双线偏振雷达和相控阵天气雷达技术的发展和应用
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摘要
分析了美国下一代天气雷达WSR-88D的偏振技术升级改造进展情况、以及相控阵天气雷达的发展现状,讨论了这两项技术在灾害天气监测和预警中的作用,特别对在降水估测、相态识别、龙卷识别和预警中的影响。指出了我国双线偏振雷达和相控阵天气雷达的现状和发展趋势,讨论了新技术应用效果,为这两项技术的进一步应用提供了参考。
The Polarimetric upgrades to NEXRAD radar(WSR-88D) and development of phased-array radar in USA are reviewed,the application of the two radars on watching and warning of severe weather are analyzed,especially in quantitative precipitation estimate(QPE) and hydrometer classification of dual polarization radar,tornado watching and warning with phased-array radar.The current status and development of dual polarization radar and phased-array radar in China are presented in this paper.This paper is value for application of these two kinds of radars.
The Polarimetric upgrades to NEXRAD radar(WSR-88D) and development of phased-array radar in USA are reviewed,the application of the two radars on watching and warning of severe weather are analyzed,especially in quantitative precipitation estimate(QPE) and hydrometer classification of dual polarization radar,tornado watching and warning with phased-array radar.The current status and development of dual polarization radar and phased-array radar in China are presented in this paper.This paper is value for application of these two kinds of radars.
引文
[1]Seliga T A,Bringi V N.Potential use of radar differential reflectivity measurements at orthogonal polarization for measuring precipitation.J Appl Meteor,1976,15:69-76.
[2]Seliga T A,Bringi V N.Differential reflectivity and differential phase shift.Radio Sci,1978,13:271-275.
[3]Brunkow D,Kennedy P,Rutledge S,et al.CSU-CHILL radar status and comparision of available operating model.Prints 28th conf.On Radar Meteorology.Austin,TX,Amer Meteor Soc,1997.
[4]Zrnic D S,Ryzhkov A V.Polarimetry for weather surveillance radars.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,1999,80:389-406.
[5]Doviak R J,Bringi V,Ryzhkov A,et al.Considerations for polarimetric upgrades to operational WSR-88D radars.J Atmos Oceanic Technol,2000,17:257-278.
[6]Ryzhkov A V,Schuur T J,Burgess D W,et al.The joint polarization experiment:polarimetric rainfall measurements and hydrometeor classification.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2005,86:809-824.
[7]Luciana K C,Smith J A,Baeck M L,et al.An early performance evaluation of the NEXRAD dual-polarization radar rainfall estimates for urban flood applications.Wea Forecasting,2013,28:1478-1497.
[8]Daniel S B,Schultz J A,Vasiloff S,et al.Status of dual pol QPE in the WSR-88D network.93th AMS,27th Conference on Hydrology,Austin,TX,2013.
[9]Xu BaoXiang,Wang Zhijun,Cai Qiming,et al.Study on applications of C-band dual linear polarization radar in meteorology.Acta Meteo Sinica,1991,5:285-292.
[10]王致君,楚荣忠.X波段双通道同时收发式多普勒偏振天气雷达.高原气象,2007,26(1):135-140.
[11]刘黎平,钱永甫,王致君.用双线偏振雷达研究云内粒子相态及尺度的空间分布.气象学报,1996,54(5):590-599.
[12]张鸿发,郄秀书,王致君,等.偏振雷达观测强对流雹暴云.大气科学,2001,25(1):38-47.
[13]楚荣忠,王致君,刘黎平,等.双线偏振雷达降雨估测分析.气象学报,1997,55(1):103-109.
[14]曹俊武,刘黎平,葛润生,等.模糊逻辑法在双线偏振雷达识别降水粒子相态中的研究.大气科学,2005,29(5):827-836.
[15]何宇翔,肖辉,吕达仁.利用极化雷达分析层状云中水凝物粒子性状分布.大气科学,2010,34(1):23-34.
[16]Liu Liping,Hu Zhiqun,Fang Wengui,et al.Calibration and data quality analysis with mobile C band polarimetric radar.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2010,24(4):501-509.
[17]孟庆春,沈永海,苏德斌,等.双线偏振雷达双通道一致性及测试方法研究.高原气象,2014,33(5):1440-1447.
[18]胡志群,刘黎平,楚荣忠,等.X波段双线偏振雷达不同衰减订正方法对比及其对降水估测影响研究.气象学报,2008,66(2):251-261.
[19]何宇翔,吕达仁,肖辉,等.X波段双线极化雷达反射率的衰减订正.大气科学,2009,33(5):1027-1037.
