2016年冬季京津冀豫大气污染的时空分布及影响因子研究
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摘要
利用2016年12月至2017年2月北京、天津、石家庄和郑州的PM_(2.5)质量浓度、反应性气体质量浓度及其相对应的气象要素资料分析了大气污染的理化特征、传输和生消规律。结果表明:北京、石家庄、天津及郑州的PM_(2.5)质量浓度分布频率均有两个较为明显的峰值,四个地区PM_(2.5)质量浓度分布频率最高时均值分别为10.1、19. 2、40. 0和47. 1μg·m~(-3),大气的氧化程度为北京最低,其次为石家庄、天津,郑州最高。四个研究地区的交通源对环境大气污染均有重要贡献。PM_(2.5)和CO的相关性在低相对湿度时高于高相对湿度时;而PM_(2.5)和NO_2的相关性在相对湿度较大时高于相对湿度较小时。四个研究地区的PM_(2.5)质量浓度均随风速的增大呈快速降低后趋于平缓的趋势,其中北京、石家庄和郑州的风速阈值均为3 m·s~(-1),天津地区为4 m·s~(-1)。受上游污染地区的影响,偏南风的输送作用滞后20～30 h达到最大,而偏北风的影响作用在滞后8～12 h达到最大。
Based on the observations of PM_(2.5) mass concentration, reactive gases and related meteorological elements in Beijing,Tianjin, Shijiazhuang and Zhengzhou from December 2016 to February 2017, the physical and chemical characteristics of the air pollution, transmission and elimination rules are discussed.The results show that the frequency distributions of PM_(2.5) mass concentration in Beijing, Shijiazhuang,Tianjin and Zhengzhou all had two obvious peaks. The mean values of PM_(2.5) concentrations were 10. 1,19. 2, 40. 0 and 47. 1 μg · m~(-3) in the four regions respectively at the time with the highest PM_(2.5) frequency distribution. The degree of air oxidation in Beijing was the lowest followed by Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Zhengzhou in order. Traffic sources had important contribution to the environmental air pollution in the four study areas. The correlation between CO and PM_(2.5) at low relative humidity was higher than that with high humidity. However, the correlation between NO_2 and PM_(2.5) at low relative humidity was lower than that with high humidity. With the wind speed increasing, the PM_(2.5) mass concentration decreased rapidly and then tended to be gentle, of which the wind speed threshold was 3 m · s~(-1) in Beijing, Shijia zhuang and Zhengzhou, and for Tianjin it was 4 m· s~(-1). Affected by upstream pollution transport, southerly wind transport effect was about 20 — 30 h later than reaching the maximum and the effect of the northerly wind delayed 8 —12 h before reaching the maximum.
Based on the observations of PM_(2.5) mass concentration, reactive gases and related meteorological elements in Beijing,Tianjin, Shijiazhuang and Zhengzhou from December 2016 to February 2017, the physical and chemical characteristics of the air pollution, transmission and elimination rules are discussed.The results show that the frequency distributions of PM_(2.5) mass concentration in Beijing, Shijiazhuang,Tianjin and Zhengzhou all had two obvious peaks. The mean values of PM_(2.5) concentrations were 10. 1,19. 2, 40. 0 and 47. 1 μg · m~(-3) in the four regions respectively at the time with the highest PM_(2.5) frequency distribution. The degree of air oxidation in Beijing was the lowest followed by Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Zhengzhou in order. Traffic sources had important contribution to the environmental air pollution in the four study areas. The correlation between CO and PM_(2.5) at low relative humidity was higher than that with high humidity. However, the correlation between NO_2 and PM_(2.5) at low relative humidity was lower than that with high humidity. With the wind speed increasing, the PM_(2.5) mass concentration decreased rapidly and then tended to be gentle, of which the wind speed threshold was 3 m · s~(-1) in Beijing, Shijia zhuang and Zhengzhou, and for Tianjin it was 4 m· s~(-1). Affected by upstream pollution transport, southerly wind transport effect was about 20 — 30 h later than reaching the maximum and the effect of the northerly wind delayed 8 —12 h before reaching the maximum.
引文
陈欢欢,吴兑,谭浩波,等,2010.珠江三角洲2001—2008年灰霾天气过程特征分析[J].热带气象学报,26(2):147-155. Chen H H,Wu D, Tan H B, et al, 2010. Study on the character of haze weather process from the year 2001 to 2008 over the Pearl River Delta[J]. J Trop Meteor,26(2):147-155(in Chinese).
