土壤盐胁迫降低后甜高粱的补偿生长和盐离子分布特征
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摘要
逆境补偿效应在作物中普遍存在,对作物生长发育与产量产生重要的影响。为阐明土壤盐度降低后甜高粱的补偿生长效应,本研究采用盆栽方法,将甜高粱拔节期的土壤含盐量设置3个梯度:5 g×kg~(-1)(高盐处理)、由5 g×kg~(-1)降低到2 g×kg~(-1)(盐度降低处理)、2 g×kg~(-1)(低盐对照),测定2个甜高粱品种地上部器官(茎秆、叶片、叶鞘)干物质生长速率与积累,以及盐离子(Na~+、Cl~-、K~+)在不同器官的含量。结果表明:高盐处理甜高粱地上部干物质增长速率一直显著低于对照;土壤盐度降低后,各器官干物质生长速率明显升高,并超过对照,产生了超补偿效应。成熟期高盐处理株高与地上部干物质大幅下降;土壤盐度降低后‘辽甜1号’的株高与地上部干物质较低盐对照分别下降7.69%和33.21%,而‘中科甜3号’的株高和地上部干物质重与对照没有差异。高盐处理后各器官干物质中Na+和Cl-含量较对照大幅度提高,K+含量增加幅度较小。土壤盐分降低后的35 d,甜高粱Na+和Cl-在各器官中含量虽仍高于对照,但比高盐处理已大幅下降;茎秆与叶鞘K+的含量较对照有小幅提高,而叶片K+含量与对照无显著差异。本研究表明:甜高粱盐胁迫降低后离子毒害减轻、生长速率加快直至超过对照,耐盐甜高粱品种补偿效应尤为明显,成熟期干物质产量可与对照相当。本研究结果可为盐碱地甜高粱栽培提供理论依据。
Adversity compensation effect is ubiquity in crops, which impacts on crop growth, development and yield. To elucidate the compensation growth of sweet sorghum following soil salt stress reduction, a pot experiment was conducted, in which 5 g×kg~(-1)(high salt), 2 g×kg~(-1) down from 5 g×kg~(-1)(salt stress reduction) and 2 g×kg~(-1)(low-salt control) of soil salt treatments were applied at the elongation stage of sweet sorghum. Then growth rate of dry matter on aboveground parts(leaf, leaf sheath and stem) and aboveground dry matter at maturity of two cultivated sweet sorghum varieties were determined. The experiment also measured salt ions(K+, Na+ and Cl-) distribution in aboveground organs of sweet sorghum. The results showed that the growth rate of aboveground dry matter in high salt treatment was always significantly lower than that of control. There was clear acceleration of growth after soil salt reduction, and gradually exceeded the growth of control due to overcompensation effect. At maturity stage, both plant height and aboveground dry matter of two sorghum varieties decreased sharply in high salt treatment. They decreased by 7.69% and 33.21%, respectively, in ‘Liaotian 1' in salt stress reduction treatment compared with the low-salt control, moreover, no obviously difference was found in both plant height and aboveground dry matter of ‘Zhongketian 3' between salt stress reduction treatment and low-salt control. The contents of Na+ and Cl-in aboveground organs significantly increased, and K+ content slightly increased under high salt stressed condition. At 35 days after soil salt reduction, the contents of Na+ and Cl- still higher than that of low-salt control, but decreased significantly compared to that of high salt treatment. Although K+ content in both leaf sheath and stem in soil salt reduction treatment were higher than that of low-salt control, no difference was observed in leaf. The results suggested that ion toxicity in salt-stressed sweet sorghum alleviated after soil salt reduction, and the growth rate eventually exceed that of low-salt control due to overcompensation effect, especially, for salt-tolerance cultivar ‘Zhongketian 3'. This provided the theoretical basis for sweet sorghum cultivation in saline-alkali soils.
