“五结合”生态温室生命周期评价及比较分析
|
摘要
[目的]通过"五结合"生态温室生命周期评价及比较分析,发现各类温室潜在的环境影响及其关键要素,探索各模式改进提升的重点及未来发展方向。[方法]应用生命周期评价方法,将"五结合"生态温室与国内典型地区节能日光温室和国外同类模式进行环境综合评价,在此基础上分析"五结合"生态温室替代常规模式的可能性。[结果]较节能日光温室,生态温室单位产品的能源消耗、水资源消耗、气候变化、潜在的环境酸化、富营养化、人体、水体和土壤毒性分别降低了27%, 64%, 27%, 32%, 43%, 97%, 99%和99%,综合环境指数降低98.6%,环境效益大幅度提升。与国外同类模式相比,由于充分利用太阳能,中国常规模式在降低能源消耗和温室气体减排方面优势明显,其他各项环境指数与国外相比还存在较大差距,但"五结合"生态温室各项指数全面优于或接近国外同类模式。[结论]以"五结合"生态温室为代表的生态模式能够解决国内外温室发展面临的众多瓶颈问题,具有极大的发展潜力和应用价值。
Greenhouse production(GP) is an important mode in China and other regions. However, there are many problems due to high energy, fertilizers and pesticides used in greenhouse production. Thus, both China and other areas have been improving to create more productive and economic efficiency with lower inputs as well. From the perspective of circular agriculture, we designed a "Five-in-One" ecological model(Model 1), which was an integrated system involving planting, breeding, biogas and rain-collecting subsystems. Then, based on the life cycle assessment(LCA) methodology, taking one ton vegetable as functional unit, we compared it with the two conventional model productions in Hebei province(Tomato-celery planting, Model 2) and Shandong province(Tomato-tomato planting, Model 3). The results showed that compared to Model 3, all the environmental impact index involving energy consumption(EC), water resource consumption(WRC), climate change(CC), acidification potential(AP) and eutrophication potential(EP), human toxicity potential(HTP), flesh water toxicity potential(WTP) and terrestrial toxicity potential(TTP) were decreased by 27%,64%,27%,32%,43%,97%,99% and 99%,respectively, and the comprehensive value decreased by 98.6%. Compared to similar researches in other regions generally, the two indicators of conventional greenhouse production involving EC and CC have advantages, while for other index, the conventional model existed huge challenges to improve in future. However, all these index of "Five-in-One", except individual indicator, were better than those of similar researches. Thus, ecological mode has great potentials to develop in both China and other areas to promote sustainable development.
Greenhouse production(GP) is an important mode in China and other regions. However, there are many problems due to high energy, fertilizers and pesticides used in greenhouse production. Thus, both China and other areas have been improving to create more productive and economic efficiency with lower inputs as well. From the perspective of circular agriculture, we designed a "Five-in-One" ecological model(Model 1), which was an integrated system involving planting, breeding, biogas and rain-collecting subsystems. Then, based on the life cycle assessment(LCA) methodology, taking one ton vegetable as functional unit, we compared it with the two conventional model productions in Hebei province(Tomato-celery planting, Model 2) and Shandong province(Tomato-tomato planting, Model 3). The results showed that compared to Model 3, all the environmental impact index involving energy consumption(EC), water resource consumption(WRC), climate change(CC), acidification potential(AP) and eutrophication potential(EP), human toxicity potential(HTP), flesh water toxicity potential(WTP) and terrestrial toxicity potential(TTP) were decreased by 27%,64%,27%,32%,43%,97%,99% and 99%,respectively, and the comprehensive value decreased by 98.6%. Compared to similar researches in other regions generally, the two indicators of conventional greenhouse production involving EC and CC have advantages, while for other index, the conventional model existed huge challenges to improve in future. However, all these index of "Five-in-One", except individual indicator, were better than those of similar researches. Thus, ecological mode has great potentials to develop in both China and other areas to promote sustainable development.
引文
[1] 吴文良.我国不同类型区生态农业县建设的基本途径与典型模式.中国生态农业学报,2000,8(2):5-9.
[2] 赵立欣,孟海波,沈玉君,等.中国北方平原地区种养循环农业现状调研与发展分析.农业工程学报,2017,33(18):1-10.
[3] Cellura M,Ardente F,Longo S.From the LCa of food products to the environmental assessment of protected crops districts:a case-study in the south of Italy.Journal of Environmental Management,2012,93(1) 194.
[4] Payen S,Basset-Mens C,Perret S.LCa of local and imported tomato:an energy and water trade-off.Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,87(1) 139-148.
[5] Cellura M,Longo S,Mistretta M.Life cycle assessment(LCA)of protected crops:an Italian case study.Journal of Cleaner Production,2012,28(4) 56-62.
[6] 郭金花.典型设施蔬菜生产系统水肥、农药投入及环境影响的生命周期评价.北京:中国农业大学,2016.
[7] 徐强,胡克林,李季,等.华北平原不同生产模式设施蔬菜生命周期环境影响评价.环境科学,2018(5):2480-2488.