[20]毕永恒,刘锦丽,段树,等.X波段双线偏振气象雷达反射率的衰减订正.大气科学,2012,36(3):495-506.
[21]肖艳姣,王斌,陈晓辉,等.移动X波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达差分相位数据质量控制.高原气象,2012,31(1):223-230.
[22]杜牧云,刘黎平,胡志群,等.双线偏振多普勒雷达资料质量分析.气象学报,2013,71(1):146-158.
[23]Hu Zhiqun,Liu Liping,Wu Linlin,et al.A comparison of denoising methods for differential phase shift and associated rainfall estimation.Journal of Meteorological Research,2015,29:315-327.
[24]吴林林,刘黎平,袁野,等.C波段车载双偏振雷达ZDR资料处理方法研究.高原气象,2015,34(1):279-287.
[25]刘黎平,葛润生,张沛源.双线偏振多普勒天气雷达遥测降水强度和液态含水量的方法和精度研究.大气科学,2002,26(5):709-720.
[26]赵果,楚荣忠,张彤,等.偏振多普勒雷达定量测量降雨精度的改进.高原气象,2011,30(2):498-507.
[27]胡明宝,赵景志,夏文梅,等.双偏振多普勒天气雷达和CINRAD-SA对比分析.现代雷达,2012,34(1):5-8.
[28]高玉芳,陈耀登,David Gochis,等.JOPLE算法结合双偏振雷达在不同降水过程中的测雨效果分析.热带气象学报,2014,30(2):361-367.
[29]刘黎平.双线偏振多普勒天气雷达估测混合区降雨和降雹方法的理论研究.大气科学,2002,26(6):761-772.
[30]郭凤霞,马学谦,王涛,等.基于X波段双线偏振天气雷达的雷暴云粒子识别.气象学报,2014,(6):1231-1244.
[31]Weber M E,Cho J Y N,Herd J S,et al.The next-generation multimission U.S.surveillance radar network.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2007,88:1739-1751.
[32]Weadon M,Heinselman P,Forsyth D,et al.Multifunction phased array radar.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2009,90:385-389.
[33]Zrnic D S,Kimpel J F,Forsyth D E,et al.Agile-beam phasedarray radar for weather observations.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2007,88:1753-1766.
[34]Rasmussen E N,Richardon S,Straka J M,et al.The association of significant tornadoes with a baroclinic boundary on 2 June 1995.Mon Wea Rev,2000,128:174-191.
[35]Bluestein H B,French M M,PopStefanija I,et al.A Mobile,Phased-array Doppler radar for the study of severe convective storms.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2010,91:579-600.
[36]Zhang G,Doviak R J,Zrnic D S,et al.Phased array radar polarimetry for weather sensing:a theoretical formulation for bias corrections.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,2009,47(11):3679-3689.
[37]Newman J F,Heinselman P L.Evolution of a quasi-linear convective system sampled by phased array radar.Mon Wea Rev,2012,140:3467-3486.
[38]French M M,Bluestein H B,PopStefanija I,et al.Mobile,phasedarray,Doppler radar observations of tornadoes at X band.Mon Wea Rev,2014,142:1010-1036.
[39]Kuster C M,Heinselman P L,Austin M.31 May 2013 E1 Reno Tornadoes:Advantages of rapid-scan phased-array radar data from a warning forecaster's perspective.Wea Forecasting,2015,30:933-956.
[40]Heinselman P L,LaDue D S,Lazrus H.Exploring impacts of rapid-scan radar data on NWS warning decisions.Wea Forecasting,2012,27:1031-1044.
[41]Bowden K A,Heinselman P L,Kingfield D M,et al.Impacts of phased-array radar data on forecaster performance during severe hail and wind events.Wea Forecasting,2015,30:389-404.
[42]Heinselman P L,Priegnitz D L,Manross K L,et al.Rapid sampling of severe storms by the National Weather Radar Testbed phased-array radar.Wea Forecasting,2008,23:808-824.
[43]Snyder C,Zhang F.Assimilation of simulated Doppler radar observations with an ensemble Kalman filter.Mon Wea Rev,2003,131:1663-1677.
[44]Zhang F,Snyder C,Sun J.Impacts of initial estimate and observation availability on convective-scale data assimilation with an ensemble Kalman filter.Mon Wea Rev,2004,132:1238-1253.
[45]Yussouf N,Stensrud D J.Impact of phased-array radar observations over a short assimilation period:observing system simulation experiments using an ensemble Kalman filter.Monthly Weather Review,2010,138(2):517-538.
[46]Anagnostou E N,Krajewski W F.Real-time radar rainfall estimation.partⅠ:algorithm formulation.J Atmos Oceanic Technol,1999,16:189-197.
