石漠化喀斯特皆伐迹地的土壤侵蚀特征
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摘要
为研究石漠化喀斯特皆伐迹地自然恢复过程中土壤侵蚀的量、变化规律和发生机理,在贵州省普定县设置喀斯特石漠化皆伐样地,采用测钎法(均匀布点)径流场法2种方法,对该样地恢复过程中土壤侵蚀进行持续的监测,对比2种监测方法的结果及以确定其适用性。结果显示:在皆伐后的4年半恢复过程中,测钎法结果显示总体呈侵蚀趋势,累积侵蚀深度达1. 46 cm(折合侵蚀模数为2 066. 7 t/(km2·a));自然恢复1年内土壤侵蚀量波动较大,在1年之后则波动减小(除2015年4月(约恢复3年)),3. 5年后趋于稳定;径流场法得出的侵蚀模数为0. 78 t/(km2·a),与测钎法得出的土壤侵蚀结果相差巨大,分析认为这可能是由喀斯特特殊的地表岩土结构和2种监测方法具有不同的观测侧重点及性质共同造成的,2种方法观测结果不具有普遍的可比性(如喀斯特特殊地表、地下状况等不可比),测钎法由于能通过原位监测土壤蠕滑及地下漏失而更适用于该地区。此研究对喀斯特石漠化皆伐迹地的土壤侵蚀量和变化规律有一些认识,但是对于其影响因素还只限于推测,有待开展进一步的研究确认。
[Background]As a result of low content of acid insoluble material in bedrock and the slow weathering rate of rock in Karst area,the rate of soil formation is very little,and extremely serious environmental and social problems will occur while soil is eroded. Moreover,it is difficult to monitor soil erosion accurately because of the complex structures above ground and underground at Karst area. Here we are trying to find appropriate method to monitor the amount, variation pattern, and formation mechanism of soil erosion during the natural restoration of a typical clear cutting in Karst area in Puding county of Guizhou province. [Methods] Drilling method is appropriate to trace soil erosion in situ according to previous studies,it was combined with runoff plot method to be used in this study. Test bras had been set by uniform distribution of a interval of 1 meter and the distance from top of bras to soil surface was measured each time to obtain the erosion depth between ever two measurement. on the otherhand,runoff plot was built around the clear cutting plot and sediment was collected and weighed after every heavy rainfall. The result of these two methods was compared. [Results]1) During the 4. 5 years of restoration after clear cutting,the result by drilling method showed an overall trend of erosion,with a cumulative erosion depth of 1. 46 cm( Equivalent erosion modulus 2 066. 7 t/( km2·a)),which had a large fluctuation at the first one year of the natural recovery,then the fluctuation,decreased( except the test of April 2015( about 3 years of the natural recovery)),and tended to be stable after 3. 5 years. 2)The erosion modulus obtained by the runoff plot method was 0. 78 t/( km2·a),and the sediment can only be collected after one rainfall of 67. 6 mm,which rainfall intensity reached 42. 4 mm/h within two months after clear cutting. 3) There was a huge difference between the erosion modulus obtained from the drilling method and runoff plot method( about 2 065. 92 t/( km2·a)). This might be resulted from the special surface rock and soil distribution pattern of Karst area and the different observation emphases and properties between the two monitoring methods. The results by the two methods could not be compared generally. The drilling method was more representative at this situation on account of it could monitor the special move form of Karst( soil creeping and underground soil loss) by situ monitor. 4) During the early natural restoration stage,rainfall played the most important role in influencing the soil erosion due to soil exposure,but coaction of litter,soil organic matter and other factors might reduce soil erosion after the restoration of vegetation. [Conclusions]The amount and variation of soil erosion at the clear cutting plot are understood at certain level in this research,but the feasible major influencing factors,which have a very important effects on soil and water conservation,are only speculated. Further research is needed.