[8] 束胜,康云艳,王玉,等.世界设施园艺发展概况、特点及趋势分析.中国蔬菜,2018(7):1-13.
[9] HuWY,Zhang YX,HuangB,et al.Soil environmental quality in greenhouse vegetable production systems in eastern China:Current status and management strategies.Chemosphere,2017,170:183-195.
[10] Muňoz P,Antón A,Nuňez M,et al.comparing the environmental impacts of greenhouse versus open-field tomato production in the mediterranean region.ActaHorticulturae,2008,801(801) 1591-1596.
[11] Torrellas M,Antón A,López J C,et al.LCa of a tomato crop in a multi-tunnel greenhouse in Almeria.International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2012,17(7) 863-875.
[12] Ju M,Zhao X,Shi W M,et al.Nitrogen balance and loss in a greenhouse vegetable system in Southeastern China.Pedosphere,2011,21(4) 464-472.
[13] 杭胜.五位一体生态温室模式优化及生态评价.北京:中国农业大学,2016.
[14] 胡志远.车用生物柴油生命周期评价及多目标优化.上海:同济大学,2006.
[15] 梁龙.基于LCA的循环农业环境影响评价方法探讨与实证研究.北京:中国农业大学,2009.
[16] 樊兆博.滴灌和漫灌施肥栽培体系下设施番茄产量的水氮利用效率的评价.北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[17] He F,Jiang R,Chen Q.Nitrous oxide emissions from an intensively managed greenhouse vegetable cropping system in northern China.Environmental Pollution,2009,157(5) 1666-1672.
[18] Gaynor J D,Findlay W I.Soil and phosphorus loss from conservation and conventional tillage in corn production.Journal of Environmental Quality,1995,24:734-741.
[19] Van Calker K J,Berentsen P B M,De Boer I M J,et al.An LP-model to analyze economic and ecological sustainability on Dutch dairy farms:Model presentation and application for experimental farm“de Marke”,Agricultural Systems,2004,82(2):139-160.
[20] Liang L,Lal R,Ridoutt B G,et al.Life cycle assessment of China′s agroecosystems.Ecological Indicators,2018,88,341-350.
[21] 王明新,包永红,吴文良,等.华北平原冬小麦生命周期环境影响评价.农业环境科学学报,2006,25(5):1127-1132.
[22] Cheng S,Li Z,Shi H.J,et al.A field study on acceptability of 4-in-1 biogas systems in Liaoning Province,China.Energy Procedia,2011,5(1):1382-1387.
[23] 李金才,邱建军,任天志,等.北方“四位一体”生态农业模式功能与效益分析研究.中国农业资源与区划,2009,30(3):46-50.
[24] Wei X M,Chen B,Qu Y H,et al.Emergy analysis for ‘Four in One’ peach production system in Beijing.communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation,2009,14(3):946-958.
[25] Wu X,Wu F,Tong X,et al.Emergy and greenhouse gas assessment of a sustainable,integrated agricultural model(SIAM)for plant,animal and biogas production:Analysis of the ecological recycle of wastes.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2015,96:40-50.
[26] Ntinas G K,Neumair M,Tsadilas C D,et al.Carbon footprint and cumulative energy demand of greenhouse and open-field tomato cultivation systems under southern and central European climatic conditions.Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,142(4) 3617-3626.
[27] Ntinas GK,Morichovitis Z,Nikita-Martzopoulou Ch.The influence of a hybrid solar energy saving system on the growth and the yield of tomato cropin greenhouses.ActaHorticulturae,2012,952,723-729.
[28] Ntinas GK,Fragos VP,Nikita-Martzopoulou Ch.Thermal analysis of a hybrid solar energy saving system inside a greenhouse.Energy Conversion & Management,2014,81,428-439.
[29] Hassanien R H E,Li M,lin W D.Advanced applications of solar energy in agricultural greenhouses.Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016,54,989-1001.
[30] Stoknes K,Scholwin F,Krzesiński W,et al.Efficiency of a novel“food to waste to food”system including anaerobic digestion of food waste and cultivation of vegetables on digestate in a bubble-insulated greenhouse.Waste Management,2016,56,466-476.
[31] Dias G M,Ayer N W,Khosla S,et al.Life cycle perspectives on the sustainability of Ontario greenhouse tomato production:benchmarking and improvement opportunities.Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,140,831-839.
[32] Torrellas M,Antón A,Montero J I.An environmental impact calculator for greenhouse production systems.Journal of Environmental Management,2013,118(2) 186-195.
[33] Boulard T,Raeppel C,Brun R,et al.Environmental impact of greenhouse tomato production in France.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2011,31(4) 757-777.
[2] 赵立欣,孟海波,沈玉君,等.中国北方平原地区种养循环农业现状调研与发展分析.农业工程学报,2017,33(18):1-10.
[3] Cellura M,Ardente F,Longo S.From the LCa of food products to the environmental assessment of protected crops districts:a case-study in the south of Italy.Journal of Environmental Management,2012,93(1) 194.
[4] Payen S,Basset-Mens C,Perret S.LCa of local and imported tomato:an energy and water trade-off.Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,87(1) 139-148.
