加压运动原理及运用的研究进展
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摘要
加压运动法是限制静脉血流量,造成肢体远端出现静脉池效应,诱发肌细胞体积增大,以较小的运动强度促进蛋白质合成、刺激肌肉生长和提高肌肉适能的一种新方法,由于其训练方式的安全性及效果的优越性,已经成为国际上人们追捧的训练方法。加压运动是在肢体近端用加压带捆绑,加压后进行低强度、短时间运动,达到增加肌肉力量,改善肌肉功能的目的。这种新方法不仅应用于提高运动员竞赛成绩、预防老年人及术后患者肌肉萎缩、对抗宇航员在轨时失重生理效应导致的骨骼、肌肉等多方面的退行性变化,也为骨性疾病、心脑血管、肥胖、糖尿病和神经肌肉疾病患者提供新的康复治疗手段。本文从加压运动的方法、应用及原理机制,进一步完善加压运动的效果机制,为其推广做好科学基础及理论指导。
KAATSU Training is a new method involving compressing venous to reduce blood flow,resulting in the distal limb vein pool effect and inducing increasing in size of muscle cells, which leads to promoting protein synthesis, stimulating muscle growth and improving muscle fitness even when excise at relatively lower intensities. Due to its safety and superior effect, KAATSU Training has become internationally popular. KAATSU Training uses compressive belts on the proximal end of the limb. The training is at low-intensity and wit short-term exercises to increase muscle strength and improve muscle function. This new method is not only applied in improving the athletes' competition performance, preventing in the elderly and postoperative patients with muscle atrophy, and resisting the degenerative changes of bones and muscles caused by the physiological effects of astronauts' weight loss in orbit, it is also applied for patients with bony disease, cardiovascular conditions, obesity, diabetes, and neuromuscular disease, providing a new rehabilitation treatments. By reviewing practical applications and methods, principle and mechanism of KAATSU Training, the paper furtherly discussed the mechanism of compressive training, and provides scientific basis and theoretical guidance for its promotion.
KAATSU Training is a new method involving compressing venous to reduce blood flow,resulting in the distal limb vein pool effect and inducing increasing in size of muscle cells, which leads to promoting protein synthesis, stimulating muscle growth and improving muscle fitness even when excise at relatively lower intensities. Due to its safety and superior effect, KAATSU Training has become internationally popular. KAATSU Training uses compressive belts on the proximal end of the limb. The training is at low-intensity and wit short-term exercises to increase muscle strength and improve muscle function. This new method is not only applied in improving the athletes' competition performance, preventing in the elderly and postoperative patients with muscle atrophy, and resisting the degenerative changes of bones and muscles caused by the physiological effects of astronauts' weight loss in orbit, it is also applied for patients with bony disease, cardiovascular conditions, obesity, diabetes, and neuromuscular disease, providing a new rehabilitation treatments. By reviewing practical applications and methods, principle and mechanism of KAATSU Training, the paper furtherly discussed the mechanism of compressive training, and provides scientific basis and theoretical guidance for its promotion.
引文
[1]Patterson S.D.,Ferguson R.A.Increase in calf post-occlusive blood flow and strength following short-term resistance exercise training with blood flow restriction in young women[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2010,108(5):1025-1033.
[2]Yasuda T.,Loenneke J.P.,Thiebaud R.S.,et al.Effects of blood flow restricted low-intensity concentric or eccentric training on muscle size and strength[J].Plos.One,2012,7(12):e528-543.
[3]Sato Y.kaatsu training theoretical and practical perspective[M].Japanese:Kodansha Ltd,2007:35.
[4]Manini T.M.,Clark B.C.Blood flow restricted exercise and skeletal muscle health.[J].Exercise&Sport Sciences Reviews,2009,37(2):78-85.
[5]Paton C.D.,Addis S.M.,Taylor L.A.The effects of muscle blood flow restriction during running training on measures of aerobic capacity and run time to exhaustion[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2017,117(1):1-7.
[6]Renzi C.P.,Tanaka H.,Sugawara J.Effects of leg blood flow restriction during walking on cardiovascular function[J].Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.,2010,42(4):726-732.