[Background]As a result of low content of acid insoluble material in bedrock and the slow weathering rate of rock in Karst area,the rate of soil formation is very little,and extremely serious environmental and social problems will occur while soil is eroded. Moreover,it is difficult to monitor soil erosion accurately because of the complex structures above ground and underground at Karst area. Here we are trying to find appropriate method to monitor the amount, variation pattern, and formation mechanism of soil erosion during the natural restoration of a typical clear cutting in Karst area in Puding county of Guizhou province. [Methods] Drilling method is appropriate to trace soil erosion in situ according to previous studies,it was combined with runoff plot method to be used in this study. Test bras had been set by uniform distribution of a interval of 1 meter and the distance from top of bras to soil surface was measured each time to obtain the erosion depth between ever two measurement. on the otherhand,runoff plot was built around the clear cutting plot and sediment was collected and weighed after every heavy rainfall. The result of these two methods was compared. [Results]1) During the 4. 5 years of restoration after clear cutting,the result by drilling method showed an overall trend of erosion,with a cumulative erosion depth of 1. 46 cm( Equivalent erosion modulus 2 066. 7 t/( km2·a)),which had a large fluctuation at the first one year of the natural recovery,then the fluctuation,decreased( except the test of April 2015( about 3 years of the natural recovery)),and tended to be stable after 3. 5 years. 2)The erosion modulus obtained by the runoff plot method was 0. 78 t/( km2·a),and the sediment can only be collected after one rainfall of 67. 6 mm,which rainfall intensity reached 42. 4 mm/h within two months after clear cutting. 3) There was a huge difference between the erosion modulus obtained from the drilling method and runoff plot method( about 2 065. 92 t/( km2·a)). This might be resulted from the special surface rock and soil distribution pattern of Karst area and the different observation emphases and properties between the two monitoring methods. The results by the two methods could not be compared generally. The drilling method was more representative at this situation on account of it could monitor the special move form of Karst( soil creeping and underground soil loss) by situ monitor. 4) During the early natural restoration stage,rainfall played the most important role in influencing the soil erosion due to soil exposure,but coaction of litter,soil organic matter and other factors might reduce soil erosion after the restoration of vegetation. [Conclusions]The amount and variation of soil erosion at the clear cutting plot are understood at certain level in this research,but the feasible major influencing factors,which have a very important effects on soil and water conservation,are only speculated. Further research is needed.
引文
[1]李海燕.土壤侵蚀危害及其防治措施研究现状[J].宁夏农林科技,2011,52(1):71.LI Haiyan. Research status of soil erosion hazards and its control measures[J]. Ningxia Agricultural and Forestry Technology,2011,52(1):71.
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[3]张信宝,王世杰,孟天友,等.农耕驱动西南喀斯特地区坡地石质化的机制[J].地球与环境,2010,38(2):123.ZHANG Xinbao,WANG Shijie,MENG Tianyou,et al.Agricultural driving mechanism of steep slope in Karst area of Southwest China[J]. Earth and Earth Environment,2010,38(2):123.
[4]王世杰.喀斯特石漠化概念演绎及其科学内涵的探讨[J].中国岩溶,2002,21(2):101.WANG Shijie. Discussion on the conceptual deduction of Karst rocky desertification and its scientific Connotation[J]. China Karst,2002,21(2):101.
[5]王世杰.喀斯特石漠化:中国西南最严重的生态地质环境问题[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2003,22(2):120.WANG Shijie. Karst rocky desertification:the most serious ecological geological environment problem in Southwest China[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2003,22(2):120.
[6]高儒学,高华端,宋江平,等.坡长对贵州喀斯特区黄壤坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持研究,2018(2):53.GAO Ruxue,GAO Huaduan,SONG Jiangping,et al.Effect of slope length on soil erosion of yellow soil slope in Guizhou karst area[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018(2):53.
[7]白晓永,张信宝,王世杰,等.基于峰丛洼地沉积物反演喀斯特地区的土壤侵蚀过程[C]∥全国第四纪学术大会,2014.BAI Xiaoyong,ZHANG Xinbao,WANG Shijie,et al.Inversion of soil erosion processes in Karst area based on sediments in peak clusters[C]∥National Quaternary Academic Conference,2014.