[5] Cellura M,Longo S,Mistretta M.Life cycle assessment(LCA)of protected crops:an Italian case study.Journal of Cleaner Production,2012,28(4) 56-62.
[6] 郭金花.典型设施蔬菜生产系统水肥、农药投入及环境影响的生命周期评价.北京:中国农业大学,2016.
[7] 徐强,胡克林,李季,等.华北平原不同生产模式设施蔬菜生命周期环境影响评价.环境科学,2018(5):2480-2488.
[8] 束胜,康云艳,王玉,等.世界设施园艺发展概况、特点及趋势分析.中国蔬菜,2018(7):1-13.
[9] HuWY,Zhang YX,HuangB,et al.Soil environmental quality in greenhouse vegetable production systems in eastern China:Current status and management strategies.Chemosphere,2017,170:183-195.
[10] Muňoz P,Antón A,Nuňez M,et al.comparing the environmental impacts of greenhouse versus open-field tomato production in the mediterranean region.ActaHorticulturae,2008,801(801) 1591-1596.
[11] Torrellas M,Antón A,López J C,et al.LCa of a tomato crop in a multi-tunnel greenhouse in Almeria.International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2012,17(7) 863-875.
[12] Ju M,Zhao X,Shi W M,et al.Nitrogen balance and loss in a greenhouse vegetable system in Southeastern China.Pedosphere,2011,21(4) 464-472.
[13] 杭胜.五位一体生态温室模式优化及生态评价.北京:中国农业大学,2016.
[14] 胡志远.车用生物柴油生命周期评价及多目标优化.上海:同济大学,2006.
[15] 梁龙.基于LCA的循环农业环境影响评价方法探讨与实证研究.北京:中国农业大学,2009.
[16] 樊兆博.滴灌和漫灌施肥栽培体系下设施番茄产量的水氮利用效率的评价.北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[17] He F,Jiang R,Chen Q.Nitrous oxide emissions from an intensively managed greenhouse vegetable cropping system in northern China.Environmental Pollution,2009,157(5) 1666-1672.
[18] Gaynor J D,Findlay W I.Soil and phosphorus loss from conservation and conventional tillage in corn production.Journal of Environmental Quality,1995,24:734-741.
[19] Van Calker K J,Berentsen P B M,De Boer I M J,et al.An LP-model to analyze economic and ecological sustainability on Dutch dairy farms:Model presentation and application for experimental farm“de Marke”,Agricultural Systems,2004,82(2):139-160.
[20] Liang L,Lal R,Ridoutt B G,et al.Life cycle assessment of China′s agroecosystems.Ecological Indicators,2018,88,341-350.
[21] 王明新,包永红,吴文良,等.华北平原冬小麦生命周期环境影响评价.农业环境科学学报,2006,25(5):1127-1132.
[22] Cheng S,Li Z,Shi H.J,et al.A field study on acceptability of 4-in-1 biogas systems in Liaoning Province,China.Energy Procedia,2011,5(1):1382-1387.
[23] 李金才,邱建军,任天志,等.北方“四位一体”生态农业模式功能与效益分析研究.中国农业资源与区划,2009,30(3):46-50.
[24] Wei X M,Chen B,Qu Y H,et al.Emergy analysis for ‘Four in One’ peach production system in Beijing.communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation,2009,14(3):946-958.
[25] Wu X,Wu F,Tong X,et al.Emergy and greenhouse gas assessment of a sustainable,integrated agricultural model(SIAM)for plant,animal and biogas production:Analysis of the ecological recycle of wastes.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2015,96:40-50.
[26] Ntinas G K,Neumair M,Tsadilas C D,et al.Carbon footprint and cumulative energy demand of greenhouse and open-field tomato cultivation systems under southern and central European climatic conditions.Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,142(4) 3617-3626.
[27] Ntinas GK,Morichovitis Z,Nikita-Martzopoulou Ch.The influence of a hybrid solar energy saving system on the growth and the yield of tomato cropin greenhouses.ActaHorticulturae,2012,952,723-729.
[28] Ntinas GK,Fragos VP,Nikita-Martzopoulou Ch.Thermal analysis of a hybrid solar energy saving system inside a greenhouse.Energy Conversion & Management,2014,81,428-439.
[29] Hassanien R H E,Li M,lin W D.Advanced applications of solar energy in agricultural greenhouses.Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016,54,989-1001.
[30] Stoknes K,Scholwin F,Krzesiński W,et al.Efficiency of a novel“food to waste to food”system including anaerobic digestion of food waste and cultivation of vegetables on digestate in a bubble-insulated greenhouse.Waste Management,2016,56,466-476.
[31] Dias G M,Ayer N W,Khosla S,et al.Life cycle perspectives on the sustainability of Ontario greenhouse tomato production:benchmarking and improvement opportunities.Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,140,831-839.
[32] Torrellas M,Antón A,Montero J I.An environmental impact calculator for greenhouse production systems.Journal of Environmental Management,2013,118(2) 186-195.
[33] Boulard T,Raeppel C,Brun R,et al.Environmental impact of greenhouse tomato production in France.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2011,31(4) 757-777.