台湾相思开花结实生物学特性研究
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摘要
通过实地观测,于2017—2018年连续2年对20～23年生台湾相思的开花结实性状进行调查,研究其生物学特性,掌握其生殖特性。结果表明:台湾相思的花蕾形成时间约在3月下旬末期,4月中旬中后期进入初花阶段;4月下旬末期达到盛花高峰期,5月下旬群体开花结束,整个花期持续时间约40 d。群体开花结束后,进入为期约40 d的零星小花期;幼果于4月下旬中后期初现,7月下旬果实全熟,整个果实生长期约90 d;花序一般在夜间开放,开花时雌蕊先于雄蕊伸展并成熟,为雌蕊先熟。开花当天14:00—16:00的柱头具有较高的活性,建议采用该时间段进行授粉;开花当天的花粉活力高达97.64%,花药在晴天时的散粉量明显高于其他天气,散粉高峰期后仍以较高水平(80%以上)持续,建议授粉时在晴天收集当天的花粉;台湾相思的自然花序结荚率较低,连续2年的自然结荚率皆不足25%,荚果含种量以6粒为主,7～8粒次之,稀2～3粒;瘪种数目随果荚含种量的增加而增加。
The flowering and fruiting conditions of 20-23 a Acacia confusa were investigated in 2017-2018 for consecutive 2 years by field observation. The biological and reproductive characteristics were studied. The results show that:The flower bud of A. confusa formed in late March, the middle and late period of mid-April came into the first flower stage, and the peak period was reached in the end of April. The flowering period of the colony was over in late May, the duration of the whole flowering period was about 40 d. After the end of colony flowering, the floret period entered into a sporadic floret period of about 40 d. The young fruit appeared early in late April. In late July, the fruit was ripe and the whole fruit growth period was about 90 d. Inflorescence usually opens at night. When pistil begins to expand and mature before stamen, pistil is prematured. The stigma of flowering is highly active at 14:00 to 16:00 on the day. It is recommended that pollination be done in this time period. The pollen viability of flowering on the day was as high as 97.64%, the amount of pollen dispersed in sunny days was significantly higher than that in other weather, and it continued at a high level(above 80%) after the peak. Therefore, it is recommended to collect pollen on a sunny day during pollination. The natural pod rate of A. confusa is relatively low, and the natural pods rate for 2 consecutive years is less than 25%. The seed quantity of pod is mainly 6 grains, followed by 7-8 grains, and rarely 2-3 grains;The number of shrivelled seeds increased with the number of seeds contained in the pod.
The flowering and fruiting conditions of 20-23 a Acacia confusa were investigated in 2017-2018 for consecutive 2 years by field observation. The biological and reproductive characteristics were studied. The results show that:The flower bud of A. confusa formed in late March, the middle and late period of mid-April came into the first flower stage, and the peak period was reached in the end of April. The flowering period of the colony was over in late May, the duration of the whole flowering period was about 40 d. After the end of colony flowering, the floret period entered into a sporadic floret period of about 40 d. The young fruit appeared early in late April. In late July, the fruit was ripe and the whole fruit growth period was about 90 d. Inflorescence usually opens at night. When pistil begins to expand and mature before stamen, pistil is prematured. The stigma of flowering is highly active at 14:00 to 16:00 on the day. It is recommended that pollination be done in this time period. The pollen viability of flowering on the day was as high as 97.64%, the amount of pollen dispersed in sunny days was significantly higher than that in other weather, and it continued at a high level(above 80%) after the peak. Therefore, it is recommended to collect pollen on a sunny day during pollination. The natural pod rate of A. confusa is relatively low, and the natural pods rate for 2 consecutive years is less than 25%. The seed quantity of pod is mainly 6 grains, followed by 7-8 grains, and rarely 2-3 grains;The number of shrivelled seeds increased with the number of seeds contained in the pod.
引文
[1]王金祥,万小荣,李玲,等.台湾相思的组织培养[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001(3):45-48,54.
[2]张炜银,王伯荪,李鸣光,等.台湾相思林和芒草草丛中薇甘菊枝构件的分枝格局及其生物量[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(3):346-350.
