城市供水系统对水中真菌数量和群落结构的影响
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摘要
【背景】对于饮用水中的微生物污染,绝大多数研究集中在细菌、病毒及原虫和蠕虫。由于真菌中包含多种潜在致病菌,应当引起人们的关注。【目的】研究城市供水系统中真菌数量、群落组成变化及可能存在的潜在致病真菌。【方法】利用MEA和RB两种培养基,对供水系统中的原水和两个水厂净水工艺过程及不同供水模式用户龙头水样进行培养法计数统计。提取上述样本总DNA,并应用Illumina MiSeq平台进行ITS1区高通量测序。【结果】从15个样本中共获得有效序列579 470条,1 260个OTU,包含8个门26个纲67个目228个属的真菌。门水平上子囊菌门真菌为供水系统优势真菌,属水平上不同样本存在差异,但曲霉属和枝顶孢属真菌在所有样本中均存在;培养法和高通量测序结果共同显示,活性炭过滤出水真菌数量和物种丰富度均较前一工艺有所上升;氯化消毒对真菌数量、物种多样性及物种组成影响显著;经过供水管网输配和二次供水设施后,用户龙头水样本真菌数量和物种丰富度明显高于出厂水。【结论】供水系统中的优势真菌为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),该门真菌可穿透净水工艺过程的多级屏障;水厂净水工艺能有效去除水中可培养真菌,生物活性炭过滤工艺能够影响真菌数目及物种多样性;供水管网及二次供水设施是末端饮用水中真菌污染的重要来源;供水系统中存在潜在致病真菌。
[Background] The majority of studies on microbial contamination in drinking water focuses on bacteria, viruses, protozoa and worms, but less on fungi. We should also pay attention to fungi that contains a variety of potential pathogenic groups. [Objective] To study the changes in population and community structure of fungi and potential pathogenic fungi that may exist in urban water supply systems. [Methods] Two culture media(MEA and RB) were used to study the raw water, the purified water from two waterworks and the tap water from differen t secondary water supply modes in water supply systems. The total DNA of the above samples was extracted and the Illumina MiSeq platform was used for high-throughput sequencing of the ITS1 gene. [Results] According to the high-throughput sequencing data, 579 470 effective sequences and 1 260 OTUs were obtained from 15 samples. The 228 fungal genera belong to 67 orders, 26 classes, and 8 phylum. The dominance of Ascomycota in water supply systems and fungal genera such as Aspergillus and Acremonium were present in all samples but rest were varied from samples to samples. The results of culture dependent and high-throughput sequencing showed that the population and species richness of fungi rose after filtering by biological activated carbon. Chlorination had a significant effect on the quantity, diversity and community of fungi. After passing through the water distribution systems and secondary water supply facilities, tap water sample showed significantly higher data in the quantity and species richness of fungi than effluent water. [Conclusion] The dominant fungi in the water supply system belong to Ascomycota and the dormant fungal spore can penetrate the multi-stage barriers in the water treatment process. The water purification process can effectively remo ve culturable fungi from water, and the biological activated carbon filtration process can lead a fungus leakage. Water supply pipelines and secondary water supply facilities are important sources of fungal contamination in drinking water and potentially pathogenic fungi that can cause infections exist in water supply systems.
[Background] The majority of studies on microbial contamination in drinking water focuses on bacteria, viruses, protozoa and worms, but less on fungi. We should also pay attention to fungi that contains a variety of potential pathogenic groups. [Objective] To study the changes in population and community structure of fungi and potential pathogenic fungi that may exist in urban water supply systems. [Methods] Two culture media(MEA and RB) were used to study the raw water, the purified water from two waterworks and the tap water from differen t secondary water supply modes in water supply systems. The total DNA of the above samples was extracted and the Illumina MiSeq platform was used for high-throughput sequencing of the ITS1 gene. [Results] According to the high-throughput sequencing data, 579 470 effective sequences and 1 260 OTUs were obtained from 15 samples. The 228 fungal genera belong to 67 orders, 26 classes, and 8 phylum. The dominance of Ascomycota in water supply systems and fungal genera such as Aspergillus and Acremonium were present in all samples but rest were varied from samples to samples. The results of culture dependent and high-throughput sequencing showed that the population and species richness of fungi rose after filtering by biological activated carbon. Chlorination had a significant effect on the quantity, diversity and community of fungi. After passing through the water distribution systems and secondary water supply facilities, tap water sample showed significantly higher data in the quantity and species richness of fungi than effluent water. [Conclusion] The dominant fungi in the water supply system belong to Ascomycota and the dormant fungal spore can penetrate the multi-stage barriers in the water treatment process. The water purification process can effectively remo ve culturable fungi from water, and the biological activated carbon filtration process can lead a fungus leakage. Water supply pipelines and secondary water supply facilities are important sources of fungal contamination in drinking water and potentially pathogenic fungi that can cause infections exist in water supply systems.