[7]Nakajima T.,Iida H.,Kurano M.,et al.Hemodynamic responses to simulated weightlessness of 24-h head-down bed rest and KAATSU blood flow restriction[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2008,104(4):727-737.
[8]Iida H.,Kurano M.,Takano H.,et al.Hemodynamic and neurohumoral responses to the restriction of femoral blood flow by KAATSU in healthy subjects[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2007,100(3):275-285.
[9]Renzi C.P.,Tanaka H.,Sugawara J.Effects of leg blood flow restriction during walking on cardiovascular function[J].Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.,2010,42(4):726-732.
[10]Loenneke J.P.,Thrower A.D.,Balapur A.,et al.The energy requirements of walking with restricted blood flow[J].Sport Science,2011,4(2):7-11.
[11]Corvoisier P.L.,Hittinger L.,Chanson P.,et al.Cardiac Effects of Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure:A Meta-Analysis[J].Journal of Clinical Endocrinology&Metabolism,2007,92(1):180-185.
[12]Whelton S.P.,Chin A.,Xin X.,et al.Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure:A Meta-Analysis of Randomized,Controlled Trials[J].Annals of Internal Medicine,2002,136(7):493-503.
[13]Sato Y.kaatsu training theoretical and practical perspective[M].Japanese:Kodansha Ltd,2007:67-82.
[14]Abe,Takashi,Sato,et al.Acute Hormonal Responses To Restriction Of Leg Muscle Blood Flow During Walking[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2005,37(1):329-339.
[15]Abe T.,Kearns C.F.,Filho H.C.M.,et al.Muscle,tendon,and somatotropin responses to the restriction of muscle blood flow induced by KAATSU‐walk training[J].Equine Veterinary Journal,2010,38(S36):345-348.
[16]Takano H.,Morita T.,Iida H.,et al.Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2005,95(1):65.
[17]Beaven C.M.,Cook C.J.,Gill N.D.Significant strength gains observed in rugby players after specific resistance exercise protocols based on individual salivary testosterone responses[J].Journal of Strength&Conditioning Research,2008,22(2):419-425.
[18]Fujita S.,Abe T.,Drummond M.J.,et al.Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2007,103(3):903.
[19]Braith R.W.,Stewart K.J.Resistance exercise training:its role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease[J].Circulation,2006,113(22):2642-2650.
[20]Fluckey J.D.,Hickey M.S.,Brambrink J.K.,et al.Effects of resistance exercise on glucose tolerance in normal and glucose-intolerant subjects[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,1994,77(3):1087-1092.
[21]Park J.H.,Brown R.L.,Park C.R.,et al.Functional pools of oxidative and glycolytic fibers in human muscle observed by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy during exercise[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1987,84(24):8976-8980.
[22]Suga T.,Okita K.,Morita N.,et al.Intramuscular metabolism during low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2009,106(4):1119-1124.
[23]Yasuda T.,Brechue W.F.,Fujita T.,et al.Muscle activation during low-intensity muscle contractions with restricted blood flow[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2009,27(5):479-489.
[24]Sears T.A.,Stagg D.Short term synchronization of intercostal motoneurone activity[J].Journal of Physiology,1976,263(3):357-381.
[25]Yao W.,Fuglevand R.J.,Enoka R.M.Motor-unit synchronization increases EMG amplitude and decreases force steadiness of simulated contractions[J].Journal of Neurophysiology,2000,83(1):441-452.
[26]Manimmanakorn A.,Manimmanakorn N.,Taylor R.,et al.Effects of resistance training combined with vascular occlusion or hypoxia on neuromuscular function in athletes[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2013,113(7):1767-1774.
[27]Takarada Y.,Takazawa H.,Sato Y.,et al.Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2000,88(6):2097.
[28]Henneman E.,Somjen G.,Carpenter D.O.Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons[J].Journal of Neurophysiology,1965,28(3):560-580.
[29]于亮,王瑞元,陈晓萍.加压运动对去负荷肌萎缩的影响及机制研究进展[J].生理科学进展,2016,47(3):227-230.
