基于白鹤生境需求的湿地生态水文调控研究——以莫莫格国家级自然保护区白鹤湖为例
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摘要
针对莫莫格国家级自然保护区白鹤湖水多或水少导致白鹤生境恶化的严峻现实问题,开展生态水文调控研究,以期满足白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)适宜生境需求,具有重要理论意义和应用价值。利用遥感反演技术,分析了白鹤湖生态水文景观格局变化特征;采用野外调查和数理统计方法,分析了白鹤食源植物的生态特征和植物群落演替规律,确定了适宜白鹤的生境条件。研究结果表明,白鹤的主要生境为挺水植物群落分布地带,食源植物为扁秆藨草(Scirpus planiculmis)和三江藨草(Scirpus nipponicus),适应水深为30~50 cm,适宜水位为132.4~132.6 m;在研究白鹤湖水文特性和水循环过程的基础上,构建了基于EFDC的湿地水动力模型,模拟了不同来水情景下白鹤湖水文情势变化,以适宜白鹤的生态水位为调控目标,提出了相应的白鹤湖生态水文调控对策和措施,以期为白鹤栖息地的保护与恢复提供科学依据和决策支持。
Because of unsuitable hydrological managements, the habitats of Grus leucogeranus were serious deterioration in Baihe Lake of Momoge National Nature Reserve. This study was to regulate the ecohydrology for meeting the demands of Grus leucogeranus habitat. The landscape pattern in Baihe Lake was analyzed by remote sensing image on August 3, 2016. The succession of plants as food of crane was analyzed based on field monitoring data. The crane habitat demands were comprehensively determined. The main habitat of crane was emergent plant zone, the plant as food of crane were Scirpus planiculmis and Scirpus nipponicus,the suitable water depths were 30 cm to 50 cm, and the suitable water level was 132.4 m to 132.6 m. Then a hydrodynamic model for Baihe Lake was constructed using Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code model and governed by its hydrological characteristics and water circulating process, to simulate hydrological regime change in different scenarios, and proposed corresponding controlling measures and countermeasures based on the requirement of ecological water level, which could provide decision-making guidances for crane habitat protection.
Because of unsuitable hydrological managements, the habitats of Grus leucogeranus were serious deterioration in Baihe Lake of Momoge National Nature Reserve. This study was to regulate the ecohydrology for meeting the demands of Grus leucogeranus habitat. The landscape pattern in Baihe Lake was analyzed by remote sensing image on August 3, 2016. The succession of plants as food of crane was analyzed based on field monitoring data. The crane habitat demands were comprehensively determined. The main habitat of crane was emergent plant zone, the plant as food of crane were Scirpus planiculmis and Scirpus nipponicus,the suitable water depths were 30 cm to 50 cm, and the suitable water level was 132.4 m to 132.6 m. Then a hydrodynamic model for Baihe Lake was constructed using Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code model and governed by its hydrological characteristics and water circulating process, to simulate hydrological regime change in different scenarios, and proposed corresponding controlling measures and countermeasures based on the requirement of ecological water level, which could provide decision-making guidances for crane habitat protection.
引文
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[24]艾海男,张文时,胡学斌,等.环境流体动力学代码EFDC模型的研究及应用进展[J].水资源研究,2014,3(3):247-256.
[25]王磊,邹红菲,李晓民,等.图牧吉自然保护区白鹤秋季觅食地生境初步研究[J].野生动物学报,2009,30(1):20-22.
[26]孙志勇,黄晓凤.鄱阳湖越冬白鹤觅食地特征分析[J].动物学杂志,2010,45(6):46-52.
[27]李鑫,吴建平,朱成伟,等.卧龙湖自然保护区水鸟迁徙研究[J].野生动物学报,2010,31(3):135-138.
[28]胡振鹏.白鹤在鄱阳湖越冬生境特性及其对湖水位变化的响应[J].江西科学,2012,30(1):30-35.
[29]Jia Y F,Jiao S W,Zhang Y M,et al.Diet shift and its impact on foraging behavior of Siberian Crane(Grus Leucogeranus)in Poyang Lake[J].Plos One,2013,8(6):e65843.
[30]孔维尧,郑振河,吴景才,等.莫莫格自然保护区白鹤秋季迁徙停歇期觅食生境选择[J].动物学研究,2013,34(3):166-173.
[31]章光新,张蕾,冯夏清,等.湿地生态水文与水资源管理[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.
[2]Kanai Y,Ueta M,Germogenov N,et al.Migration routes and important resting areas of Siberian cranes(Grus leucogeranus)between northeastern Siberia and China as revealed by satellite tracking[J].Biological Conservation,2002,106(3):339-346.
[3]贾亦飞.水位波动对鄱阳湖越冬白鹤及其他水鸟的影响研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.