Adversity compensation effect is ubiquity in crops, which impacts on crop growth, development and yield. To elucidate the compensation growth of sweet sorghum following soil salt stress reduction, a pot experiment was conducted, in which 5 g×kg~(-1)(high salt), 2 g×kg~(-1) down from 5 g×kg~(-1)(salt stress reduction) and 2 g×kg~(-1)(low-salt control) of soil salt treatments were applied at the elongation stage of sweet sorghum. Then growth rate of dry matter on aboveground parts(leaf, leaf sheath and stem) and aboveground dry matter at maturity of two cultivated sweet sorghum varieties were determined. The experiment also measured salt ions(K+, Na+ and Cl-) distribution in aboveground organs of sweet sorghum. The results showed that the growth rate of aboveground dry matter in high salt treatment was always significantly lower than that of control. There was clear acceleration of growth after soil salt reduction, and gradually exceeded the growth of control due to overcompensation effect. At maturity stage, both plant height and aboveground dry matter of two sorghum varieties decreased sharply in high salt treatment. They decreased by 7.69% and 33.21%, respectively, in ‘Liaotian 1' in salt stress reduction treatment compared with the low-salt control, moreover, no obviously difference was found in both plant height and aboveground dry matter of ‘Zhongketian 3' between salt stress reduction treatment and low-salt control. The contents of Na+ and Cl-in aboveground organs significantly increased, and K+ content slightly increased under high salt stressed condition. At 35 days after soil salt reduction, the contents of Na+ and Cl- still higher than that of low-salt control, but decreased significantly compared to that of high salt treatment. Although K+ content in both leaf sheath and stem in soil salt reduction treatment were higher than that of low-salt control, no difference was observed in leaf. The results suggested that ion toxicity in salt-stressed sweet sorghum alleviated after soil salt reduction, and the growth rate eventually exceed that of low-salt control due to overcompensation effect, especially, for salt-tolerance cultivar ‘Zhongketian 3'. This provided the theoretical basis for sweet sorghum cultivation in saline-alkali soils.
引文
[1]王佳丽,黄贤金,钟太洋,等.盐碱地可持续利用研究综述[J].地理学报,2011,66(5):673–684Wang J L,Huang X J,Zhong T Y,et al.Review on sustainable utilization of salt-affected land[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(5):673–684
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[3]Zegada-Lizarazu W,Monti A.Are we ready to cultivate sweet sorghum as a bioenergy feedstock?A review on field management practices[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2012,40:1–12
[4]Kumari N N,Reddy Y R,Blummel M,et al.Effect of feeding differently processed sweet sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.Moench)bagasse based complete diet on nutrient utilization and microbial N supply in growing ram lambs[J].Small Ruminant Research,2014,117(1):52–57
[5]徐增让,成升魁,谢高地.甜高粱的适生区及能源资源潜力研究[J].可再生能源,2010,28(4):118–122Xu Z R,Cheng S K,Xie G D.The suitable land for sweet sorghum and its potential for ethanol production in China[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2010,28(4):118–122
[6]王永慧,陈建平,张培通,等.滨海滩涂盐碱地甜高粱生长和地上部干物质积累特性的研究[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(24):49–53Wang Y H,Chen J P,Zhang P T,et al.Growth characteristics and over ground dry matter accumulation of sweet sorghum grown in seashore saline soil[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2013,29(24):49–53
[7]Vasilakoglou I,Dhima K,Karagiannidis N,et al.Sweet sorghum productivity for biofuels under increased soil salinity and reduced irrigation[J].Field Crops Research,2011,120(1):38–46
[8]PatanèC,Cavallaro V,Cosentino S L.Germination and radicle growth in unprimed and primed seeds of sweet sorghum as affected by reduced water potential in Na Cl at different temperatures[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2009,30(1):1–8
