工作状态对风力发电机地震响应的影响
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摘要
风力发电机受到的气动力作用表现为气动阻尼和空气动力荷载,对结构地震响应分别具有阻尼效应和动力效应。该文建立理论分析模型,考虑运行和停机两种工况,分析工作状态影响风力发电机地震响应的规律和机理;针对NREL 5 MW基准风机,采用FAST软件分析不同风-地震组合作用下风力发电机结构动力响应,验证理论分析结果的正确性;同时,分析输入地震动方向对风力发电机地震响应的影响。结果表明:工作状态对风力发电机地震响应的影响与地震动幅值和风速有关;强震作用下,停机状态地震单独作用为最不利工况;弱震作用下,额定风速-设计地震动组合是最不利荷载组合;输入地震动方向影响风力发电机动力响应。
Aerodynamic loading of wind turbines can be divided into aerodynamic damping and dynamic loading which have damping effect and dynamic effect on the seismic response of structures, respectively. A theoretical model is set up for analyzing the regularities and mechanism of how operating conditions affect the seismic response of wind turbine considering the running and parked conditions. The dynamic response of wind turbines is analyzed using FAST software under different wind-earthquake combinations for NREL baseline5 MW wind turbines to validate the findings obtained in the theoretical model. The effects of input earthquake direction on the seismic response of wind turbines are analyzed. The results show that the effect of operating condition on the dynamic response of wind turbines depends on the seismic amplitude and wind speed. The most unfavorable load combination is seismic excitation in parked condition under strong ground motions. When the seismic action is weaker, it is the rated wind speed-design seismic action combination. The incident angle of earthquake waves significantly affects the dynamic response of wind turbines.
Aerodynamic loading of wind turbines can be divided into aerodynamic damping and dynamic loading which have damping effect and dynamic effect on the seismic response of structures, respectively. A theoretical model is set up for analyzing the regularities and mechanism of how operating conditions affect the seismic response of wind turbine considering the running and parked conditions. The dynamic response of wind turbines is analyzed using FAST software under different wind-earthquake combinations for NREL baseline5 MW wind turbines to validate the findings obtained in the theoretical model. The effects of input earthquake direction on the seismic response of wind turbines are analyzed. The results show that the effect of operating condition on the dynamic response of wind turbines depends on the seismic amplitude and wind speed. The most unfavorable load combination is seismic excitation in parked condition under strong ground motions. When the seismic action is weaker, it is the rated wind speed-design seismic action combination. The incident angle of earthquake waves significantly affects the dynamic response of wind turbines.
引文
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[2]BP.Energy outlook[EB/OL].http://www.bp.com/,2015,2017-08-10.
[3]李斌,文昊天,宫兆宇.风力发电机塔筒风致响应分析与风振控制研究[J].工程力学,2017,34(增刊1):134-138.Li Bin,Wen Haotian,Gong Zhaoyu.Wind-induced response analysis and wind vibration control of a wind turbine tower drum[J].Engineering Mechanics,2017,34(Suppl1):134-138.(in Chinese)
[4]Dodge,D.Illustrated history of wind power development[EB/OL].http://telosnet.com/wind,2009,2017-8-10.
[5]Sadowski A J,Camara A,Dai K.Seismic analysis of a tall metal wind turbine support tower with realistic geometric imperfections[J].Earthquake Engineering&Structural Dynamics,2017,46(2):201-219.
[6]Ghaemmaghami A R,Mercan O,Kianoush R.Seismic soil-structure interaction analysis of wind turbines in frequency domain[J].Wind Energy,2017,20(1):125-142.
[7]Zhao X,Mai?er P.Seismic response analysis of wind turbine towers including soil structure interaction[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part K:Journal of Multibody Dynamics,2006,220(1):53-61.
[8]金鑫,王磊,刘桦.大功率风力发电机地震动力学建模及载荷计算[J].工程力学,2012,29(5):224-229.Jin Xin,Wang Lei,Liu Hua.A large scale wind turbine dynamic model and its load calculation in earthquake[J].Engineering Mechanics,2012,29(5):224-229.(in Chinese)
[9]何玉林,王磊,杜静,等.地震作用下的风电机组振动仿真分析[J].太阳能学报,2012,33(2):179-184.He Yulin,Wang Lei,Du Jing,et al.Vibration simulation analysis of wind turbine under seismic load[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2012,33(2):179-184.(in Chinese)
[10]Witcher D.Seismic analysis of wind turbines in the time domain[J].Wind Energy,2005,8(1):81-91.
[11]彭超.风力发电机组地震动力响应分析[J].太阳能学报,2016,37(12):3189-3194.Peng Chao.Seismic dynamic response analysis of wind turbine[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2016,37(12):3189-3194.(in Chinese)
[12]Asareh M A,Schonberg W,Volz J.Effects of seismic and aerodynamic load interaction on structural dynamic response of multi-megawatt utility scale horizontal axis wind turbines[J].Renewable Energy,2016(86):49-58.
[13]Yuan C,Chen J,Li J,et al.Fragility analysis of large-scale wind turbines under the combination of seismic and aerodynamic loads[J].Renewable Energy,2017(113):1122-1134.
[14]Prowell I,Elgamal A,Uang C M,et al.Shake table testing and numerical simulation of a utility-scale wind turbine including operational effects[J].Wind Energy,2014,17(7):997-1016.
[15]IEC 61400-1,Wind Turbines Part 1:Design requirements[S].Geneva:International Electrotechnical Commission,Switzerland,2005.
[16]Hansen M O L.Aerodynamics of wind turbines[M].London:Earthscan,2015:27-40.
[17]Valamanesh V,Myers A T.Aerodynamic damping and seismic response of horizontal axis wind turbine towers[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2014,140(11):04014090-1-04014090-9.
[18]谢闽生,麦淑良.阻尼对加速度反应谱影响的进一步研究[J].华侨大学学报自然科学版,1988,9(3):340-345.Xie Minsheng,Mai Shuliang.A further study of the influence of damping on response spectrum[J].Journal of HuaQiao University(Natural science),1988,9(3):340-345.(in Chinese)
[19]Asareh M A,Prowell I,Volz J,et al.A computational platform for considering the effects of aerodynamic and seismic load combination for utility scale horizontal axis wind turbines[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2016,15(1):91-102.
[20]季亮,祝磊,姚小芹,等.现有风力发电机组地震作用计算方法对5 MW风力发电机组的适用性研究[J].太阳能学报,2014,35(11):2300-2305.Ji Liang,Zhu Lei,Yao Xiaoqin,et al.Applicability of existing seismic calculation methods for wind turbines on a 5 MW of wind turbine[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2014,35(11):2300-2305.(in Chinese)
[21]Jonkman J M,Buhl M L.FAST user’s guide[R].Colorado:National Renewable Energy Laboratory,2005.
[22]Jonkman J M,Butterfield S,Musial W,et al.Definition of a 5 MW Reference wind turbine for offshore system development[R].Colorado:National Renewable Energy Laboratory,2009.
[23]FEMA P-695.Quantification of building seismic performance factors[R].Redwood City:Applied Technology Council,2009.
[24]GB 50011-2011,建筑抗震设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010.GB 50011-2011,Code for seismic design of building[S].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2010.(in Chinese)