[30]Manini T.M.,Clark B.C.Blood flow restricted exercise and skeletal muscle health[J].Exercise&Sport Sciences Reviews,2009,37(2):78-85.
[31]Kawada S.,Ishii N.Skeletal muscle hypertrophy after chronic restriction of venous blood flow in rats[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2005,37(7):1144-1150.
[32]Abe T.,Yasuda T.,Midorikawa T.,et al.Skeletal muscle size and circulating IGF-1 are increased after two weeks of twice daily"KAATSU"resistance training[J].Int.j.kaatsu Training Res.,2008,1(1):6-12.
[33]Esbj觟rnsson M.,Jansson E.,Sundberg C.J.,et al.Muscle fibre types and enzyme activities after training with local leg ischaemia in man[J].Acta Physiologica,2010,148(3):233-242.
[34]Nygren A.T.,Sundberg C.J.,Goransson H,et al.Effects of dynamic ischaemic acin&Strazar raining on human skeletal muscle imensions[J].Eur.J.Appl.Physiol.,2000,(2):137-141.
[35]Terzis G.,Spengos K.,Manta P.,et al.Fiber type composition and capillary density in relation to submaximal number of repetitions in resistance exercise[J].Journal of Strength&Conditioning Research,2008,22(3):845.
[36]Abe T.,Loenneke J.P.,Fahs C.A.,et al.Exercise intensity and muscle hypertrophy in blood flow-restricted limbs and non-restricted muscles:a brief review[J].Clinical Physiology&Functional Imaging,2012,32(4):247-252.
[37]Sato Y.kaatsu training theoretical and practical perspective[M].Japanese:Kodansha Ltd,2007:2-4.
[38]Kim S.,Sherk V.D.,Bemben M.G.,et al.Effects of Short Term Low Intensity Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction on Bone Markers and Muscle Cross-Sectional Area in Young Men[J].International Journal of Exercise Science,2012(2):136-147.
[39]Kacin A.,Strazar K.Frequent low-load ischemic resistance exercise to failure enhances muscle oxygen delivery and endurance capacity[J].Scandinavian Journal of Medicine&Science in Sports,2011,21(6):e231-e241.
[40]Takarada Y.,Sato Y.,Ishii N.Effects of resistance exercise combined with vascular occlusion on muscle function in athletes[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2002,86(4):308-314.
[41]Manimmanakorn A.,Hamlin M.J.,Ross J.J.,et al.Effects of low-load resistance training combined with blood flow restriction or hypoxia on muscle function and performance in netballathletes[J].JournalofScience&Medicine in Sport,2013,16(4):337-342.
[42]Abe T.,Kearns C.F.,Sato Y.Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle,Kaatsu-walk training[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2006,100(5):1460.
[43]Ozaki H.,Loenneke J.P.,Abe T.Blood flow-restricted walking in older women:does the acute hormonal response associate with muscle hypertrophy?[J].Clinical Physiology&Functional Imaging,2017,37:379-383.
[44]Ozaki H.,Sakamaki M.,Yasuda T.,et al.Increases in Thigh Muscle Volume and Strength by Walk Training with Leg Blood Flow Reduction in Older Participants[J].Journals of Gerontology,2011,66(3):257.
[45]Park S.,Kim J.K.,Choi H.M.,et al.Increase in maximal oxygen uptake following 2-week walk training with blood flow occlusion in athletes[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2010,109(4):591-600.
[46]Kraemer W.J.,Ratamess N.A.Fundamentals of resistance training:progression and exercise prescription[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2004,36(4):674.
[47]Haykowsky M.J.,Findlay J.M.,Ignaszewski A.P.A-neurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with weight training:three case reports[J].Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine,1996,6(1):52-55.
[48]Ohtn H.,Kurosawa H.,Ikeda H.,et al.Low-load resistance muscular training with moderate restriction of blood fiow after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction[J].Acs.Orthop.Scnnd.,2003,74(1):62-68.
[49]Beekley M.D.,Sato Y.,Abe T.KAATSU-walk training increases serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in young men[J].International Journal of Kaatsu Training Research,2005,1(2):77-81.
