微生物对绿脱石中有机质利用的研究
|
摘要
为了探索黏土矿物中含有的有机质能否被微生物利用以及微生物利用的效率,本文选取富三价铁的黏土矿物绿脱石NAu-2为还原对象,嗜热菌Thermus scotoductus SA-01,以及常温菌Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32为异化铁还原菌,分别在没有外加碳源的情况下对NAu-2结构铁进行还原。实验选取化学方法来测试Fe3+还原程度与还原速率,利用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、傅里叶转换红外光谱分析仪(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)对黏土矿物还原产物进行矿物学表征,利用总碳/氮分析仪测试黏土矿物释放出来的溶解碳总量以及高效液相色谱仪来分析不同有机组分的含量。实验结果表明相对于常温菌CN-32,嗜热菌SA-01可以有效利用绿脱石中含有的微量有机质作为碳源。由此可知,黏土矿物经微生物作用后发生还原溶解,其吸附的有机质会随着溶解程度的升高不断释放到周围环境中;黏土矿物含有的有机质组分成分复杂,在不同温度环境下释放出来的有机质速率与种类有所不同。
In this work,the utilization of organic matters in clay minerals by microorganisms was investigated. Thermophilic bacteria Thermus scotoductus SA-01 and mesophilic bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32 were selected to reduce structural Fe3+in the nontronite NAu-2 without other carbon source. The rate and extent of Fe3+bioreduction were measured by chemical methods. Bioreduced NAu-2 was characterized with X-ray powder diffraction( XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy( FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy( SEM) to investigate mineralogical changes as a result of microbial activity. The amount of total organic carbon released from NAu-2 was determined by an N / C analyzer and the concentrations of different organic compounds released from NAu-2 were measured by high performance liquid chromatography( HPLC). Experimental results demonstrated that: compared with Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32,Thermus scotoductus SA-01 can effectively use organic matter in NAu-2 as the carbon source.We concluded that the reductive dissolution happens when structural Fe3+in clay minerals is being reduced by microbes. The organic matter associated with nontronite is released into the aqueous solution due to reductive dissolution of nontronite. The organic compounds released from clay minerals are complicated,the rate and the type of organic compound released into solution differ under different temperatures.
In this work,the utilization of organic matters in clay minerals by microorganisms was investigated. Thermophilic bacteria Thermus scotoductus SA-01 and mesophilic bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32 were selected to reduce structural Fe3+in the nontronite NAu-2 without other carbon source. The rate and extent of Fe3+bioreduction were measured by chemical methods. Bioreduced NAu-2 was characterized with X-ray powder diffraction( XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy( FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy( SEM) to investigate mineralogical changes as a result of microbial activity. The amount of total organic carbon released from NAu-2 was determined by an N / C analyzer and the concentrations of different organic compounds released from NAu-2 were measured by high performance liquid chromatography( HPLC). Experimental results demonstrated that: compared with Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32,Thermus scotoductus SA-01 can effectively use organic matter in NAu-2 as the carbon source.We concluded that the reductive dissolution happens when structural Fe3+in clay minerals is being reduced by microbes. The organic matter associated with nontronite is released into the aqueous solution due to reductive dissolution of nontronite. The organic compounds released from clay minerals are complicated,the rate and the type of organic compound released into solution differ under different temperatures.
引文
Amonette J E,Templeton J C.1998.Improvements to the quantitative assay of nonrefractory minerals for Fe(Ⅱ)and total Fe using 1,10-phenanthroline.Clays and Clay Minerals,46(1):51-62
Arnarson T S,Keil R G.2007.Changes in organic matter-mineral interactions for marine sediments with varying oxygen exposure times.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,74(14):3545-3556
Arndt S,Jorgensen B B,Larowe D E,Middelburg J J,Pancost R D,Regnier P.2013.Quantifying the degradation of organic matter inmarine sediments:A review and synthesis.Earth-Science Reviews,123:53-86
Balkwill D L,Kieft T L,Tsukuda T,Kostandatithes H M,Onstott T C,Macnaughton S,Bownas J,Fredrickson J K.2004.Identification ofiron-reducing Thermus strains as Thermus scotoductus.Extremophiles,8:37-44
Dong H,Jaisi D P,Kim J,Zhang G.2009.Mibrobe-clay mineral interactions.American Mineralogist,94(11-12):1505-1519