[3]彭剑华,詹潮安,肖泽鑫,等.汕头地区台湾相思人工次生林林下木本植物的物种多样性分布研究[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,38(3):87-93.
[4]陈志斌.台湾相思次生林胸径与竞争指数关系[J].绿色科技,2018(9):121-122.
[5]曾少玲,陈贰,罗建华,等.9个耐旱树种在沿海困难立地的生长表现[J].热带林业,2017,45(2):19-21,18.
[6]陈志锋,陈统泉,黄伟毅.台湾相思水源涵养林土壤物理性质研究[J].安徽农学通报,2016,22(14):122-123.
[7]Chou C H,Fu C Y,Li S Y,et al.Allelopathic potential of Acacia confusa and related species in Taiwan[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,1998,24(12):2131-2150.
[8]Chang S T,Wu J H,Wang S Y,et al.Antioxidant activity of extracts from Acacia confusa bark and heartwood[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2001,49(7):3420-3424.
[9]Wu J H,Tung Y T,Wang S Y,et al.Phenolic antioxidants from the heartwood of Acacia confusa[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(15):5917-5921.
[10]黄伟毅,陈统泉,陈志锋.火烧迹地木荷、台湾相思、香樟3种树种造林效果初步研究[J].绿色科技,2016(15):36-37.
[11]张成典.闽南沿海山地相思树造林试验初报[J].防护林科技,2015(10):12-14,43.
[12]林锦森,陈真泉.台湾相思树特征特性及育苗造林技术[J].现代农业科技,2010(23):211,216.
[13]姚晓彬.木麻黄台湾相思混交造林技术研究[J].安徽农学通报,2013,19(11):91-92,105.
[14]谢鹏虎.马尾松台湾相思混交造林技术研究[J].绿色科技,2013(3):32-35.
[15]余友坤.台湾相思生态学特性及其在黄歧半岛的应用[J].亚热带水土保持,2008(3):59-60,63.
[16]肖泽鑫,彭剑华,詹潮安,等.主成分分析在台湾相思优树选择标准和方法中的应用研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2012,32(5):54-58.
[17]肖泽鑫,柳泽鑫,邹桂逢,等.广东省台湾相思优树选择技术分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(5):22-27.
[18]Dafni A.Pollination ecology:a practical approach[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1992:1-57.
[19]高兴颖,崔世茂,付崇毅,等.温室栽培砂糖橘花粉活力测定方法比较研究[J].北方园艺,2014(3):39-41.
[20]詹妮,黄烈健.厚荚相思花粉活力测定及贮藏研究[J].种子,2015,34(11):1-4.
[21]Stone G N,Willmer P,Nee S.Daily Partitioning of pollinators in an African Acacia Community[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,1996,263(1375):1389-1393.
[22]Matsui T,Omasa K,Horie T.Mechanism of anther dehiscence in rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Annals of Botany,1999,84(4):501-506.
[23]Iwano M,Entani T,Shiba H,et al.Calcium crystals in the anther of petunia:the existence and biological significance in the pollination process[J].Plant and Cell Physiology,2004,45(1):40-47.
[24]华水金,孟华兵,王学德,等.植物花药开裂的细胞学和分子生物学机制[J].细胞生物学杂志,2007,29(3):389-393.
[25]Corbet S A,Chapman H,Saville N.Vibratory pllen collection and flower form:bumble bees on Actinidia,Symphytum,Borago and Polygonatum[J].Functional Ecology,1988,2:147-155.
[26]Stone G N,Raine N E,Prescott M,et al.Pollination ecology of Acacia(Fabaceae,Mimosoideae)[J].Australian Systematic Botany,2003,16:103-118.
[27]李军.马占相思和大叶相思的传粉生物学[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2010.
[28]Tybirk K.Flowering,pollination and seed production of Acacia nilotica[J].Nordic Journal of Botany,1989,9:375-381.
[29]Tandon R,Shivanna K R,Ram H Y M.Pollination biology and breeding system of Acacia senegal[J].Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society,2001,135(3):251-262.
