米老排人工林皆伐迹地种子天然更新林密度调控效应
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摘要
为探索米老排Mytilaria laosensis皆伐迹地种子天然更新幼林生长及密度效应,基于单因素随机区组试验设计,研究了米老排皆伐迹地不同密度种子天然更新幼林生长状况。结果表明:(1)在间苗作业后1.0~3.5 a,未间苗抚育林分(ck)与间苗抚育林分在平均胸径、平均树高和平均单株材积生长量(总生长量与连年生长量)上差异显著;但各林分优势木胸径、树高和单株材积的总生长量差异不显著。间苗处理提高林分平均生长水平和减小林分径阶分化程度的作用明显。(2)间苗抚育林分平均生长量曲线与连年生长量曲线的相交时间与密度呈负相关;未间苗抚育林分平均胸径连年生长量的峰值出现在第2年,间苗抚育林分出现在第2~4年。前5 a为种子更新林径向生长的旺盛期,间苗抚育保留合理密度对林分的径向生长极为重要。(3)未间苗抚育林分平均树高的连年生长量与平均生长量在第2~3年相交,而间苗处理平均树高的连年生长量与平均生长量在第5年仍未相交;林分优势木前5 a的高生长处于旺盛期。(4)未间苗抚育和间苗抚育的林分径阶分布类型不同,前者呈倒J型分布,后者近似正态分布,间苗处理改变林分径阶分布的类型、峰值和分化程度作用明显。(5)在间苗抚育后第3.5年,密度较低林分的平均生长量优于密度较高处理林分。(6)充分利用米老排种子成熟期、落种期和天然更新特性,通过科学的采伐期、采伐方式、迹地剩余物清理方式和迹地更新林的间苗抚育措施,可有效实现采伐迹地天然更新和促进其更新林的生长。图2表3参18
To explore the effect of density on growth of young Mytilaria laosensis stands with natural seed regeneration on clearcut land, a single factor randomized block design experiment with natural spacing(ck treatment, three replications) and spaced seedling(T_A, T_B and T_C treatments, three replications) stands was established, and variance analysis of the stands were analysed with Least Significant Difference methods in Data Processing System(14.5), to test diameter at breast height(DBH), tree height, and single volume. Results showed that:(1) between ck and spaced seedling stands, during 3.5 years after spacing, stand density significantly decreased(P<0.01) the average growth of total growth and annual increment of DBH, tree height, and single volume in the ck stands types; whereas, the total growth of DBH, tree height, and single volume of dominant trees with both stands were not significantly affected(P>0.05). Spaced treatments(finished in 1.5 years old of seedling, remain density in hectare: T_A 1 650, T_B 2 800, and T_C 2500)significantly improved(P<0.01)the average growth of the stands and reduced differentiation of diameter grades in the stands.(2) The higher stand density(ck), the earlier intersection time of the average growth curve and the annual growth curve for average DBH or tree height of the stand was appeared. Also, the peak value of annual growth for average DBH of ck stands occurred in the second year, and the peak value of spaced stands was during the second and 4 th year. Before the 5 th year, it was fast growth period for the stands with natural seed regeneration, so spacing was very important with radial growth of the stands.(3) The time of intersection for curves of average growth and annual growth of tree height in the ck stands was between the second and third year, but with the spaced stands did not intersect before the 5 th year. Growth for tree height of dominant trees in all stands before the 5 th year was fast(the annul increment of top height in each treatment was more than 1.49 m in each year).(4)Different types of stands had different diameter distributions; the ck stand had an inverted J distribution, but the spaced stands had an approximately normal distribution.(5) In the spaced stands, after 3.5 years, the average growth for DBH, tree height, and volume of less dense forest stands(T_A treatment stands) was better than those with higher density treatments(T_C or T_B stands). Thus, understanding of the mature period for seeds, the seed falling-stage, and natural regeneration characteristics of Mytilaria laosensis could enhance the scientific cutting time, cutting methods, clean ways for removing residues, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and methods for spacing seedlings to enable effective natural regeneration on cutover land thereby promoting forest growth. [Ch,2 fig. 3 tab. 18 ref.]