Dong H,Kostka J E,Kim J.2003.Microscopic evidence for microbialdissolution of smectite.Clays and Clay Minerals,51(5):502-512
Fialips C I,Huo D,Yan L,Wu J,Stucki J W.2002.Infrared study ofreduced and reduced-reoxidized ferruginous smectite.The Clay Minerals Society,50(4):455-469
Fredrickson J K,Zachara J M,Kennedy D W,Dong H,Onstott T C,Hinman N W,Li S.1998.Biogenic iron mineralizationaccompanying the dissimilatory reduction of hydrous ferric oxide by agroundwater bacterium.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,62(19-20):3239-3257
Jaisi D P,Eberl D D,Dong H,Kim J.2011.The formation of illite fromnontronite by mesophilic and thermophilic bacterial reaction.Claysand Clay Minerals,59(1):21-33
Jaisi D P,Kukkadapu R K,Eberl D D,Dong H.2005.Control of Fe3+site occupancy on the rate and extent of microbial reduction of Fe3+in nontronite.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,69(23):5429-5440
Kennedy M J,Droser M,Mayer L M,Pevear D,Mrofka D.2006.LatePrecambrian oxygenation;inception of the clay mineral factory.Science,311:1446-1449
Kennedy M J,Pevear D R,Hill R J.2002.Mineral surface control of organic carbon in black shale.Science,295:657-660
Kieft T L,Fredrickson J K,Onstott T C,Gorby Y A,Kostandarithes HM,Bailey T J,Kennedy D W,Li S W,Plymale A E,Spadoni CM,Gray M S.1999.Dissimilatory reduction of Fe3+and otherelectron acceptors by a Thermus isolate.Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology,65(3):1214-1221
Konhauser K O.2007.Introduction to Geomicrobiology.Blackwell Publishing,Oxford,425
Konhauser K O,Kappler A,Roden E E.2011.Iron in microbial metabolisms.Elements,7(2):89-93
Lee K,Kostka J E,Stucki J W.2006.Comparisons of structural Fe reduction in smectite by bacteria and dithionite:an infrared spectroscopic study.Clay and Clay Minerals,54(2):195-208
Lovley D R.1987.Organic matter mineralization with the reduction of ferric iron:A review.Geomicrobiology Journal,5(3-4):375-399
Lovley D R,Holmes D E,Nevin K P.2004.Dissimilatory Fe3+andMn4+reduction.Advances in Microbial Physics,49:219-287
Lovley D R,Philips E J P.1988.Novel mode of microbial energy metabolism:organic carbon oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction oiron or manganese.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,54(6):1472-1480
Lu X,Wang H.2012.Microbial oxidation of sulfide tailings and its environmental consequences.Elements,8(2):119-124
Moller C,Heerden E V.2006.Isolation of a soluble and membrane-associated Fe3+reductase from the thermophile,Thermus scotoductus(SA-01).FEMS Microbiology Letters,265(2):237-243
Moore D M,Reynolds R C.1997.X-ray Diffraction and the Identificationand Analysis of Clay Minerals.Oxford University Press,Oxford,378
Nealson K H,Myer C R.1992.Microbial reduction of manganiese and iron:New approaches to carbon cycling.Applied and EnvironmentaMicrobiology,58(2):439-443
Nealson K H,Scott J.2006.Ecophysiology of the Genus Shewanella.Prokaryotes,6:1133-1151
Neumann A,Petit S,Hofstetter T B.2011.Evaluation of redox-activeiron sites in smectites using middle and near infrared spectroscopyGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,75(9):2336-2355
Oscarson,D W,Stroes-Gascoyne S,Cheung S C H.1986.The effect oorganic matter in clay sealing materials on the performance of a nuclear fuel waste disposal vault.Atomic Energy of Canada LimitedTechnical Report,AECL-9078
Park Y,Ayoko G A,Frost R L.2011.Application of organoclays for theadsorption of recalcitrant organic molecules from aqueous mediaJournal of Colloid and Interface Science,354(1):292-305
Sikdar D,Katti K S,Katti D R.2008.Molecular interactions alter clayand polymer structure in polymer clay nanocomposites.Nanoscienceand Nanotechnology,8(4):1638-1657
Stucki J W,Kostka J E.2006.Microbial reduction of iron in smectiteComptes Rendus Geosicence,338(6-7):468-475
蔡进功,卢龙飞,宋明水,丁飞,包于进,樊馥.2010.有机黏土复合体抽提特征及其石油地质意义.石油与天然气地质,31(3):300-308
王晓蓉,吴顺年,李万山,盛光遥.1997.有机黏土矿物对污染环境修复的研究进展.环境化学,16(1):1-14
郑政伟,李开明,朱芳,曹艺,徐亚幸.2010.底泥中多环芳烃的微生物降解与原位修复技术.环境科学与技术,33(6):49-53
Arnarson T S,Keil R G.2007.Changes in organic matter-mineral interactions for marine sediments with varying oxygen exposure times.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,74(14):3545-3556
Arndt S,Jorgensen B B,Larowe D E,Middelburg J J,Pancost R D,Regnier P.2013.Quantifying the degradation of organic matter inmarine sediments:A review and synthesis.Earth-Science Reviews,123:53-86