[50]Takarada Y.,Takazawa H.,Ishii N.Applications of vascular occlusion diminish disuse atrophy of knee extensor muscles[J].Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.,2000,32(12):2035-2039.
[51]Wilson J.M.,Lowery R.P.,Joy J.M.,et al.Practical blood flow restriction training increases acute determinants of hypertrophy without increasing indices of muscle damage[J].Journal of Strength&Conditioning Research,2013,27(11):3068.
[52]Kraemer W.J.,Adams K.,Cafarelli E.,et al.American College of Sports Medicine position stand.Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2009,41(3):687-708.
[53]Loenneke P.J.,Pujol,et al.The Use of Occlusion Training to Produce Muscle Hypertrophy[J].Strength&Conditioning Journal,2009,31(3):77-84.
[54]Eiken O.,Sundberg C.J.,Esbj觟rnsson M,et al.Effects of ischaemic training on force development and fibre-type composition in human skeletal muscle.[J].Clinical Physiology&Functional Imaging,2010,11(1):41-49.
[55]Evans C.,Vance S.,Brown M.Short-term resistance training with blood flow restriction enhances microvascular filtration capacity of human calf muscles[J].J.Sports Sci.,2010,28(9):999-1007.
[56]Iida H.,Nakajima T.,Kurano M.,et al.Effects of walking with blood flow restriction on limb venous compliance in elderly subjects.[J].Clinical Physiology&Functional Imaging,2011,31(6):472-476.
[57]Hunt J.E.,Walton L.A.,Ferguson R.A.Brachial artery modifications to blood flow-restricted handgrip training and detraining[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2012,112(6):956-961.
[2]Yasuda T.,Loenneke J.P.,Thiebaud R.S.,et al.Effects of blood flow restricted low-intensity concentric or eccentric training on muscle size and strength[J].Plos.One,2012,7(12):e528-543.
[3]Sato Y.kaatsu training theoretical and practical perspective[M].Japanese:Kodansha Ltd,2007:35.
[4]Manini T.M.,Clark B.C.Blood flow restricted exercise and skeletal muscle health.[J].Exercise&Sport Sciences Reviews,2009,37(2):78-85.
[5]Paton C.D.,Addis S.M.,Taylor L.A.The effects of muscle blood flow restriction during running training on measures of aerobic capacity and run time to exhaustion[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2017,117(1):1-7.
[6]Renzi C.P.,Tanaka H.,Sugawara J.Effects of leg blood flow restriction during walking on cardiovascular function[J].Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.,2010,42(4):726-732.
[7]Nakajima T.,Iida H.,Kurano M.,et al.Hemodynamic responses to simulated weightlessness of 24-h head-down bed rest and KAATSU blood flow restriction[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2008,104(4):727-737.
[8]Iida H.,Kurano M.,Takano H.,et al.Hemodynamic and neurohumoral responses to the restriction of femoral blood flow by KAATSU in healthy subjects[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2007,100(3):275-285.
[9]Renzi C.P.,Tanaka H.,Sugawara J.Effects of leg blood flow restriction during walking on cardiovascular function[J].Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.,2010,42(4):726-732.
[10]Loenneke J.P.,Thrower A.D.,Balapur A.,et al.The energy requirements of walking with restricted blood flow[J].Sport Science,2011,4(2):7-11.
[11]Corvoisier P.L.,Hittinger L.,Chanson P.,et al.Cardiac Effects of Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure:A Meta-Analysis[J].Journal of Clinical Endocrinology&Metabolism,2007,92(1):180-185.
[12]Whelton S.P.,Chin A.,Xin X.,et al.Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure:A Meta-Analysis of Randomized,Controlled Trials[J].Annals of Internal Medicine,2002,136(7):493-503.
[13]Sato Y.kaatsu training theoretical and practical perspective[M].Japanese:Kodansha Ltd,2007:67-82.
[14]Abe,Takashi,Sato,et al.Acute Hormonal Responses To Restriction Of Leg Muscle Blood Flow During Walking[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2005,37(1):329-339.