To explore the effect of density on growth of young Mytilaria laosensis stands with natural seed regeneration on clearcut land, a single factor randomized block design experiment with natural spacing(ck treatment, three replications) and spaced seedling(T_A, T_B and T_C treatments, three replications) stands was established, and variance analysis of the stands were analysed with Least Significant Difference methods in Data Processing System(14.5), to test diameter at breast height(DBH), tree height, and single volume. Results showed that:(1) between ck and spaced seedling stands, during 3.5 years after spacing, stand density significantly decreased(P<0.01) the average growth of total growth and annual increment of DBH, tree height, and single volume in the ck stands types; whereas, the total growth of DBH, tree height, and single volume of dominant trees with both stands were not significantly affected(P>0.05). Spaced treatments(finished in 1.5 years old of seedling, remain density in hectare: T_A 1 650, T_B 2 800, and T_C 2500)significantly improved(P<0.01)the average growth of the stands and reduced differentiation of diameter grades in the stands.(2) The higher stand density(ck), the earlier intersection time of the average growth curve and the annual growth curve for average DBH or tree height of the stand was appeared. Also, the peak value of annual growth for average DBH of ck stands occurred in the second year, and the peak value of spaced stands was during the second and 4 th year. Before the 5 th year, it was fast growth period for the stands with natural seed regeneration, so spacing was very important with radial growth of the stands.(3) The time of intersection for curves of average growth and annual growth of tree height in the ck stands was between the second and third year, but with the spaced stands did not intersect before the 5 th year. Growth for tree height of dominant trees in all stands before the 5 th year was fast(the annul increment of top height in each treatment was more than 1.49 m in each year).(4)Different types of stands had different diameter distributions; the ck stand had an inverted J distribution, but the spaced stands had an approximately normal distribution.(5) In the spaced stands, after 3.5 years, the average growth for DBH, tree height, and volume of less dense forest stands(T_A treatment stands) was better than those with higher density treatments(T_C or T_B stands). Thus, understanding of the mature period for seeds, the seed falling-stage, and natural regeneration characteristics of Mytilaria laosensis could enhance the scientific cutting time, cutting methods, clean ways for removing residues, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and methods for spacing seedlings to enable effective natural regeneration on cutover land thereby promoting forest growth. [Ch,2 fig. 3 tab. 18 ref.]
引文
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[11]连相汝,鲁法典,刘成杰,等.我国人工林天然更新研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2013,26(6):52-58.LIAN Xiangru,LU Fadian,LIU Chengjie,et al.Research progress of natural regeneration of forest plantation in China[J].World For Res,2013,26(6):52-58.
[12]白灵海,唐继新,明安刚,等.广西大青山米老排人工林经济效益分析[J].林业科学研究,2011,24(6):784-787.BAI Linghai,TANG Jixin,MING Angang,et al.Economic benefit analysis of 28-year-old Mytilaria laosensis plantations in Daqingshan,Guangxi of China[J].For Res,2011,24(6):784-787.
[13]袁洁.8个米老排天然群体的遗传多样性研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2014.YUAN Jie.Study on Genetic Diversity of Eight Natural Populations of Mytilaria laosensis[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2014.
[14]郭文福,蔡道雄,贾宏炎,等.米老排人工林生长规律的研究[J].林业科学研究,2006,19(5):585-589.GUO Wenfu,CAI Daoxiong,JIA Hongyan,et al.Growth laws of Mytilaria laosensis plantation[J].For Res,2006,19(5):585-589.
[15]王克建,蔡子良.热带树种栽培技术[M].南宁:广西科学技术出版社,2008.
[16]汪炳根,卢立华.广西大青山实验基地森林立地评价与适地适树研究[J].林业科学研究,1998,11(1):78-85.WANG Binggen,LU Lihua.Study on forest site quality evaluation and appropriate choice of tree species for sites of Daqingshan experimental base in Guangxi[J].For Res,1998,11(1):78-85.
[17]陈永富,郭文福,黄镜光.米老排立木材积表及地位指数的编制[J].林业科学研究,1991,4(增刊):116-119.CHEN Yongfu,GUO Wenfu,HUANG Jingguang.Establishment of volume table and site index table of Mytilaria laosensis plantation[J].For Res,1991,4(suppl):116-119.