[8]张信宝,白晓永,刘秀明.洼地沉积的137Cs法断代测定森林砍伐后的喀斯特小流域土壤流失量[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011(2):265.ZHANG Xinbao,BAI Xiaoyong,LIU Xiuming. Application of a137Csfingerprinting technique for interpreting responses of sediment deposition of a Karst depression to deforestration in the Guizhou Plateau[J]. China Science:Earth Science,2011(2):265.
[9]罗美,周运超,王可可.喀斯特树轮记录的土壤侵蚀历史研究[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology资源与生态学报(英文版),2015,6(4):257.LUO Mei,ZHOU Yunchao,WANG Keke. History of soil erosion records recorded by Karst tree rings[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology,2015,6(4):257.
[10]冯腾.喀斯特峰丛洼地小流域土壤侵蚀特征及地表流失模拟研究[D].中国科学院大学,2015:54.FENG Teng. Soil erosion characteristics and simulation of land surface drainage in Karst peak clusters in Karst peak cluster[D]. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015:54.
[11]蔡雄飞,王济,雷丽,等.不同雨强对我国西南喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀影响的模拟研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(6):5.CAI Xiongfei,WANG Ji,LEI Li,et al. Simulation study on effects of different rainfall intensity on soil erosion in Karst mountainous areas in Southwest China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(6):5.
[12]杨琴,周忠发,熊康宁.基于RUSLE与GIS的喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀定量评价:以贵州省毕节市鸭池示范区为例[C]∥现代地理科学与贵州社会经济,2009:220.YANG Qin,ZHOU Zhongfa,XIONG Kangning. Quantitative evaluation of soil erosion in Karst area based on RUSLE and GIS:A case study of Yachi in Bijie city,Guizhou province example of Fan district[C]∥Modern Geographical Science and Guizhou Social Economy,2009:220.
[13]孙泉忠,高华端,刘瑞禄,等.黔中喀斯特地区土力学特性对土壤侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(6):38.SUN Quanzhong,GAO Huaduan,LIU Ruilu,et al.Effects of soil mechanics properties on soil erosion in the Karst area of central Guizhou province[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(6):38.
[14]杨洁,龙明忠.喀斯特峡谷区土壤侵蚀的经济损失初步估值与分析:以花江示范区为例[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,23(4):13.YANG Jie,LONG Mingzhong. Preliminary estimation and analysis of economic loss caused by soil erosion in Karst Gorge Area:the demonstration area of Huajiang as an example[J]. Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Natural Science),2005,23(4):13.
[15]黄玲玲,陈喜,张志才.西南岩溶地区小流域坡地土壤侵蚀影响因素分析[J].水电能源科学,2013(8):132.HUANG Lingling,CHEN Xi,ZHANG Zhicai. Analysis of influencing factors of soil erosion on slope land in small watershed in Southwestern Karst Region[J]. International Journal Hydroelectric Energy,2013(8):132.
[16]龙明忠.喀斯特峡谷区生态治理的水土保持效应与土壤侵蚀模型[D].贵州师范大学,2006:15.LONG Mingzhong. Water and soil conservation effect and soil erosion model of ecological restoration in Karst canyon area[D]. Guizhou Normal University,2006:15.
[17]满秀玲,赵雨森,屈宜春.采伐与造林对林地土壤的影响[J].林业勘查设计,1998(2):42.MAN Xiuling,ZHAO Yusen,Qu Yichun. Influence of cutting and afforestation on forest soil[J]. Forest Prospecting Design,1998(2):42.
[18]唐强,鲍玉海,贺秀斌,等.土壤侵蚀监测新方法和新技术[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(2):11.TANG Qiang,BAO Yuhai,HE Xiubin,et al. New methods and technologies for soil erosion monitoring[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(2):11.