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花丛,刘超,张恒德,等,2017.京津冀地区冬半年污染传输特征及传输指数的改进[J].气象,43(7):813-822. Hua C,Liu C,Zhang H D,et al., 2017. Characteristics of air pollution transport over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Ragion during winter months and improvement of transport weather index[J]. Meteor Mon,43(7):813-822(in Chinese).
花丛,张恒德,张碧辉,2016. 2013—2014冬半年北京重污染天气气象传输条件分析及预报指数初建[J].气象,42(3):314-321.Hua C, Zhang H D, Zhang B H, 2016. Analysis on advective transport condition for heavy air pollution processes in Beijing during the 2013—2014 winter months and design of transmission weather index[J]. Meteor Mon, 42(3):314-321(in Chinese).
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江琪,王飞,张恒德,等,2017a.北京市PM_(2.5)和反应性气体浓度的变化特征及其与气象条件的关系[J].中国环境科学,37(3):829-837. Jiang Q,Wang F,Zhang H D,et al,2017a. Analysis of temporal variation characteristics and meteorological conditions of reactive gas and PM_(2.5)in Beijing[J]. China Environ Sci,37(3):829-837(in Chinese).
江琪,王飞,张恒德,等,2017b. 2013—2015年北京市PM_(2.5)、反应性气体和气溶胶粒径的特性分析[J].中国环境科学,37(10):3647-3657. Jiang Q,Wang F,Zhang H D,et al,2017b. The characteristics of PM_(2.5),reactive gas and aerosol size distributions of Beijing from 2013 to 2015[J]. China Environ Sci,37(10):3647-3657(in Chinese).
刘端阳,濮梅娟,杨军,等,2009. 2006年12月南京连续4天浓雾的微物理结构及演变特征[J].气象学报,67(1):147-157. Liu D Y,Pu M J,Yang J,et al,2009. Microphysical structure and evolution of four-day persistent forgs around Nanjing in December2006[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,67(1):147-157(in Chinese).
刘洁,张小玲,徐晓峰,等,2008.北京地区SO_2、NO_x、O_3和PM_(2.5)变化特征的城郊对比分析[J].环境科学,29(4):1059-1065. Liu J,Zhang X L,Xu X F,et al,2008. Comparison analysis of variation characteristics of SO_2,NOx,O_3 and PM_(2.5)between rural and urban areas,Beijing[J]. Environ Sci,29(4):1059-1065(in Chinese).
缪育聪,刘树华,2017.雄安新区大气污染的气象特征分析[J].科学通报,62(23):2666-2670. Miao Y C,Liu S H,2017. Meteorological characteristics associated with air pollution in Xiong'an,China[J]. Chin Sci Bull,62(23):2666-2670(in Chinese).
王明洁,张蕾,张琳琳,等,2015.基于精细观测资料的深圳不同季节霾及其污染特征分析[J].中国环境科学,35(12):3562-3569.Wang M J,Zhang L,Zhang L L,et al,2015. Seasonal characteristics and pollution of haze in Shenzhen based on meticulous observation data[J]. China Environ Sci, 35(12):3562-3569(in Chinese).
王占山,潘丽波,2014.火电厂大气污染物排放标准实施效果的数值模拟研究[J].环境科学,35(3):853-863. Wang Z S,Pan L B,2014. Implementation results of emission standards of air pollutants for thermal power plants:a numerical simulation[J],Environ Sci,35(3):853-863(in Chinese).
王自发,李杰,王哲,等,2014. 2013年1月我国中东部强霾污染的数值模拟和防控对策[J].中国科学:地球科学,44(1):3-13.DOI:10. 1007/s11430-013-4793-0. Wang Z F, Li J, Wang Z, et al,2014. Modeling study of regional severe hazes over Mid-Eastern China in January 2013 and its implications on pollution prevention and control[J]. Sci China:Ear Sci, 44(1):3-13, DOI:10.1007/s11430-013-4793-0(in Chinese).
吴兑,廖碧婷,吴蒙,等,2014.环首都圈霾和雾的长期变化特征与典型个例的近地层输送条件[J].环境科学学报,34(1):1-11.Wu D,Liao B T,Wu M,et al,2014. The long-term trend of haze and fog days and the surface layer transport conditions under haze weather in North China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,34(1):1-11(in Chinese).
徐祥德,周丽,周秀骥,等,2004.城市环境大气重污染过程周边源影响域[J].中国科学:地球科学,34(10):958-966. Xu X D,Zhou L,Zhou X J,et al,2004. Influencing domains of peripheral sources in heavy air pollution process of urban environment[J].Sci China:Ear Sci,34(10):958-966(in Chinese).