[47]张志强,刘黎平.S波段相控阵天气雷达与新一代天气雷达探测云回波强度及结构误差的模拟分析.气象学报,2011,69(4):729-735.
[48]刘黎平,吴林林,吴种,等.X波段相控阵天气雷达对流过程观测外场试验及初步结果分析.大气科学,2014,38(6):1079-1094.
[49]吴种,刘黎平,汪旭东,等.相控阵雷达扫描方式对回波强度测量的影响.应用气象学报,2014,25(4):406-414.
[50]Wu Chong,Liu Liping.Comparison of the observation capability of an X-band phased-array radar with an X-band Doppler radar and S-band operational radar.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2014,31(4):814-824.
[2]Seliga T A,Bringi V N.Differential reflectivity and differential phase shift.Radio Sci,1978,13:271-275.
[3]Brunkow D,Kennedy P,Rutledge S,et al.CSU-CHILL radar status and comparision of available operating model.Prints 28th conf.On Radar Meteorology.Austin,TX,Amer Meteor Soc,1997.
[4]Zrnic D S,Ryzhkov A V.Polarimetry for weather surveillance radars.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,1999,80:389-406.
[5]Doviak R J,Bringi V,Ryzhkov A,et al.Considerations for polarimetric upgrades to operational WSR-88D radars.J Atmos Oceanic Technol,2000,17:257-278.
[6]Ryzhkov A V,Schuur T J,Burgess D W,et al.The joint polarization experiment:polarimetric rainfall measurements and hydrometeor classification.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2005,86:809-824.
[7]Luciana K C,Smith J A,Baeck M L,et al.An early performance evaluation of the NEXRAD dual-polarization radar rainfall estimates for urban flood applications.Wea Forecasting,2013,28:1478-1497.
[8]Daniel S B,Schultz J A,Vasiloff S,et al.Status of dual pol QPE in the WSR-88D network.93th AMS,27th Conference on Hydrology,Austin,TX,2013.
[9]Xu BaoXiang,Wang Zhijun,Cai Qiming,et al.Study on applications of C-band dual linear polarization radar in meteorology.Acta Meteo Sinica,1991,5:285-292.
[10]王致君,楚荣忠.X波段双通道同时收发式多普勒偏振天气雷达.高原气象,2007,26(1):135-140.
[11]刘黎平,钱永甫,王致君.用双线偏振雷达研究云内粒子相态及尺度的空间分布.气象学报,1996,54(5):590-599.
[12]张鸿发,郄秀书,王致君,等.偏振雷达观测强对流雹暴云.大气科学,2001,25(1):38-47.
[13]楚荣忠,王致君,刘黎平,等.双线偏振雷达降雨估测分析.气象学报,1997,55(1):103-109.
[14]曹俊武,刘黎平,葛润生,等.模糊逻辑法在双线偏振雷达识别降水粒子相态中的研究.大气科学,2005,29(5):827-836.
[15]何宇翔,肖辉,吕达仁.利用极化雷达分析层状云中水凝物粒子性状分布.大气科学,2010,34(1):23-34.
[16]Liu Liping,Hu Zhiqun,Fang Wengui,et al.Calibration and data quality analysis with mobile C band polarimetric radar.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2010,24(4):501-509.
[17]孟庆春,沈永海,苏德斌,等.双线偏振雷达双通道一致性及测试方法研究.高原气象,2014,33(5):1440-1447.
[18]胡志群,刘黎平,楚荣忠,等.X波段双线偏振雷达不同衰减订正方法对比及其对降水估测影响研究.气象学报,2008,66(2):251-261.
[19]何宇翔,吕达仁,肖辉,等.X波段双线极化雷达反射率的衰减订正.大气科学,2009,33(5):1027-1037.
[20]毕永恒,刘锦丽,段树,等.X波段双线偏振气象雷达反射率的衰减订正.大气科学,2012,36(3):495-506.
[21]肖艳姣,王斌,陈晓辉,等.移动X波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达差分相位数据质量控制.高原气象,2012,31(1):223-230.
[22]杜牧云,刘黎平,胡志群,等.双线偏振多普勒雷达资料质量分析.气象学报,2013,71(1):146-158.
[23]Hu Zhiqun,Liu Liping,Wu Linlin,et al.A comparison of denoising methods for differential phase shift and associated rainfall estimation.Journal of Meteorological Research,2015,29:315-327.
[24]吴林林,刘黎平,袁野,等.C波段车载双偏振雷达ZDR资料处理方法研究.高原气象,2015,34(1):279-287.