[30]Moncur M W,Moran G F,Grant J E.Facrors limiting seed production in Acacia mearnsii[J].Advances in tropical acacia research,1991,35:64-66.
[31]Sornsathapornkul P,Owens J N.Pollination biology in a tropical acacia hybrid(A.mangium Willd×A.auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex Benth.[J].Annals of Botany,1998,81(5):631-645.
[32]曹艳云.马占与大叶相思人工授粉技术研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2015.
[33]詹妮,黄烈健,李军.马占相思种子园结荚率低的原因探析[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(9):46-52.
[34]Carr D J,Burden J J.Temperature and leaf shape in seedlings of Acacia aneura[J].Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen,1975,168:307-318.
[35]Beck-Pay S L.The effect of temperature and relative humidity on Acacia mearnsii polyad viability and pollen tube development[J].South African Journal of Botany,2012,83(83):165-171.
[36]李军,黄烈健,陈祖旭,等.大叶相思花部形态与开花生物学研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2010,18(4):379-385.
[37]Knuth P.Handbook of flower pollination:English translation:3 volumes[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1906.
[38]Cruden R W.Temporal dioecism:Systematic breadth,associated traints and temporal patterns[J].Botanical Gazette,1988,149:1-15.
[39]Bertin R I,Newman C M.Dichogamy in Angiosperms[J].The Botanical Review,1993,59:112-152.
[40]Kenrick J,Knox R B.Structure and histochemistry of the stigma and style of some Australian species of Acacia[J].Australian Journal of Botany,1981,29:733-745.
[41]Bernhardt P,Kenrick J,Knox R B.Pollination biology and the breeding system of Acacia retinodes[J].Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden,1984,71:17-29.
[42]Sedgley M,Harbard J,Smith R M,et al.Reproductive biology and interspecific hybridization of Acacia mangium and A.auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex Benth[J].Australian Journal of Botany,1992,40:37-48.
[43]黄烈健,詹妮,李军.马占相思开花生物学特征研究[J].林业科学研究,2014,27(1):45-52.
[2]张炜银,王伯荪,李鸣光,等.台湾相思林和芒草草丛中薇甘菊枝构件的分枝格局及其生物量[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(3):346-350.
[3]彭剑华,詹潮安,肖泽鑫,等.汕头地区台湾相思人工次生林林下木本植物的物种多样性分布研究[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,38(3):87-93.
[4]陈志斌.台湾相思次生林胸径与竞争指数关系[J].绿色科技,2018(9):121-122.
[5]曾少玲,陈贰,罗建华,等.9个耐旱树种在沿海困难立地的生长表现[J].热带林业,2017,45(2):19-21,18.
[6]陈志锋,陈统泉,黄伟毅.台湾相思水源涵养林土壤物理性质研究[J].安徽农学通报,2016,22(14):122-123.
[7]Chou C H,Fu C Y,Li S Y,et al.Allelopathic potential of Acacia confusa and related species in Taiwan[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,1998,24(12):2131-2150.
[8]Chang S T,Wu J H,Wang S Y,et al.Antioxidant activity of extracts from Acacia confusa bark and heartwood[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2001,49(7):3420-3424.
[9]Wu J H,Tung Y T,Wang S Y,et al.Phenolic antioxidants from the heartwood of Acacia confusa[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(15):5917-5921.
[10]黄伟毅,陈统泉,陈志锋.火烧迹地木荷、台湾相思、香樟3种树种造林效果初步研究[J].绿色科技,2016(15):36-37.
[11]张成典.闽南沿海山地相思树造林试验初报[J].防护林科技,2015(10):12-14,43.
[12]林锦森,陈真泉.台湾相思树特征特性及育苗造林技术[J].现代农业科技,2010(23):211,216.
[13]姚晓彬.木麻黄台湾相思混交造林技术研究[J].安徽农学通报,2013,19(11):91-92,105.
[14]谢鹏虎.马尾松台湾相思混交造林技术研究[J].绿色科技,2013(3):32-35.
[15]余友坤.台湾相思生态学特性及其在黄歧半岛的应用[J].亚热带水土保持,2008(3):59-60,63.