[19]朱晓锋,陈洪松,付智勇,等.喀斯特灌丛坡地土壤-表层岩溶带产流及氮素流失特征[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(7):2197.ZHU Xiaofeng,CHEN Hongsong,FU Zhiyong,et al.Characteristics of runoff and nitrogen loss in soil-surface karst zones in karst scrubland slopes[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(7):2197.
[20]张信宝,王世杰,贺秀斌,等.碳酸盐岩风化壳中的土壤蠕滑与岩溶坡地的土壤地下漏失[J].地球与环境,2007(3):202.ZHANG Xinbao,WANG Shijie,HE Xiubin,et al. Crop creep in carbonate weathered crusts and soil underflow in karst slopes[J]. Earth and Environment,2007(3):202.
[21]唐克丽.中国水土保持[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:218.TANG Keli. Soil and water conservation in China[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2004:218.
[22]彭韬,杨涛,王世杰,等.喀斯特坡地土壤流失监测结果简报[J].地球与环境,2009,37(2):126.PENG Tao,YANG Tao,WANG Shijie,et al. A brief report on monitoring results of soil loss in Karst slopes[J]. Earth and Environmenbt,2009,37(2):126.
[2]孙承恩.世界的土壤侵蚀与水土保持[J].中国水土保持,1982(5):27..SUN Chengen. Soil erosion and soil and water conservation in the world[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,1982(5):27.
[3]张信宝,王世杰,孟天友,等.农耕驱动西南喀斯特地区坡地石质化的机制[J].地球与环境,2010,38(2):123.ZHANG Xinbao,WANG Shijie,MENG Tianyou,et al.Agricultural driving mechanism of steep slope in Karst area of Southwest China[J]. Earth and Earth Environment,2010,38(2):123.
[4]王世杰.喀斯特石漠化概念演绎及其科学内涵的探讨[J].中国岩溶,2002,21(2):101.WANG Shijie. Discussion on the conceptual deduction of Karst rocky desertification and its scientific Connotation[J]. China Karst,2002,21(2):101.
[5]王世杰.喀斯特石漠化:中国西南最严重的生态地质环境问题[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2003,22(2):120.WANG Shijie. Karst rocky desertification:the most serious ecological geological environment problem in Southwest China[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2003,22(2):120.
[6]高儒学,高华端,宋江平,等.坡长对贵州喀斯特区黄壤坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持研究,2018(2):53.GAO Ruxue,GAO Huaduan,SONG Jiangping,et al.Effect of slope length on soil erosion of yellow soil slope in Guizhou karst area[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018(2):53.
[7]白晓永,张信宝,王世杰,等.基于峰丛洼地沉积物反演喀斯特地区的土壤侵蚀过程[C]∥全国第四纪学术大会,2014.BAI Xiaoyong,ZHANG Xinbao,WANG Shijie,et al.Inversion of soil erosion processes in Karst area based on sediments in peak clusters[C]∥National Quaternary Academic Conference,2014.
[8]张信宝,白晓永,刘秀明.洼地沉积的137Cs法断代测定森林砍伐后的喀斯特小流域土壤流失量[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011(2):265.ZHANG Xinbao,BAI Xiaoyong,LIU Xiuming. Application of a137Csfingerprinting technique for interpreting responses of sediment deposition of a Karst depression to deforestration in the Guizhou Plateau[J]. China Science:Earth Science,2011(2):265.
[9]罗美,周运超,王可可.喀斯特树轮记录的土壤侵蚀历史研究[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology资源与生态学报(英文版),2015,6(4):257.LUO Mei,ZHOU Yunchao,WANG Keke. History of soil erosion records recorded by Karst tree rings[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology,2015,6(4):257.
[10]冯腾.喀斯特峰丛洼地小流域土壤侵蚀特征及地表流失模拟研究[D].中国科学院大学,2015:54.FENG Teng. Soil erosion characteristics and simulation of land surface drainage in Karst peak clusters in Karst peak cluster[D]. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015:54.