[18]李炎香,谭天泳,黄镜光,等.米老排造林密度试验初报[J].林业科学研究,1988,1(2):206-212.LI Yanxiang,TAN Tianyong,HUANG Jingguang,et al.A preliminary report on the densities of Mytilaria laosensis plantation[J].For Res,1988,1(2):206-212.
[2]陆元昌.近自然森林经营的理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[3]BARBOUR R J,BAILEY R E,COOK J E.Evaluation of relative density,diameter growth and stem form in a red spruce(Picea rubens)stand 15 years after precommercial thinning[J].Can J For Res,1992,22(2):229-238.
[4]POTHIER D.Twenty-year results of precommercial thinning in a balsam fir stand[J].For Ecol Manage,2002,168(1/3):177-186.
[5]RUHA T,VARMOLA M.Precommercial thinning in naturally regenerated scots pine stands in northern Finland[J].Silv Fenn,1997,31(4):401-415.
[6]ULVCRONA K A,CLAESSON S,SAHL魪N K,et al.The effects of timing of pre-commercial thinning and stand density on stem form and branch characteristics of Pinus sylvestris[J].Forestry,2007,80(3):323-325.
[7]STOKES V,KERR G.Long-term growth and yield effects of respacing natural regeneration of Sitka spruce in Britain[J].Eur J For Res,2013,132(2):351-362.
[8]王娜,郝清玉.森林天然更新影响因子研究进展[J].广东农业科学,2012(6):68-70.WANG Na,HAO Qingyu.Research progress on influence factors of forest natural regeneration[J].J Guangdong Agric Sci,2012(6):68-70.
[9]田晓萍.杉木萌芽更新的研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2008.TIAN Xiaoping.Sprouting Regeneration of Chinese Fir[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,2008.
[10]李喜霞,刘明国,李海春.朝阳地区人工采伐带内油松天然更新研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2003,34(1):35-39.LI Xixia,LIU Mingguo,LI Haichun.Analysis of factors which affect natural regeneration of Chinese pine in cutting belt of Chaoyang[J].J Shenyang Agric Univ,2003,34(1):35-39.
[11]连相汝,鲁法典,刘成杰,等.我国人工林天然更新研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2013,26(6):52-58.LIAN Xiangru,LU Fadian,LIU Chengjie,et al.Research progress of natural regeneration of forest plantation in China[J].World For Res,2013,26(6):52-58.
[12]白灵海,唐继新,明安刚,等.广西大青山米老排人工林经济效益分析[J].林业科学研究,2011,24(6):784-787.BAI Linghai,TANG Jixin,MING Angang,et al.Economic benefit analysis of 28-year-old Mytilaria laosensis plantations in Daqingshan,Guangxi of China[J].For Res,2011,24(6):784-787.
[13]袁洁.8个米老排天然群体的遗传多样性研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2014.YUAN Jie.Study on Genetic Diversity of Eight Natural Populations of Mytilaria laosensis[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2014.
[14]郭文福,蔡道雄,贾宏炎,等.米老排人工林生长规律的研究[J].林业科学研究,2006,19(5):585-589.GUO Wenfu,CAI Daoxiong,JIA Hongyan,et al.Growth laws of Mytilaria laosensis plantation[J].For Res,2006,19(5):585-589.
[15]王克建,蔡子良.热带树种栽培技术[M].南宁:广西科学技术出版社,2008.
[16]汪炳根,卢立华.广西大青山实验基地森林立地评价与适地适树研究[J].林业科学研究,1998,11(1):78-85.WANG Binggen,LU Lihua.Study on forest site quality evaluation and appropriate choice of tree species for sites of Daqingshan experimental base in Guangxi[J].For Res,1998,11(1):78-85.
[17]陈永富,郭文福,黄镜光.米老排立木材积表及地位指数的编制[J].林业科学研究,1991,4(增刊):116-119.CHEN Yongfu,GUO Wenfu,HUANG Jingguang.Establishment of volume table and site index table of Mytilaria laosensis plantation[J].For Res,1991,4(suppl):116-119.
[18]李炎香,谭天泳,黄镜光,等.米老排造林密度试验初报[J].林业科学研究,1988,1(2):206-212.LI Yanxiang,TAN Tianyong,HUANG Jingguang,et al.A preliminary report on the densities of Mytilaria laosensis plantation[J].For Res,1988,1(2):206-212.