引文
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[26]Mamane-Gravetz H,Linden KG.Relationship between physiochemical properties,aggregation and u.v.inactivation of isolated indigenous spores in water[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2005,98(2):351-363
[27]Langfelder K,Streibel M,Jahn B,et al.Biosynthesis of fungal melanins and their importance for human pathogenic fungi[J].Fungal Genetics&Biology,2003,38(2):143-158
[28]Han LN,Liu WJ,Chen M,et al.Comparison of NOM removal and microbial properties in up-flow/down-flow BAC filter[J].Water Research,2013,47(14):4861-4868
[29]Paramonova E,Krom BP,van der Mei HC,et al.Hyphal content determines the compression strength of Candida albicans biofilms[J].Microbiology,2009,155(6):1997-2003
[30]Ma X,Bibby K.Free chlorine and monochloramine inactivation kinetics of Aspergillus and Penicillium in drinking water[J].Water Research,2017,120:265-271
[31]Wen G,Zhu H,Huang TL,et al.Inactivation efficiency and mechanism of three dominant fungal spores in drinking groundwater by chlorine[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(11):4228-4234(in Chinese)文刚,朱红,黄廷林,等.氯灭活地下水源中3种优势真菌的效能与机制[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4228-4234
[32]Anaissie EJ,Stratton SL,Dignani MC,et al.Pathogenic Aspergillus species recovered from a hospital water system:A3-year prospective study[J].Clinical Infectious Diseases,2002,34(6):780-789
[33]Aslund P.Skin irritations cause by moulds[J].Var F?da,1984,36:327-336(in Swedish)
[34]Muittari A,Kuusisto P,Virtanen P,et al.An epidemic of extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by tap water[J].Clinical&Experimental Allergy,1980,10(1):77-90
[2]Hageskal G,Gaustad P,Heier BT,et al.Occurrence of moulds in drinking water[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2007,102(3):774-780
[3]Al-Gabr HM,Zheng T,Yu X.Occurrence and quantification of fungi and detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in drinking water in Xiamen City,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,466-467:1103-1111
[4]Bandh SA,Kamili AN,Ganai BA,et al.Opportunistic fungi in lake water and fungal infections in associated human population in Dal Lake,Kashmir[J].Microbial Pathogenesis,2016,93:105-110
[5]Anaissie EJ,Penzak SR,Dignani MC.The hospital water supply as a source of nosocomial infections:A plea for action[J].Archives of Internal Medicine,2002,162(13):1483-1492
[6]Anaissie EJ,Kuchar RT,Rex JH,et al.Fusariosis associated with pathogenic fusarium species colonization of a hospital water system:a new paradigm for the epidemiology of opportunistic mold infections[J].Clinical Infectious Diseases,2001,33(11):1871-1878
[7]Bai XZ,Zhang T,Qu ZP,et al.Contribution of filamentous fungi to the musty odorant 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in water supply reservoirs and associated drinking water treatment plants[J].Chemosphere,2017,182:223-230
[8]Paterson RRM,Kelley J,Gallagher M.Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and Aspergillus flaws(Link)in water[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,1997,25(6):435-436
[9]Vesper SJ,Haugland RA,Rogers ME,et al.Opportunistic Aspergillus pathogens measured in home and hospital tap water by quantitative PCR(QPCR)[J].Journal of Water&Health,2007,5(3):427-431
[10]G?ttlich E,van der Lubbe W,Lange B,et al.Fungal flora in groundwater-derived public drinking water[J].International Journal of Hygiene&Environmental Health,2002,205(4):269-279
[11]Hageskal G,Lima N,Skaar I.The study of fungi in drinking water[J].Mycological Research,2009,113(2):165-172
[12]Buse HY,Lu JR,Struewing IT,et al.Eukaryotic diversity in premise drinking water using 18S r DNA sequencing:implications for health risks[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2013,20(9):6351-6366