[9]王彩娟,李志强,王晓琳,等.室外盆栽条件下盐胁迫对甜高粱光系统Ⅱ活性的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(11):2085–2093Wang C J,Li Z Q,Wang X L,et al.Effects of salt stress on photosystemⅡactivity in sweet sorghum seedlings grown in pots outdoors[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(11):2085-2093
[10]王秀玲,程序,李桂英.甜高粱耐盐材料的筛选及芽苗期耐盐性相关分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(6):1239–1244Wang X L,Cheng X,Li G Y.Screening sweet sorghum varieties of salt tolerance and correlation analysis among salt tolerance indices in sprout stage[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(6):1239-1244
[11]郭文琦,张培通,李春宏,等.蕾期土壤盐度降低后棉花叶片的生理功能恢复[J].生态学报,2015,35(19):6298–6305Guo W Q,Zhang P T,Li C H,et al.Recovery of physiological functions of cotton leaves after relief from salt stress at the bud stage[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(19):6298–6305
[12]álvarez S,Sánchez-Blanco M J.Changes in growth rate,root morphology and water use efficiency of potted Callistemon citrinus plants in response to different levels of water deficit[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2013,156:54–62
[13]王利彬,祖伟,董守坤,等.干旱程度及时期对复水后大豆生长和代谢补偿效应的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(11):150–156Wang L B,Zu W,Dong S K,et al.Effects of drought stresses and times on compensation effect after re-watering in soybean[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(11):150–156
[14]温刘君,朴顺姬,易津.4种小麦族牧草种子耐盐补偿生长特性研究[J].中国草地学报,2009,31(6):30–32 Wen L J,Piao S J,Yi J.Studies on the salt tolerance compensatory growth characteristics of four triticeae accessions’seeds[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2009,31(6):30–32
[15]李春宏,张培通,郭文琦,等.耐盐甜高粱新品种中科甜3号的选育及栽培技术[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(3):95–96Li C H,Zhang P T,Guo W Q,et al.Breeding and cultivation techniques of salt-tolerance sweet sorghum new variety‘Zhongketian 3’[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(3):95–96
[16]渠晖,沈益新.甜高粱用作青贮作物的潜力评价[J].草地学报,2011,19(5):808–812Qu H,Shen Y X.Evaluation the potential of sweet sorghum grown for silage crop[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2011,19(5):808–812
[17]宁建凤,郑青松,邹献中,等.罗布麻对不同浓度盐胁迫的生理响应[J].植物学报,2010,45(6):689–697Ning J F,Zheng Q S,Zou X Z,et al.Physiological responses of Apocynum venetum to different levels of salt stress[J].Chinese Bulletin of Botany,2010,45(6):689–697
[18]赵伟洁,李翠,晁桂梅,等.复水对水分胁迫条件下糜子生长的补偿效应[J].中国农业大学学报,2014,19(5):55–65Zhao W J,Li C,Chao G M,et al.Compensation effect of rewatering on the growth of broomcorn millet under water stress[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2014,19(5):55–65
[19]萨如拉,刘景辉,刘伟,等.盐碱胁迫对燕麦幼苗Na+、K+含量及产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2014,23(3):50–54Sa R L,Liu J H,Liu W,et al.Effects of salt stress and alkali stress on the content of Na+,K+and yield of oat seedlings[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2014,23(3):50–54
[20]Guo W Q,Zhang P T,Li C H,et al.Recovery of root growth and physiological characters in cotton after salt stress relief[J].Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research,2015,75(1):85–91
[21]Wakeel A.Potassium-sodium interactions in soil and plant under saline-sodic conditions[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2013,176(3):344–354
[22]Yang C W,Shi D C,Wang D L.Comparative effects salt and alkali stresses on growth,osmotic adjustment and ionic balance of an alkali-resistant halophyte Suaeda glauca(Bge.)[J].Plant Growth Regulation,2008,56(2):179–190
[23]柴玉琳.干旱胁迫及复水对高粱水分传导特性的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011:15–16Chai Y L.Effect of water conductivity characteristic of sorghum under drought stress and re-watering[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2011:15–16
[24]Pompeiano A,Di Patrizio E,Volterrani M,et al.Growth responses and physiological traits of seashore paspalum subjected to short-term salinity stress and recovery[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,163:57–65