[15]Abe T.,Kearns C.F.,Filho H.C.M.,et al.Muscle,tendon,and somatotropin responses to the restriction of muscle blood flow induced by KAATSU‐walk training[J].Equine Veterinary Journal,2010,38(S36):345-348.
[16]Takano H.,Morita T.,Iida H.,et al.Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2005,95(1):65.
[17]Beaven C.M.,Cook C.J.,Gill N.D.Significant strength gains observed in rugby players after specific resistance exercise protocols based on individual salivary testosterone responses[J].Journal of Strength&Conditioning Research,2008,22(2):419-425.
[18]Fujita S.,Abe T.,Drummond M.J.,et al.Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2007,103(3):903.
[19]Braith R.W.,Stewart K.J.Resistance exercise training:its role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease[J].Circulation,2006,113(22):2642-2650.
[20]Fluckey J.D.,Hickey M.S.,Brambrink J.K.,et al.Effects of resistance exercise on glucose tolerance in normal and glucose-intolerant subjects[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,1994,77(3):1087-1092.
[21]Park J.H.,Brown R.L.,Park C.R.,et al.Functional pools of oxidative and glycolytic fibers in human muscle observed by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy during exercise[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1987,84(24):8976-8980.
[22]Suga T.,Okita K.,Morita N.,et al.Intramuscular metabolism during low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2009,106(4):1119-1124.
[23]Yasuda T.,Brechue W.F.,Fujita T.,et al.Muscle activation during low-intensity muscle contractions with restricted blood flow[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2009,27(5):479-489.
[24]Sears T.A.,Stagg D.Short term synchronization of intercostal motoneurone activity[J].Journal of Physiology,1976,263(3):357-381.
[25]Yao W.,Fuglevand R.J.,Enoka R.M.Motor-unit synchronization increases EMG amplitude and decreases force steadiness of simulated contractions[J].Journal of Neurophysiology,2000,83(1):441-452.
[26]Manimmanakorn A.,Manimmanakorn N.,Taylor R.,et al.Effects of resistance training combined with vascular occlusion or hypoxia on neuromuscular function in athletes[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2013,113(7):1767-1774.
[27]Takarada Y.,Takazawa H.,Sato Y.,et al.Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2000,88(6):2097.
[28]Henneman E.,Somjen G.,Carpenter D.O.Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons[J].Journal of Neurophysiology,1965,28(3):560-580.
[29]于亮,王瑞元,陈晓萍.加压运动对去负荷肌萎缩的影响及机制研究进展[J].生理科学进展,2016,47(3):227-230.
[30]Manini T.M.,Clark B.C.Blood flow restricted exercise and skeletal muscle health[J].Exercise&Sport Sciences Reviews,2009,37(2):78-85.
[31]Kawada S.,Ishii N.Skeletal muscle hypertrophy after chronic restriction of venous blood flow in rats[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2005,37(7):1144-1150.
[32]Abe T.,Yasuda T.,Midorikawa T.,et al.Skeletal muscle size and circulating IGF-1 are increased after two weeks of twice daily"KAATSU"resistance training[J].Int.j.kaatsu Training Res.,2008,1(1):6-12.
[33]Esbj觟rnsson M.,Jansson E.,Sundberg C.J.,et al.Muscle fibre types and enzyme activities after training with local leg ischaemia in man[J].Acta Physiologica,2010,148(3):233-242.
[34]Nygren A.T.,Sundberg C.J.,Goransson H,et al.Effects of dynamic ischaemic acin&Strazar raining on human skeletal muscle imensions[J].Eur.J.Appl.Physiol.,2000,(2):137-141.
[35]Terzis G.,Spengos K.,Manta P.,et al.Fiber type composition and capillary density in relation to submaximal number of repetitions in resistance exercise[J].Journal of Strength&Conditioning Research,2008,22(3):845.
[36]Abe T.,Loenneke J.P.,Fahs C.A.,et al.Exercise intensity and muscle hypertrophy in blood flow-restricted limbs and non-restricted muscles:a brief review[J].Clinical Physiology&Functional Imaging,2012,32(4):247-252.
[37]Sato Y.kaatsu training theoretical and practical perspective[M].Japanese:Kodansha Ltd,2007:2-4.