[4]黄方,王平,王永洁,等.扎龙湿地生态环境变化及其对白鹤迁徙的影响[J].东北师大学报:自然科学版,2007,39(2):106-111.
[5]Mia R,Harri T,Esa L,et al.Breeding habitat preferences of 15bird species on south-western Finnish archipelago coast:Applicability of digital spatial data archives to habitat assessment[J].Biological Conservation,2008,141(2):402-416.
[6]齐述华,张起明,江丰,等.水位对鄱阳湖湿地越冬候鸟生境景观格局的影响研究[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(8):1345-1355.
[7]Jiang H,He C,Sheng L,et al.Hydrological Modelling for Siberian Crane Grus Leucogeranus Stopover Sites in Northeast China[J].Plo S one,2015b,10(4):e0122687.
[8]Ma Z,Cai Y,Li B,et al.Managing wetland habitats for waterbirds:an international perspective[J].Wetlands,2010,30(1):15-27.
[9]贾非,王楠,郑光美.白马鸡冬季群体栖息地选择的经验模型[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2004,40(4):524-530.
[10]李文军,王子健.丹顶鹤越冬栖息地数学模型的建立[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(6):839-842.
[11]Jiang H,Liu C,Sun X,et al.Remote sensing reversion of water depths and water management for the stopover site of siberian cranes at Momoge,China[J].Wetlands,2015a,35(2):369-379.
[12]Johnson W C,Millett B V,Gilmanov T,et al.Vulnerability of northern prairie wetlands to climate change[J].Bio Science,2005,55(10):863-872.
[13]Fay P A,Guntenspergen G R,Olker J H,et al.Climate change impacts on freshwater wetland hydrology and vegetation cover cycling along a regional aridity gradient[J].Ecosphere,2016,7(10):e01504.
[14]Wang P,Lai G,Li L.Predicting the Hydrological Impacts of the Poyang Lake Project Using an EFDC Model[J].Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,2015,200(12):05015009.
[15]Estes M G,Al-Hamdan M Z,Ellis J T,et al.A Modeling System to Assess Land Cover Land Use Change Effects on SAV Habitat in the Mobile Bay Estuary[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2015,51(2):513-536.
[16]徐涵秋.利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体信息的研究[J].遥感学报,2005,9(5):589-95.
[17]林川,宫兆宁,赵文吉.基于中分辨率TM数据的湿地水生植被提取[J].生态学报,2010,30(23):6460-6469.
[18]张翼然,宫兆宁,赵文吉.水分环境梯度下野鸭湖湿地典型植物光谱特征分析[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2012,32(3):743-748.
[19]吕宪国.湿地生态系统观测方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005:125-129.
[20]Huang J C,Qi L Y,Gao J F,et al.Risk assessment of hazardous materials loading into four large lakes in China:A new hydrodynamic indicator based on EFDC[J].Ecological Indicators,2017,80:23-30.
[21]Huang J C,Yan R H,Gao J F,et al.Modeling the impacts of water transfer on water transport pattern in Lake Chao,China[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,95:271-279.
[22]Qi L Y,Huang J C,Yan R H,et al.Modeling the effects of the streamflow changes of Xinjiang Basin in future climate scenarios on the hydrodynamic conditions in Lake Poyang,China[J].Limnology,2017,18(2):175-194.
[23]Huang J C,Gao J F,Xu Y,et al.Towards better environmental software for spatio-temporal ecological models:Lessons from developing an intelligent system supporting phytoplankton prediction in lakes[J].Ecological Informatics,2015,25:49-56.
[24]艾海男,张文时,胡学斌,等.环境流体动力学代码EFDC模型的研究及应用进展[J].水资源研究,2014,3(3):247-256.
[25]王磊,邹红菲,李晓民,等.图牧吉自然保护区白鹤秋季觅食地生境初步研究[J].野生动物学报,2009,30(1):20-22.
[26]孙志勇,黄晓凤.鄱阳湖越冬白鹤觅食地特征分析[J].动物学杂志,2010,45(6):46-52.
[27]李鑫,吴建平,朱成伟,等.卧龙湖自然保护区水鸟迁徙研究[J].野生动物学报,2010,31(3):135-138.
[28]胡振鹏.白鹤在鄱阳湖越冬生境特性及其对湖水位变化的响应[J].江西科学,2012,30(1):30-35.
[29]Jia Y F,Jiao S W,Zhang Y M,et al.Diet shift and its impact on foraging behavior of Siberian Crane(Grus Leucogeranus)in Poyang Lake[J].Plos One,2013,8(6):e65843.
[30]孔维尧,郑振河,吴景才,等.莫莫格自然保护区白鹤秋季迁徙停歇期觅食生境选择[J].动物学研究,2013,34(3):166-173.
[31]章光新,张蕾,冯夏清,等.湿地生态水文与水资源管理[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.