Balkwill D L,Kieft T L,Tsukuda T,Kostandatithes H M,Onstott T C,Macnaughton S,Bownas J,Fredrickson J K.2004.Identification ofiron-reducing Thermus strains as Thermus scotoductus.Extremophiles,8:37-44
Dong H,Jaisi D P,Kim J,Zhang G.2009.Mibrobe-clay mineral interactions.American Mineralogist,94(11-12):1505-1519
Dong H,Kostka J E,Kim J.2003.Microscopic evidence for microbialdissolution of smectite.Clays and Clay Minerals,51(5):502-512
Fialips C I,Huo D,Yan L,Wu J,Stucki J W.2002.Infrared study ofreduced and reduced-reoxidized ferruginous smectite.The Clay Minerals Society,50(4):455-469
Fredrickson J K,Zachara J M,Kennedy D W,Dong H,Onstott T C,Hinman N W,Li S.1998.Biogenic iron mineralizationaccompanying the dissimilatory reduction of hydrous ferric oxide by agroundwater bacterium.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,62(19-20):3239-3257
Jaisi D P,Eberl D D,Dong H,Kim J.2011.The formation of illite fromnontronite by mesophilic and thermophilic bacterial reaction.Claysand Clay Minerals,59(1):21-33
Jaisi D P,Kukkadapu R K,Eberl D D,Dong H.2005.Control of Fe3+site occupancy on the rate and extent of microbial reduction of Fe3+in nontronite.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,69(23):5429-5440
Kennedy M J,Droser M,Mayer L M,Pevear D,Mrofka D.2006.LatePrecambrian oxygenation;inception of the clay mineral factory.Science,311:1446-1449
Kennedy M J,Pevear D R,Hill R J.2002.Mineral surface control of organic carbon in black shale.Science,295:657-660
Kieft T L,Fredrickson J K,Onstott T C,Gorby Y A,Kostandarithes HM,Bailey T J,Kennedy D W,Li S W,Plymale A E,Spadoni CM,Gray M S.1999.Dissimilatory reduction of Fe3+and otherelectron acceptors by a Thermus isolate.Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology,65(3):1214-1221
Konhauser K O.2007.Introduction to Geomicrobiology.Blackwell Publishing,Oxford,425
Konhauser K O,Kappler A,Roden E E.2011.Iron in microbial metabolisms.Elements,7(2):89-93
Lee K,Kostka J E,Stucki J W.2006.Comparisons of structural Fe reduction in smectite by bacteria and dithionite:an infrared spectroscopic study.Clay and Clay Minerals,54(2):195-208
Lovley D R.1987.Organic matter mineralization with the reduction of ferric iron:A review.Geomicrobiology Journal,5(3-4):375-399
Lovley D R,Holmes D E,Nevin K P.2004.Dissimilatory Fe3+andMn4+reduction.Advances in Microbial Physics,49:219-287
Lovley D R,Philips E J P.1988.Novel mode of microbial energy metabolism:organic carbon oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction oiron or manganese.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,54(6):1472-1480
Lu X,Wang H.2012.Microbial oxidation of sulfide tailings and its environmental consequences.Elements,8(2):119-124
Moller C,Heerden E V.2006.Isolation of a soluble and membrane-associated Fe3+reductase from the thermophile,Thermus scotoductus(SA-01).FEMS Microbiology Letters,265(2):237-243
Moore D M,Reynolds R C.1997.X-ray Diffraction and the Identificationand Analysis of Clay Minerals.Oxford University Press,Oxford,378
Nealson K H,Myer C R.1992.Microbial reduction of manganiese and iron:New approaches to carbon cycling.Applied and EnvironmentaMicrobiology,58(2):439-443
Nealson K H,Scott J.2006.Ecophysiology of the Genus Shewanella.Prokaryotes,6:1133-1151
Neumann A,Petit S,Hofstetter T B.2011.Evaluation of redox-activeiron sites in smectites using middle and near infrared spectroscopyGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,75(9):2336-2355
Oscarson,D W,Stroes-Gascoyne S,Cheung S C H.1986.The effect oorganic matter in clay sealing materials on the performance of a nuclear fuel waste disposal vault.Atomic Energy of Canada LimitedTechnical Report,AECL-9078
Park Y,Ayoko G A,Frost R L.2011.Application of organoclays for theadsorption of recalcitrant organic molecules from aqueous mediaJournal of Colloid and Interface Science,354(1):292-305
Sikdar D,Katti K S,Katti D R.2008.Molecular interactions alter clayand polymer structure in polymer clay nanocomposites.Nanoscienceand Nanotechnology,8(4):1638-1657
Stucki J W,Kostka J E.2006.Microbial reduction of iron in smectiteComptes Rendus Geosicence,338(6-7):468-475
蔡进功,卢龙飞,宋明水,丁飞,包于进,樊馥.2010.有机黏土复合体抽提特征及其石油地质意义.石油与天然气地质,31(3):300-308
王晓蓉,吴顺年,李万山,盛光遥.1997.有机黏土矿物对污染环境修复的研究进展.环境化学,16(1):1-14
郑政伟,李开明,朱芳,曹艺,徐亚幸.2010.底泥中多环芳烃的微生物降解与原位修复技术.环境科学与技术,33(6):49-53