[38]Kim S.,Sherk V.D.,Bemben M.G.,et al.Effects of Short Term Low Intensity Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction on Bone Markers and Muscle Cross-Sectional Area in Young Men[J].International Journal of Exercise Science,2012(2):136-147.
[39]Kacin A.,Strazar K.Frequent low-load ischemic resistance exercise to failure enhances muscle oxygen delivery and endurance capacity[J].Scandinavian Journal of Medicine&Science in Sports,2011,21(6):e231-e241.
[40]Takarada Y.,Sato Y.,Ishii N.Effects of resistance exercise combined with vascular occlusion on muscle function in athletes[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2002,86(4):308-314.
[41]Manimmanakorn A.,Hamlin M.J.,Ross J.J.,et al.Effects of low-load resistance training combined with blood flow restriction or hypoxia on muscle function and performance in netballathletes[J].JournalofScience&Medicine in Sport,2013,16(4):337-342.
[42]Abe T.,Kearns C.F.,Sato Y.Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle,Kaatsu-walk training[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2006,100(5):1460.
[43]Ozaki H.,Loenneke J.P.,Abe T.Blood flow-restricted walking in older women:does the acute hormonal response associate with muscle hypertrophy?[J].Clinical Physiology&Functional Imaging,2017,37:379-383.
[44]Ozaki H.,Sakamaki M.,Yasuda T.,et al.Increases in Thigh Muscle Volume and Strength by Walk Training with Leg Blood Flow Reduction in Older Participants[J].Journals of Gerontology,2011,66(3):257.
[45]Park S.,Kim J.K.,Choi H.M.,et al.Increase in maximal oxygen uptake following 2-week walk training with blood flow occlusion in athletes[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2010,109(4):591-600.
[46]Kraemer W.J.,Ratamess N.A.Fundamentals of resistance training:progression and exercise prescription[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2004,36(4):674.
[47]Haykowsky M.J.,Findlay J.M.,Ignaszewski A.P.A-neurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with weight training:three case reports[J].Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine,1996,6(1):52-55.
[48]Ohtn H.,Kurosawa H.,Ikeda H.,et al.Low-load resistance muscular training with moderate restriction of blood fiow after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction[J].Acs.Orthop.Scnnd.,2003,74(1):62-68.
[49]Beekley M.D.,Sato Y.,Abe T.KAATSU-walk training increases serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in young men[J].International Journal of Kaatsu Training Research,2005,1(2):77-81.
[50]Takarada Y.,Takazawa H.,Ishii N.Applications of vascular occlusion diminish disuse atrophy of knee extensor muscles[J].Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.,2000,32(12):2035-2039.
[51]Wilson J.M.,Lowery R.P.,Joy J.M.,et al.Practical blood flow restriction training increases acute determinants of hypertrophy without increasing indices of muscle damage[J].Journal of Strength&Conditioning Research,2013,27(11):3068.
[52]Kraemer W.J.,Adams K.,Cafarelli E.,et al.American College of Sports Medicine position stand.Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2009,41(3):687-708.
[53]Loenneke P.J.,Pujol,et al.The Use of Occlusion Training to Produce Muscle Hypertrophy[J].Strength&Conditioning Journal,2009,31(3):77-84.
[54]Eiken O.,Sundberg C.J.,Esbj觟rnsson M,et al.Effects of ischaemic training on force development and fibre-type composition in human skeletal muscle.[J].Clinical Physiology&Functional Imaging,2010,11(1):41-49.
[55]Evans C.,Vance S.,Brown M.Short-term resistance training with blood flow restriction enhances microvascular filtration capacity of human calf muscles[J].J.Sports Sci.,2010,28(9):999-1007.
[56]Iida H.,Nakajima T.,Kurano M.,et al.Effects of walking with blood flow restriction on limb venous compliance in elderly subjects.[J].Clinical Physiology&Functional Imaging,2011,31(6):472-476.
[57]Hunt J.E.,Walton L.A.,Ferguson R.A.Brachial artery modifications to blood flow-restricted handgrip training and detraining[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2012,112(6):956-961.