张良,王晓利,王占山,等,2017. 2014年石家庄市03污染特征[J].环境科学与技术,40(7):1-8.Zhang L,Wang X L,Wang Z S,et al,2017. Ozone Pollution characteristics of Shijiazhuang in 2014[J]. Environ Sci Technol,40(7):1-8(in Chinese).
张裕芬,朱坦,冯银厂,等,2006.气象因素对环境空气质量达标的影响分析[J].城市环境与城市生态,19(4):33-36. Zhang Y F,Zhu T,Feng Y C,et al,2006. Meteorological effects on ambient air quality to come up to national standard[J]. Urban Environ Urban Ecol,19(4):33-36(in Chinese).
郑祚芳,任国玉,高华,2018.北京地区局地环流观测分析[J].气象,44(3):425-433. Zheng Z F,Ren G Y,Gao H,2018. Analysis of the Local Circulation in Beijing Area[J]. Meteor Mon, 44(3):425-433(in Chinese).
朱先磊,张远航,曾立民,等,2005.北京市大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的来源研究[J].环境科学研究,18(5):1-5. Zhu X L,Zhang Y H,Zeng L M,et al,2005. Source identification of ambient PM_(2.5)in Beijing[J]. Res Environ Sci, 18(5):1-5(in Chinese).
Herich H,Hueglin C,Buchmann B,2011. A 2. 5 year's source apportionment study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland[J]. Atmos Meas Tech,4(7):1409-1420.Keppler F,Hamilton J T G,BraβM,et al,2006. Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions[J]. Nature, 439(7073):187-191.
Laakso L,Hussein T,Aarnio P,et al,2003. Diurnal and annual characteristics of particle mass and number concentrations in urban,rural and Arctic environments in Finland[J]. Atmos Environ, 37(19):2629-2641.
Miller J B,Gatti L V,D'Amelio M T S,et al,2007. Airborne measurements indicate large methane emissions from the eastern Amazon Basin[J]. Geophys Res Lett,34(10):L10809.
Oke T R,1982. The energetic basis of the urban heat island[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc, 108(455):1-24.
Richter A,Burrows J P,NüB,et al,2005. Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space[J]. Nature, 437(7055):129-132.
Rosenfeld D,2000. Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution[J]. Science,287(5459):1793-1796.
Stephens S, Madronich S, Wu F, et al, 2008. Weekly patterns of Mexico City's surface concentrations of CO,NOx,PM_(10)and O_3during 1986-2007[J]. Atmos Chem Phys,8(17):5313-5325.
Streets D G,Bond T C,Carmichael G R,et al,2003. An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000[J].J Geophys Res,108(D21):30-31.
Sun Y L,Wang Z F,Dong H B,et al,2012. Characterization of summer organic and inorganic aerosols in Beijing, China with an aerosol chemical apeciation monitor[J]. Atmos Environ,51(5):250-259.
Sun Y L, Wang Z F, Fu P Q, et al, 2013a. Aerosol composition,sources and processes during wintertime in Beijing, China[J].Atmos Chem and Phys,13(9):4577-4592.
Sun Y L,Wang Z F,Fu P Q,et al,2013b. The impact of relative humidity on aerosol composition and evolution processes during wintertime in Beijing,China[J]. Atmos Environ, 77(3):927-934.
Sun Y L,Zhuang G S,Tang A H,et al,2006. Chemical characteristics of PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)in haze-fog episodes in Beijing[J]. Environ Sci Technol,40(10):3148-3155.
Tao M H,Chen L F,Su L,et al,2012. Satellite observation of regional haze pollution over the North China Plain[J]. J Geophys Res,117(D12):D12203.
Wehner B,Birmili W,Gnauk T,et al,2002. Particle number size distributions in a street canyon and their transformation into the urban-air background:measurements and a simple model study[J]. Atmos Environ,36(13):2215-2223.
Xu J W, Martin R V, van Donkelaar A, et al, 2015. Estimating Ground-Level PM_(2.5)in eastern China using aerosol optical depth determined from the GOCI satellite instrument[J]. Atmos Chem Phys,15(22):13133-13144.
贺克斌,杨复沫,段凤魁,等,2011.大气颗粒物与区域复合污染[M].北京:科学出版社.He K B,Yang F M,Duan F K,et al,2011.Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Regional Compound Pollution[M]. Beijing:Science Press(in Chinese).
何心河,马建中,徐敬,等,2016. 2014年10月京津冀地区一次PM_(2.5)污染过程的数值模拟[J].气象,42(7):827-837. He X H,Ma J Z,Xu J,et al,2016. Simulation of a heavy PM_(2.5)pollutant event over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Ragion in October 2014[J]. Meteor Mon,42(7):827-837(in Chinese).
