笼养白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)夏秋季节行为节律研究
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摘要
2016年的夏季6月和秋季10月采用瞬时扫描法对湖南省野生动物救护繁育中心笼养的4只白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)的行为节律开展研究,其中6月观测期间处于笼养白冠长尾雉繁殖期,与10月的非繁殖时期正好做出对比。研究共记录白冠长尾雉5类14种行为,在夏季和秋季,运动类行为均是5类行为中行为频次百分比最高的(夏季18.8%～59.8%,秋季30.8%～42.2%)。由于适应了笼舍及人类活动,警觉类行为的百分比相对偏低(夏季10.2%～17.1%,秋季5.2%～10.4%),在繁殖后期的夏季中略高于秋季。另外,笼养白冠长尾雉的取食策略与野生个体相比亦出现了不同,生存在人工补给的笼舍中,其能量的补充比较便利,所以在取食行为上,频次的百分比排列在5类行为的中等水平(夏季4.2%～26.4%,秋季12.9%～26.0%)。通过笼养白冠长尾雉的行为节律研究,可为物种的保护和繁育提供科学依据,反映存在的问题,提出保护建议,对白冠长尾雉的物种发展壮大有重要意义。
During June and October 2016 we recorded behaviors of four captive reeves' s pheasant( Syrmaticus reevesii) using instantaneous scanning in Hunan Wild Animal Rescue and Breeding Center. The observation period in June was in the period of reproduction, and that in October was non-breeding period. Fourteen behaviors grouped in 5 categories were observed, frequency of exercise was the highest in the 5 categories both in summer( 18. 8 %-59. 8 %) and autumn( 30. 8 %-42. 2 %). Because the birds were adapted to cages and human disturbance, frequency of vigilance was low( 10. 2 %-17. 1 % in summer, and 5. 2 %-10. 4 % in autumn). Vigilance was more frequent during the later period of the breeding season in summer but did no match that of wild pheasants. Feeding patterns differed between captive and wild pheasants. Captive birds were fed in contrast to wild birds that foraged for themselves and therefore spent more time on feeding. Frequency of feeding at 4. 2 %-26. 4 % in summer and 12. 9 %-26. 0 % in autumn ranked at the medium level of 5 categories. The study of behavior of captive reeves 's pheasant can provide a scientific basis for protection and breeding. We offer here recommendations for conservation of reeves 's pheasant.
During June and October 2016 we recorded behaviors of four captive reeves' s pheasant( Syrmaticus reevesii) using instantaneous scanning in Hunan Wild Animal Rescue and Breeding Center. The observation period in June was in the period of reproduction, and that in October was non-breeding period. Fourteen behaviors grouped in 5 categories were observed, frequency of exercise was the highest in the 5 categories both in summer( 18. 8 %-59. 8 %) and autumn( 30. 8 %-42. 2 %). Because the birds were adapted to cages and human disturbance, frequency of vigilance was low( 10. 2 %-17. 1 % in summer, and 5. 2 %-10. 4 % in autumn). Vigilance was more frequent during the later period of the breeding season in summer but did no match that of wild pheasants. Feeding patterns differed between captive and wild pheasants. Captive birds were fed in contrast to wild birds that foraged for themselves and therefore spent more time on feeding. Frequency of feeding at 4. 2 %-26. 4 % in summer and 12. 9 %-26. 0 % in autumn ranked at the medium level of 5 categories. The study of behavior of captive reeves 's pheasant can provide a scientific basis for protection and breeding. We offer here recommendations for conservation of reeves 's pheasant.
引文
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[9]郭松涛,余玉群,李保国,等.天山盘羊秋季集群习性和日活动节律初步观察[J].兽类学报,2003,23(1):27-30.
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[12]刘振生,王小明,李志刚,等.贺兰山岩羊不同年龄和性别昼间时间分配的季节差异[J].动物学研究,2005,26(4):350-357.
[13]龙帅,周材权,王维奎,等.矮岩羊夏季活动节律、时间分配和集群行为[J].动物学研究,2009,30(6):687-693.
[14]夏参军,乔建芳,杨维康,等.冬季鹅喉羚昼间行为时间分配及活动节律[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(2):283-287.
[15]周岐海,韦华,黄中豪,等.弄岗熊猴的活动节律和活动时间分配[J].动物学报,2007,53(5):791-799.
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[17]古晓东,王鸿加,张陕宁,等.放归大熊猫“盛林1号”的活动范围和活动节律监测[J].四川动物,2011,30(4):493-497.
[18]廖嘉欣,赵运林,徐正刚,等.洞庭湖小天鹅越冬中期行为节律研究[J].西南林业大学学报,2015,35(6):85-91.
[19]沈啸远,刘洁,金斌松,等.鄱阳湖越冬鹤鹬的日间行为节律[J].四川动物,2016,35(6):810-817.
[20]段酬苍,赵运林,李立,等.救助小天鹅越冬期行为节律研究[J].野生动物学报,2016,37(3):216-220.
[21]徐正刚,吴良,赵运林,等.洞庭湖笼养鸿雁行为节律研究[J].野生动物学报,2015,36(4):416-421.