[16]肖泽鑫,彭剑华,詹潮安,等.主成分分析在台湾相思优树选择标准和方法中的应用研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2012,32(5):54-58.
[17]肖泽鑫,柳泽鑫,邹桂逢,等.广东省台湾相思优树选择技术分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(5):22-27.
[18]Dafni A.Pollination ecology:a practical approach[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1992:1-57.
[19]高兴颖,崔世茂,付崇毅,等.温室栽培砂糖橘花粉活力测定方法比较研究[J].北方园艺,2014(3):39-41.
[20]詹妮,黄烈健.厚荚相思花粉活力测定及贮藏研究[J].种子,2015,34(11):1-4.
[21]Stone G N,Willmer P,Nee S.Daily Partitioning of pollinators in an African Acacia Community[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,1996,263(1375):1389-1393.
[22]Matsui T,Omasa K,Horie T.Mechanism of anther dehiscence in rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Annals of Botany,1999,84(4):501-506.
[23]Iwano M,Entani T,Shiba H,et al.Calcium crystals in the anther of petunia:the existence and biological significance in the pollination process[J].Plant and Cell Physiology,2004,45(1):40-47.
[24]华水金,孟华兵,王学德,等.植物花药开裂的细胞学和分子生物学机制[J].细胞生物学杂志,2007,29(3):389-393.
[25]Corbet S A,Chapman H,Saville N.Vibratory pllen collection and flower form:bumble bees on Actinidia,Symphytum,Borago and Polygonatum[J].Functional Ecology,1988,2:147-155.
[26]Stone G N,Raine N E,Prescott M,et al.Pollination ecology of Acacia(Fabaceae,Mimosoideae)[J].Australian Systematic Botany,2003,16:103-118.
[27]李军.马占相思和大叶相思的传粉生物学[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2010.
[28]Tybirk K.Flowering,pollination and seed production of Acacia nilotica[J].Nordic Journal of Botany,1989,9:375-381.
[29]Tandon R,Shivanna K R,Ram H Y M.Pollination biology and breeding system of Acacia senegal[J].Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society,2001,135(3):251-262.
[30]Moncur M W,Moran G F,Grant J E.Facrors limiting seed production in Acacia mearnsii[J].Advances in tropical acacia research,1991,35:64-66.
[31]Sornsathapornkul P,Owens J N.Pollination biology in a tropical acacia hybrid(A.mangium Willd×A.auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex Benth.[J].Annals of Botany,1998,81(5):631-645.
[32]曹艳云.马占与大叶相思人工授粉技术研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2015.
[33]詹妮,黄烈健,李军.马占相思种子园结荚率低的原因探析[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(9):46-52.
[34]Carr D J,Burden J J.Temperature and leaf shape in seedlings of Acacia aneura[J].Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen,1975,168:307-318.
[35]Beck-Pay S L.The effect of temperature and relative humidity on Acacia mearnsii polyad viability and pollen tube development[J].South African Journal of Botany,2012,83(83):165-171.
[36]李军,黄烈健,陈祖旭,等.大叶相思花部形态与开花生物学研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2010,18(4):379-385.
[37]Knuth P.Handbook of flower pollination:English translation:3 volumes[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1906.
[38]Cruden R W.Temporal dioecism:Systematic breadth,associated traints and temporal patterns[J].Botanical Gazette,1988,149:1-15.
[39]Bertin R I,Newman C M.Dichogamy in Angiosperms[J].The Botanical Review,1993,59:112-152.
[40]Kenrick J,Knox R B.Structure and histochemistry of the stigma and style of some Australian species of Acacia[J].Australian Journal of Botany,1981,29:733-745.
[41]Bernhardt P,Kenrick J,Knox R B.Pollination biology and the breeding system of Acacia retinodes[J].Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden,1984,71:17-29.
[42]Sedgley M,Harbard J,Smith R M,et al.Reproductive biology and interspecific hybridization of Acacia mangium and A.auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex Benth[J].Australian Journal of Botany,1992,40:37-48.
[43]黄烈健,詹妮,李军.马占相思开花生物学特征研究[J].林业科学研究,2014,27(1):45-52.