花丛,刘超,张恒德,等,2017.京津冀地区冬半年污染传输特征及传输指数的改进[J].气象,43(7):813-822. Hua C,Liu C,Zhang H D,et al., 2017. Characteristics of air pollution transport over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Ragion during winter months and improvement of transport weather index[J]. Meteor Mon,43(7):813-822(in Chinese).
花丛,张恒德,张碧辉,2016. 2013—2014冬半年北京重污染天气气象传输条件分析及预报指数初建[J].气象,42(3):314-321.Hua C, Zhang H D, Zhang B H, 2016. Analysis on advective transport condition for heavy air pollution processes in Beijing during the 2013—2014 winter months and design of transmission weather index[J]. Meteor Mon, 42(3):314-321(in Chinese).
环境保护部,2016.环境空气质量标准:GB 3095—2012[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社.Ministy of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, 2016. Ambient Air Quality Standards:GB 3095-2012[S]. Beijing:China Enviromental Science Press(in Chinese).
江琪,王飞,张恒德,等,2017a.北京市PM_(2.5)和反应性气体浓度的变化特征及其与气象条件的关系[J].中国环境科学,37(3):829-837. Jiang Q,Wang F,Zhang H D,et al,2017a. Analysis of temporal variation characteristics and meteorological conditions of reactive gas and PM_(2.5)in Beijing[J]. China Environ Sci,37(3):829-837(in Chinese).
江琪,王飞,张恒德,等,2017b. 2013—2015年北京市PM_(2.5)、反应性气体和气溶胶粒径的特性分析[J].中国环境科学,37(10):3647-3657. Jiang Q,Wang F,Zhang H D,et al,2017b. The characteristics of PM_(2.5),reactive gas and aerosol size distributions of Beijing from 2013 to 2015[J]. China Environ Sci,37(10):3647-3657(in Chinese).
刘端阳,濮梅娟,杨军,等,2009. 2006年12月南京连续4天浓雾的微物理结构及演变特征[J].气象学报,67(1):147-157. Liu D Y,Pu M J,Yang J,et al,2009. Microphysical structure and evolution of four-day persistent forgs around Nanjing in December2006[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,67(1):147-157(in Chinese).
刘洁,张小玲,徐晓峰,等,2008.北京地区SO_2、NO_x、O_3和PM_(2.5)变化特征的城郊对比分析[J].环境科学,29(4):1059-1065. Liu J,Zhang X L,Xu X F,et al,2008. Comparison analysis of variation characteristics of SO_2,NOx,O_3 and PM_(2.5)between rural and urban areas,Beijing[J]. Environ Sci,29(4):1059-1065(in Chinese).
缪育聪,刘树华,2017.雄安新区大气污染的气象特征分析[J].科学通报,62(23):2666-2670. Miao Y C,Liu S H,2017. Meteorological characteristics associated with air pollution in Xiong'an,China[J]. Chin Sci Bull,62(23):2666-2670(in Chinese).
王明洁,张蕾,张琳琳,等,2015.基于精细观测资料的深圳不同季节霾及其污染特征分析[J].中国环境科学,35(12):3562-3569.Wang M J,Zhang L,Zhang L L,et al,2015. Seasonal characteristics and pollution of haze in Shenzhen based on meticulous observation data[J]. China Environ Sci, 35(12):3562-3569(in Chinese).
王占山,潘丽波,2014.火电厂大气污染物排放标准实施效果的数值模拟研究[J].环境科学,35(3):853-863. Wang Z S,Pan L B,2014. Implementation results of emission standards of air pollutants for thermal power plants:a numerical simulation[J],Environ Sci,35(3):853-863(in Chinese).
王自发,李杰,王哲,等,2014. 2013年1月我国中东部强霾污染的数值模拟和防控对策[J].中国科学:地球科学,44(1):3-13.DOI:10. 1007/s11430-013-4793-0. Wang Z F, Li J, Wang Z, et al,2014. Modeling study of regional severe hazes over Mid-Eastern China in January 2013 and its implications on pollution prevention and control[J]. Sci China:Ear Sci, 44(1):3-13, DOI:10.1007/s11430-013-4793-0(in Chinese).
吴兑,廖碧婷,吴蒙,等,2014.环首都圈霾和雾的长期变化特征与典型个例的近地层输送条件[J].环境科学学报,34(1):1-11.Wu D,Liao B T,Wu M,et al,2014. The long-term trend of haze and fog days and the surface layer transport conditions under haze weather in North China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,34(1):1-11(in Chinese).
