙江农林大学,2015.
[24]杨云峰.城市湿地公园中鸟类栖息地的营建.林业科技开发,2013,27(6):89-94.
[25]金欣,任晓彤,彭鹤博,马强,汤臣栋,钮栋梁,马志军.崇明东滩鸟类栖息地优化区越冬水鸟的栖息地利用及影响因子.动物学杂志,2013,48(5):686-692.
[26]赵锦霞,刘昊,张利权.崇明东滩越冬鸟类在养殖塘的空间分布.动物学研究,2008,29(2):212-218.
[27]朱红星,聂继山,赵耀宗.六种鹭鸟混群营巢地的调查.四川动物,1994,13(3):123-124.
[28]Wiens J A.Habitat fragmentation:island v landscape perspectives on bird conservation.IBIS,1995,137(S1):S97-S104.
[29]李永民,聂传朋,刘生杰,吴孝兵.芜湖市及附近地区三种鹭鸟巢址特征.生态学杂志,2008,27(8):1430-1433.
[30]严少君,朱曦,俞益武,申亚梅.城市绿地引鸟设计的探索与实践——浙江省长兴县龙山鹭鸟公园设计方案浅析.规划师,2007,23(2):46-49.
[31]刘路明,李杰,刘陈鸿,董云霞,王振兴.广西龙象谷南晓片区景观格局变化及其对鹭鸟生境的可能影响.云南农业大学学报,2015,30(3):325-332.
[32]Major R E,Christie F J,Gowing G.Influence of remnant and landscape attributes on Australian woodland bird communities.Biological Conservation,2001,102(1):47-66.
[33]朱强,俞孔坚,李迪华.景观规划中的生态廊道宽度.生态学报,2005,25(9):2406-2412.
[2]王强,吕宪国.鸟类在湿地生态系统监测与评价中的应用.湿地科学,2007,5(3):274-281.
[3]邓文洪.栖息地破碎化与鸟类生存.生态学报,2009,29(6):3181-3187.
[4]刘佳妮,陈楚文,陈彬彬,严芸.浙江省城市滨水开放空间鸟类栖息地营建研究.中国城市林业,2015,13(6):36-39.
[5]Béchet A,Giroux J F,Gauthier G.The effects of disturbance on behaviour,habitat use and energy of spring staging snow geese.Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,41(4):689-700.
[6]Fahrig L.Relative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population extinction.The Journal of Wildlife Management,1997,61(3):603-610.
[7]陆祎玮.城市化对鸟类群落的影响及其鸟类适应性的研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2007.
[8]武正军,李义明.生境破碎化对动物种群存活的影响.生态学报,2003,23(11):2424-2435.
[9]康丹东.基于鸟类栖息地保护的城市湿地公园规划设计研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2011.
[10]高伟,陆健健.长江口潮滩湿地鸟类适栖地营造实验及短期效应.生态学报,2008,28(5):2080-2089.
[11]张轩溢.基于鸟类栖息地保护的龙山湖国家湿地公园规划[D].福州:福建农林大学,2017.
[12]郑师章,吴千红,王海波,陶芸.普通生态学——原理、方法和应用.上海:复旦大学出版社,1994:1-434.
[13]杨勇,温俊宝,胡德夫.鸟类栖息地研究进展.林业科学,2011,47(11):172-180.
[14]张贤杰,陈飞华.浅析河道生态修复与栖息地重建技术.城市道桥与防洪,2015,(8):262-264.
[15]Bergin T M.Habitat selection by the western kingbird in western Nebraska:a hierarchical analysis.The Condor,1992,94(4):903-911.
[16]Engel K A,Young L S.Movements and habitat use by common ravens from roost sites in southwestern Idaho.The Journal of Wildlife Management,1992,56(3):595-602.
[17]景文.基于鸟类栖息地保护的山东荣成桑沟湾滨海湿地公园(一期)规划[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2013.
[18]贾非,王楠,郑光美.白马鸡繁殖早期栖息地选择和空间分布.动物学报,2005,51(3):383-392.
[19]龙帅,周材权,王维奎,峗薇,胡锦矗.南充雉鸡的巢址选择和春夏季栖息地选择.动物学研究,2007,28(3):249-254.
[20]昝启杰,谭凤仪.华侨城湿地生态修复示范与评估.北京:海洋出版社,2016.
[21]国家林业局.中国湿地资源(北京卷).北京:中国林业出版社,2015.
[22]成玉宁,张祎,张亚伟,戴丹骅.湿地公园设计.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.
[23]刘佳妮.基于鸟类栖息地修复的浙江省城市滨水开放空间设计研究[D].杭州:浙江农林大学,2015.
[24]杨云峰.城市湿地公园中鸟类栖息地的营建.林业科技开发,2013,27(6):89-94.
[25]金欣,任晓彤,彭鹤博,马强,汤臣栋,钮栋梁,马志军.崇明东滩鸟类栖息地优化区越冬水鸟的栖息地利用及影响因子.动物学杂志,2013,48(5):686-692.
[26]赵锦霞,刘昊,张利权.崇明东滩越冬鸟类在养殖塘的空间分布.动物学研究,2008,29(2):212-218.
[27]朱红星,聂继山,赵耀宗.六种鹭鸟混群营巢地的调查.四川动物,1994,13(3):123-124.
[28]Wiens J A.Habitat fragmentation:island v landscape perspectives on bird conservation.IBIS,1995,137(S1):S97-S104.
[29]李永民,聂传朋,刘生杰,吴孝兵.芜湖市及附近地区三种鹭鸟巢址特征.生态学杂志,2008,27(8):1430-1433.
[30]严少君,朱曦,俞益武,申亚梅.城市绿地引鸟设计的探索与实践——浙江省长兴县龙山鹭鸟公园设计方案浅析.规划师,2007,23(2):46-49.
[31]刘路明,李杰,刘陈鸿,董云霞,王振兴.广西龙象谷南晓片区景观格局变化及其对鹭鸟生境的可能影响.云南农业大学学报,2015,30(3):325-332.
[32]Major R E,Christie F J,Gowing G.Influence of remnant and landscape attributes on Australian woodland bird communities.Biological Conservation,2001,102(1):47-66.
[33]朱强,俞孔坚,李迪华.景观规划中的生态廊道宽度.生态学报,2005,25(9):2406-2412.