[25]刘黎平,葛润生,张沛源.双线偏振多普勒天气雷达遥测降水强度和液态含水量的方法和精度研究.大气科学,2002,26(5):709-720.
[26]赵果,楚荣忠,张彤,等.偏振多普勒雷达定量测量降雨精度的改进.高原气象,2011,30(2):498-507.
[27]胡明宝,赵景志,夏文梅,等.双偏振多普勒天气雷达和CINRAD-SA对比分析.现代雷达,2012,34(1):5-8.
[28]高玉芳,陈耀登,David Gochis,等.JOPLE算法结合双偏振雷达在不同降水过程中的测雨效果分析.热带气象学报,2014,30(2):361-367.
[29]刘黎平.双线偏振多普勒天气雷达估测混合区降雨和降雹方法的理论研究.大气科学,2002,26(6):761-772.
[30]郭凤霞,马学谦,王涛,等.基于X波段双线偏振天气雷达的雷暴云粒子识别.气象学报,2014,(6):1231-1244.
[31]Weber M E,Cho J Y N,Herd J S,et al.The next-generation multimission U.S.surveillance radar network.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2007,88:1739-1751.
[32]Weadon M,Heinselman P,Forsyth D,et al.Multifunction phased array radar.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2009,90:385-389.
[33]Zrnic D S,Kimpel J F,Forsyth D E,et al.Agile-beam phasedarray radar for weather observations.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2007,88:1753-1766.
[34]Rasmussen E N,Richardon S,Straka J M,et al.The association of significant tornadoes with a baroclinic boundary on 2 June 1995.Mon Wea Rev,2000,128:174-191.
[35]Bluestein H B,French M M,PopStefanija I,et al.A Mobile,Phased-array Doppler radar for the study of severe convective storms.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2010,91:579-600.
[36]Zhang G,Doviak R J,Zrnic D S,et al.Phased array radar polarimetry for weather sensing:a theoretical formulation for bias corrections.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,2009,47(11):3679-3689.
[37]Newman J F,Heinselman P L.Evolution of a quasi-linear convective system sampled by phased array radar.Mon Wea Rev,2012,140:3467-3486.
[38]French M M,Bluestein H B,PopStefanija I,et al.Mobile,phasedarray,Doppler radar observations of tornadoes at X band.Mon Wea Rev,2014,142:1010-1036.
[39]Kuster C M,Heinselman P L,Austin M.31 May 2013 E1 Reno Tornadoes:Advantages of rapid-scan phased-array radar data from a warning forecaster's perspective.Wea Forecasting,2015,30:933-956.
[40]Heinselman P L,LaDue D S,Lazrus H.Exploring impacts of rapid-scan radar data on NWS warning decisions.Wea Forecasting,2012,27:1031-1044.
[41]Bowden K A,Heinselman P L,Kingfield D M,et al.Impacts of phased-array radar data on forecaster performance during severe hail and wind events.Wea Forecasting,2015,30:389-404.
[42]Heinselman P L,Priegnitz D L,Manross K L,et al.Rapid sampling of severe storms by the National Weather Radar Testbed phased-array radar.Wea Forecasting,2008,23:808-824.
[43]Snyder C,Zhang F.Assimilation of simulated Doppler radar observations with an ensemble Kalman filter.Mon Wea Rev,2003,131:1663-1677.
[44]Zhang F,Snyder C,Sun J.Impacts of initial estimate and observation availability on convective-scale data assimilation with an ensemble Kalman filter.Mon Wea Rev,2004,132:1238-1253.
[45]Yussouf N,Stensrud D J.Impact of phased-array radar observations over a short assimilation period:observing system simulation experiments using an ensemble Kalman filter.Monthly Weather Review,2010,138(2):517-538.
[46]Anagnostou E N,Krajewski W F.Real-time radar rainfall estimation.partⅠ:algorithm formulation.J Atmos Oceanic Technol,1999,16:189-197.
[47]张志强,刘黎平.S波段相控阵天气雷达与新一代天气雷达探测云回波强度及结构误差的模拟分析.气象学报,2011,69(4):729-735.
[48]刘黎平,吴林林,吴种,等.X波段相控阵天气雷达对流过程观测外场试验及初步结果分析.大气科学,2014,38(6):1079-1094.
[49]吴种,刘黎平,汪旭东,等.相控阵雷达扫描方式对回波强度测量的影响.应用气象学报,2014,25(4):406-414.
[50]Wu Chong,Liu Liping.Comparison of the observation capability of an X-band phased-array radar with an X-band Doppler radar and S-band operational radar.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2014,31(4):814-824.