徐祥德,周丽,周秀骥,等,2004.城市环境大气重污染过程周边源影响域[J].中国科学:地球科学,34(10):958-966. Xu X D,Zhou L,Zhou X J,et al,2004. Influencing domains of peripheral sources in heavy air pollution process of urban environment[J].Sci China:Ear Sci,34(10):958-966(in Chinese).
张良,王晓利,王占山,等,2017. 2014年石家庄市03污染特征[J].环境科学与技术,40(7):1-8.Zhang L,Wang X L,Wang Z S,et al,2017. Ozone Pollution characteristics of Shijiazhuang in 2014[J]. Environ Sci Technol,40(7):1-8(in Chinese).
张裕芬,朱坦,冯银厂,等,2006.气象因素对环境空气质量达标的影响分析[J].城市环境与城市生态,19(4):33-36. Zhang Y F,Zhu T,Feng Y C,et al,2006. Meteorological effects on ambient air quality to come up to national standard[J]. Urban Environ Urban Ecol,19(4):33-36(in Chinese).
郑祚芳,任国玉,高华,2018.北京地区局地环流观测分析[J].气象,44(3):425-433. Zheng Z F,Ren G Y,Gao H,2018. Analysis of the Local Circulation in Beijing Area[J]. Meteor Mon, 44(3):425-433(in Chinese).
朱先磊,张远航,曾立民,等,2005.北京市大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的来源研究[J].环境科学研究,18(5):1-5. Zhu X L,Zhang Y H,Zeng L M,et al,2005. Source identification of ambient PM_(2.5)in Beijing[J]. Res Environ Sci, 18(5):1-5(in Chinese).
Herich H,Hueglin C,Buchmann B,2011. A 2. 5 year's source apportionment study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland[J]. Atmos Meas Tech,4(7):1409-1420.Keppler F,Hamilton J T G,BraβM,et al,2006. Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions[J]. Nature, 439(7073):187-191.
Laakso L,Hussein T,Aarnio P,et al,2003. Diurnal and annual characteristics of particle mass and number concentrations in urban,rural and Arctic environments in Finland[J]. Atmos Environ, 37(19):2629-2641.
Miller J B,Gatti L V,D'Amelio M T S,et al,2007. Airborne measurements indicate large methane emissions from the eastern Amazon Basin[J]. Geophys Res Lett,34(10):L10809.
Oke T R,1982. The energetic basis of the urban heat island[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc, 108(455):1-24.
Richter A,Burrows J P,NüB,et al,2005. Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space[J]. Nature, 437(7055):129-132.
Rosenfeld D,2000. Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution[J]. Science,287(5459):1793-1796.
Stephens S, Madronich S, Wu F, et al, 2008. Weekly patterns of Mexico City's surface concentrations of CO,NOx,PM_(10)and O_3during 1986-2007[J]. Atmos Chem Phys,8(17):5313-5325.
Streets D G,Bond T C,Carmichael G R,et al,2003. An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000[J].J Geophys Res,108(D21):30-31.
Sun Y L,Wang Z F,Dong H B,et al,2012. Characterization of summer organic and inorganic aerosols in Beijing, China with an aerosol chemical apeciation monitor[J]. Atmos Environ,51(5):250-259.
Sun Y L, Wang Z F, Fu P Q, et al, 2013a. Aerosol composition,sources and processes during wintertime in Beijing, China[J].Atmos Chem and Phys,13(9):4577-4592.
Sun Y L,Wang Z F,Fu P Q,et al,2013b. The impact of relative humidity on aerosol composition and evolution processes during wintertime in Beijing,China[J]. Atmos Environ, 77(3):927-934.
Sun Y L,Zhuang G S,Tang A H,et al,2006. Chemical characteristics of PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)in haze-fog episodes in Beijing[J]. Environ Sci Technol,40(10):3148-3155.
Tao M H,Chen L F,Su L,et al,2012. Satellite observation of regional haze pollution over the North China Plain[J]. J Geophys Res,117(D12):D12203.
Wehner B,Birmili W,Gnauk T,et al,2002. Particle number size distributions in a street canyon and their transformation into the urban-air background:measurements and a simple model study[J]. Atmos Environ,36(13):2215-2223.
Xu J W, Martin R V, van Donkelaar A, et al, 2015. Estimating Ground-Level PM_(2.5)in eastern China using aerosol optical depth determined from the GOCI satellite instrument[J]. Atmos Chem Phys,15(22):13133-13144.