[25]李晓宇,蔺吉祥,李秀军,等.羊草苗期对盐碱胁迫的生长适应及Na+、K+代谢响应[J].草业学报,2013,22(1):201–209Li X Y,Lin J X,Li X J,et al.Growth adaptation and Na+and K+metabolism responses of Leymus chinensis seedlings under salt and alkali stresses[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(1):201–209
[26]杨春武,李长有,尹红娟,等.小冰麦(Triticum aestivumAgropyron intermedium)对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的生理响应[J].作物学报,2007,33(8):1255–1261Yang C W,Li C Y,Yin H J,et al.Physiological response of Xiaobingmai(Triticum aestivum-Agropyron intermedium)to salt-stress and alkali-stress[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2007,33(8):1255–1261
[27]郭洋.不同盐生植物吸盐特征及其对土壤改良效果[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2014:20–32Guo Y.Characteristics of salt absorption and the effect on soil improvement of different halophytes[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2014:20–32
[28]高伟,陆静梅,牛陆,等.Na Cl胁迫下不同抗性野生大豆体内Na+,K+,Cl?浓度比较分析[J].东北师大学报:自然科学版,2015,47(1):124–128Gao W,Lu J M,Niu L,et al.The comparative analysis of Na+,K+,Cl?concentrations in different resistance of wild soybean under Na Cl stress[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2015,47(1):124–128
[2]郭文琦,张培通,李春宏,等.蕾期土壤盐度降低后棉花生长发育的补偿效应[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(1):162–168Guo W Q,Zhang P T,Li C H,et al.Compensation effect of cotton growth and development after soil salt content reduction at bud stage[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(1):162–168
[3]Zegada-Lizarazu W,Monti A.Are we ready to cultivate sweet sorghum as a bioenergy feedstock?A review on field management practices[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2012,40:1–12
[4]Kumari N N,Reddy Y R,Blummel M,et al.Effect of feeding differently processed sweet sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.Moench)bagasse based complete diet on nutrient utilization and microbial N supply in growing ram lambs[J].Small Ruminant Research,2014,117(1):52–57
[5]徐增让,成升魁,谢高地.甜高粱的适生区及能源资源潜力研究[J].可再生能源,2010,28(4):118–122Xu Z R,Cheng S K,Xie G D.The suitable land for sweet sorghum and its potential for ethanol production in China[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2010,28(4):118–122
[6]王永慧,陈建平,张培通,等.滨海滩涂盐碱地甜高粱生长和地上部干物质积累特性的研究[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(24):49–53Wang Y H,Chen J P,Zhang P T,et al.Growth characteristics and over ground dry matter accumulation of sweet sorghum grown in seashore saline soil[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2013,29(24):49–53
[7]Vasilakoglou I,Dhima K,Karagiannidis N,et al.Sweet sorghum productivity for biofuels under increased soil salinity and reduced irrigation[J].Field Crops Research,2011,120(1):38–46
[8]PatanèC,Cavallaro V,Cosentino S L.Germination and radicle growth in unprimed and primed seeds of sweet sorghum as affected by reduced water potential in Na Cl at different temperatures[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2009,30(1):1–8
[9]王彩娟,李志强,王晓琳,等.室外盆栽条件下盐胁迫对甜高粱光系统Ⅱ活性的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(11):2085–2093Wang C J,Li Z Q,Wang X L,et al.Effects of salt stress on photosystemⅡactivity in sweet sorghum seedlings grown in pots outdoors[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(11):2085-2093
[10]王秀玲,程序,李桂英.甜高粱耐盐材料的筛选及芽苗期耐盐性相关分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(6):1239–1244Wang X L,Cheng X,Li G Y.Screening sweet sorghum varieties of salt tolerance and correlation analysis among salt tolerance indices in sprout stage[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(6):1239-1244
[11]郭文琦,张培通,李春宏,等.蕾期土壤盐度降低后棉花叶片的生理功能恢复[J].生态学报,2015,35(19):6298–6305Guo W Q,Zhang P T,Li C H,et al.Recovery of physiological functions of cotton leaves after relief from salt stress at the bud stage[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(19):6298–6305
[12]álvarez S,Sánchez-Blanco M J.Changes in growth rate,root morphology and water use efficiency of potted Callistemon citrinus plants in response to different levels of water deficit[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2013,156:54–62