[13]Adams RI,Miletto M,Taylor JW,et al.Dispersal in microbes:fungi in indoor air are dominated by outdoor air and show dispersal limitation at short distances[J].The ISME Journal,2013,7(7):1262-1273
[14]Edgar RC.Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST[J].Bioinformatics,2010,26(19):2460-2461
[15]Caporaso JG,Kuczynski J,Stombaugh J,et al.QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data[J].Nature Methods,2010,7(5):335-336
[16]Chao A.Nonparametric estimation of the number of classes in a population[J].Scandinavian Journal of Statistics,1984,11(4):265-270
[17]Hill MO.Diversity and evenness:A unifying notation and its consequences[J].Ecology,1973,54(2):427-432
[18]Gottlieb T,Atkins BL.Case Report.Successful treatment of cutaneous Paecilomyces lilacinus infection with oral itraconazole in an immune competent host[J].Mycoses,2001,44(11/12):513-515
[19]Valeyrie L,Botterel F,Minozzi C,et al.Prolonged fever revealing disseminated infection due to Penicillium marneffei in a French HIV-seropositive patient[J].Aids,1999,13(6):731-732
[20]Ponikau JU,Sherris DA,Kern EB,et al.The diagnosis and incidence of allergic fungal sinusitis[J].Mayo Clinic Proceedings,1999,74(9):877-884
[21]Azziz-Baumgartner E,Lindblade K,Gieseker K,et al.Case-control study of an acute aflatoxicosis outbreak,Kenya,2004[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2005,113(12):1779-1783
[22]De Rosa FG,Garazzino S,Pasero D,et al.Invasive candidiasis and candidemia:new guidelines[J].Minerva Anestesiologica,2009,75(7/8):453-458
[23]Gon?alves AB,Paterson RRM,Lima N.Survey and significance of filamentous fungi from tap water[J].International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health,2006,209(3):257-264
[24]Paterson RRM,Hageskal G,Skaar I,et al.Occurrence,problems,analysis and removal of filamentous fungi in drinking water[A]//Fungicides.Chemistry,Environmental Impact and Health Effects[M].New York:Nova Science Publishers Inc.,2009:380-399
[25]Sammon NB,Harrower KM,Fabbro LD,et al.Incidence and distribution of microfungi in a treated municipal water supply system in sub-tropical Australia[J].International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,2010,7(4):1597-1611
[26]Mamane-Gravetz H,Linden KG.Relationship between physiochemical properties,aggregation and u.v.inactivation of isolated indigenous spores in water[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2005,98(2):351-363
[27]Langfelder K,Streibel M,Jahn B,et al.Biosynthesis of fungal melanins and their importance for human pathogenic fungi[J].Fungal Genetics&Biology,2003,38(2):143-158
[28]Han LN,Liu WJ,Chen M,et al.Comparison of NOM removal and microbial properties in up-flow/down-flow BAC filter[J].Water Research,2013,47(14):4861-4868
[29]Paramonova E,Krom BP,van der Mei HC,et al.Hyphal content determines the compression strength of Candida albicans biofilms[J].Microbiology,2009,155(6):1997-2003
[30]Ma X,Bibby K.Free chlorine and monochloramine inactivation kinetics of Aspergillus and Penicillium in drinking water[J].Water Research,2017,120:265-271
[31]Wen G,Zhu H,Huang TL,et al.Inactivation efficiency and mechanism of three dominant fungal spores in drinking groundwater by chlorine[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(11):4228-4234(in Chinese)文刚,朱红,黄廷林,等.氯灭活地下水源中3种优势真菌的效能与机制[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4228-4234
[32]Anaissie EJ,Stratton SL,Dignani MC,et al.Pathogenic Aspergillus species recovered from a hospital water system:A3-year prospective study[J].Clinical Infectious Diseases,2002,34(6):780-789
[33]Aslund P.Skin irritations cause by moulds[J].Var F?da,1984,36:327-336(in Swedish)
[34]Muittari A,Kuusisto P,Virtanen P,et al.An epidemic of extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by tap water[J].Clinical&Experimental Allergy,1980,10(1):77-90