[11]蔡雄飞,王济,雷丽,等.不同雨强对我国西南喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀影响的模拟研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(6):5.CAI Xiongfei,WANG Ji,LEI Li,et al. Simulation study on effects of different rainfall intensity on soil erosion in Karst mountainous areas in Southwest China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(6):5.
[12]杨琴,周忠发,熊康宁.基于RUSLE与GIS的喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀定量评价:以贵州省毕节市鸭池示范区为例[C]∥现代地理科学与贵州社会经济,2009:220.YANG Qin,ZHOU Zhongfa,XIONG Kangning. Quantitative evaluation of soil erosion in Karst area based on RUSLE and GIS:A case study of Yachi in Bijie city,Guizhou province example of Fan district[C]∥Modern Geographical Science and Guizhou Social Economy,2009:220.
[13]孙泉忠,高华端,刘瑞禄,等.黔中喀斯特地区土力学特性对土壤侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(6):38.SUN Quanzhong,GAO Huaduan,LIU Ruilu,et al.Effects of soil mechanics properties on soil erosion in the Karst area of central Guizhou province[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(6):38.
[14]杨洁,龙明忠.喀斯特峡谷区土壤侵蚀的经济损失初步估值与分析:以花江示范区为例[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,23(4):13.YANG Jie,LONG Mingzhong. Preliminary estimation and analysis of economic loss caused by soil erosion in Karst Gorge Area:the demonstration area of Huajiang as an example[J]. Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Natural Science),2005,23(4):13.
[15]黄玲玲,陈喜,张志才.西南岩溶地区小流域坡地土壤侵蚀影响因素分析[J].水电能源科学,2013(8):132.HUANG Lingling,CHEN Xi,ZHANG Zhicai. Analysis of influencing factors of soil erosion on slope land in small watershed in Southwestern Karst Region[J]. International Journal Hydroelectric Energy,2013(8):132.
[16]龙明忠.喀斯特峡谷区生态治理的水土保持效应与土壤侵蚀模型[D].贵州师范大学,2006:15.LONG Mingzhong. Water and soil conservation effect and soil erosion model of ecological restoration in Karst canyon area[D]. Guizhou Normal University,2006:15.
[17]满秀玲,赵雨森,屈宜春.采伐与造林对林地土壤的影响[J].林业勘查设计,1998(2):42.MAN Xiuling,ZHAO Yusen,Qu Yichun. Influence of cutting and afforestation on forest soil[J]. Forest Prospecting Design,1998(2):42.
[18]唐强,鲍玉海,贺秀斌,等.土壤侵蚀监测新方法和新技术[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(2):11.TANG Qiang,BAO Yuhai,HE Xiubin,et al. New methods and technologies for soil erosion monitoring[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(2):11.
[19]朱晓锋,陈洪松,付智勇,等.喀斯特灌丛坡地土壤-表层岩溶带产流及氮素流失特征[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(7):2197.ZHU Xiaofeng,CHEN Hongsong,FU Zhiyong,et al.Characteristics of runoff and nitrogen loss in soil-surface karst zones in karst scrubland slopes[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(7):2197.
[20]张信宝,王世杰,贺秀斌,等.碳酸盐岩风化壳中的土壤蠕滑与岩溶坡地的土壤地下漏失[J].地球与环境,2007(3):202.ZHANG Xinbao,WANG Shijie,HE Xiubin,et al. Crop creep in carbonate weathered crusts and soil underflow in karst slopes[J]. Earth and Environment,2007(3):202.
[21]唐克丽.中国水土保持[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:218.TANG Keli. Soil and water conservation in China[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2004:218.
[22]彭韬,杨涛,王世杰,等.喀斯特坡地土壤流失监测结果简报[J].地球与环境,2009,37(2):126.PENG Tao,YANG Tao,WANG Shijie,et al. A brief report on monitoring results of soil loss in Karst slopes[J]. Earth and Environmenbt,2009,37(2):126.