[13]王利彬,祖伟,董守坤,等.干旱程度及时期对复水后大豆生长和代谢补偿效应的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(11):150–156Wang L B,Zu W,Dong S K,et al.Effects of drought stresses and times on compensation effect after re-watering in soybean[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(11):150–156
[14]温刘君,朴顺姬,易津.4种小麦族牧草种子耐盐补偿生长特性研究[J].中国草地学报,2009,31(6):30–32 Wen L J,Piao S J,Yi J.Studies on the salt tolerance compensatory growth characteristics of four triticeae accessions’seeds[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2009,31(6):30–32
[15]李春宏,张培通,郭文琦,等.耐盐甜高粱新品种中科甜3号的选育及栽培技术[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(3):95–96Li C H,Zhang P T,Guo W Q,et al.Breeding and cultivation techniques of salt-tolerance sweet sorghum new variety‘Zhongketian 3’[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(3):95–96
[16]渠晖,沈益新.甜高粱用作青贮作物的潜力评价[J].草地学报,2011,19(5):808–812Qu H,Shen Y X.Evaluation the potential of sweet sorghum grown for silage crop[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2011,19(5):808–812
[17]宁建凤,郑青松,邹献中,等.罗布麻对不同浓度盐胁迫的生理响应[J].植物学报,2010,45(6):689–697Ning J F,Zheng Q S,Zou X Z,et al.Physiological responses of Apocynum venetum to different levels of salt stress[J].Chinese Bulletin of Botany,2010,45(6):689–697
[18]赵伟洁,李翠,晁桂梅,等.复水对水分胁迫条件下糜子生长的补偿效应[J].中国农业大学学报,2014,19(5):55–65Zhao W J,Li C,Chao G M,et al.Compensation effect of rewatering on the growth of broomcorn millet under water stress[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2014,19(5):55–65
[19]萨如拉,刘景辉,刘伟,等.盐碱胁迫对燕麦幼苗Na+、K+含量及产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2014,23(3):50–54Sa R L,Liu J H,Liu W,et al.Effects of salt stress and alkali stress on the content of Na+,K+and yield of oat seedlings[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2014,23(3):50–54
[20]Guo W Q,Zhang P T,Li C H,et al.Recovery of root growth and physiological characters in cotton after salt stress relief[J].Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research,2015,75(1):85–91
[21]Wakeel A.Potassium-sodium interactions in soil and plant under saline-sodic conditions[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2013,176(3):344–354
[22]Yang C W,Shi D C,Wang D L.Comparative effects salt and alkali stresses on growth,osmotic adjustment and ionic balance of an alkali-resistant halophyte Suaeda glauca(Bge.)[J].Plant Growth Regulation,2008,56(2):179–190
[23]柴玉琳.干旱胁迫及复水对高粱水分传导特性的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011:15–16Chai Y L.Effect of water conductivity characteristic of sorghum under drought stress and re-watering[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2011:15–16
[24]Pompeiano A,Di Patrizio E,Volterrani M,et al.Growth responses and physiological traits of seashore paspalum subjected to short-term salinity stress and recovery[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,163:57–65
[25]李晓宇,蔺吉祥,李秀军,等.羊草苗期对盐碱胁迫的生长适应及Na+、K+代谢响应[J].草业学报,2013,22(1):201–209Li X Y,Lin J X,Li X J,et al.Growth adaptation and Na+and K+metabolism responses of Leymus chinensis seedlings under salt and alkali stresses[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(1):201–209
[26]杨春武,李长有,尹红娟,等.小冰麦(Triticum aestivumAgropyron intermedium)对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的生理响应[J].作物学报,2007,33(8):1255–1261Yang C W,Li C Y,Yin H J,et al.Physiological response of Xiaobingmai(Triticum aestivum-Agropyron intermedium)to salt-stress and alkali-stress[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2007,33(8):1255–1261
[27]郭洋.不同盐生植物吸盐特征及其对土壤改良效果[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2014:20–32Guo Y.Characteristics of salt absorption and the effect on soil improvement of different halophytes[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2014:20–32
[28]高伟,陆静梅,牛陆,等.Na Cl胁迫下不同抗性野生大豆体内Na+,K+,Cl?浓度比较分析[J].东北师大学报:自然科学版,2015,47(1):124–128Gao W,Lu J M,Niu L,et al.The comparative analysis of Na+,K+,Cl?concentrations in different resistance of wild soybean under Na Cl stress[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2015,47(1):124–128