[22]李益得,王德良,龚洵胜.白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)的研究现状及保护建议[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(14):3238-3240.
[23]郑光美,王岐山.中国濒危动物红皮书:鸟类[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:13-19.
[24]IUCN.IUCN Red list of Threatened Species[EB/OL].(2012-02).http:∥www.iucnredlist.org/details/100600271/0.
[25]郑作新.中国动物志鸟纲:第四卷-鸡形目[M].北京:科学出版社,1978.
[26]徐基良,张晓辉,张正旺,等.白冠长尾雉育雏期的栖息地选择[J].动物学研究,2002,23(6):471-476.
[27]徐延恭,尹祚华,雷富民,等.白冠长尾雉的现状及保护对策[J].动物学报,1996,42(S1):155.
[28]卢汰春.中国珍稀濒危野生鸡类[M].福州:福建科学技术出版社,1991.
[29]吴至康,许维枢.白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)在贵州的分布与数量[J].动物学研究,1987,8(1):13-19.
[30]方成良,丁玉华.白冠长尾雉的越冬生态[J].生态学杂志,1997,16(2):68-69.
[31]吴至康.白冠长尾雉的生态[J].动物学杂志,1979(3):16-18.
[32]孙全辉,张正旺,阮祥峰,等.白冠长尾雉集群行为的初步研究[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2001,37(1):111-117.
[33]张晓辉,徐基良,张正旺,等.河南陕西两地白冠长尾雉的集群行为[J].动物学研究,2004,25(2):89-95.
[34]徐基良,张晓辉,张正旺,等.白冠长尾雉雄鸟的冬季活动区与栖息地利用研究[J].生物多样性,2005,15(5):416-423.
[35]赵玉泽,王志臣,徐基良,等.利用红外照相技术分析野生白冠长尾雉活动节律及时间分配[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):6021-6027.
[36]曾桂梅,刘沙,曾志新,等.地被植物在湖南省森林植物园主干道景观中的应用[J].湖南林业科技,2012,39(4):84-86,93.
[37]刘选珍,李洪文,余建秋,等.三种圈养雉类的行为比较研究[J].野生动物,2012,33(4):191-195.
[38]张承洲,张可垠,张晓峰,等.白冠长尾雉生态习性观察初报[J].河南林业科技,1992(4):27-28.
[39]杨晓君,杨岚.笼养绿孔雀行为活动时间分配的初步观察[J].动物学报,1996,42(S1):106-111.
[40]刘丹,何相宝,赵锦霞,等.笼养灰鹤繁殖期行为时间分配的研究[J].野生动物,2009,30(4):185-189.
[41]田秀华,刘畅,朱赫丹,等.笼养白头鹤繁殖期昼间行为研究[J].野生动物学报,2017,38(3):400-409.
[42]张冬冬.笼养丹顶鹤繁殖期行为与粪便中类固醇激素变化的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.
[43]Lian Xinming,Li Xiaoxiao,Yan Peishi,et al.Behavioural time budgets and diurnal rhythms of the female Tibetan gazelles in the Kekexili National Nature Reserve[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(3):663-670.
[44]钟雪,窦亮,杨本清,等.笼养绿尾虹雉繁殖季节的日行为节律和时间分配[J].四川动物,2013,32(4):521-525.
[45]杨楠,徐雨,冉江洪,等.四川雉鹑繁殖习性初报[J].动物学杂志,2009,44(2):48-51.
[46]周晓禹,刘振生,吴建平,等.丹顶鹤繁殖期行为时间分配及活动规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(1):60-62.
[47]Pépin D,Renaud P C,Dumont B,et al.Time budget and 24-h temporal rest-activity patterns of captive red deer hinds[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2006,101(3/4):339-354.
[2]尚玉昌.行为生态学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1998.
[3]尚玉昌.动物的行为节律[J].生物学通报,2006,41(10):8-10.
[4]连新明,张同作,曹伊凡,等.夏季雌性藏羚昼间行为时间分配及活动节律[J].兽类学报,2007,27(1):53-57.
[5]Aschoff J.Comparative physiology:diurnal rhythms[J].Annual Review of Physiology,1963,25(1):581-600.
[6]Risenhoover K L.Winter activity patterns of moose in interior Alaska[J].The Journal of Wildlife Management,1986,50(4):727-734.
[7]Shi J,Dunbar R I M,Buckland D,et al.Daytime activity budgets of feral goats(Capra hircus)on the Isle of Rum:influence of season,age,and sex[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,2003,81(5):803-815.
[8]Monroy-Vilchis O,Rodríquez-Soto C,Zarco-González M,et al.Cougar and jaguar habitat use and activity patterns in central Mexico[J].Animal Biology,2009,59(2):145-157.
[9]郭松涛,余玉群,李保国,等.天山盘羊秋季集群习性和日活动节律初步观察[J].兽类学报,2003,23(1):27-30.
[10]刘昊,石红艳,胡锦矗.四川梅花鹿春季昼夜活动节律与时间分配[J].兽类学报,2004,24(4):282-285.
[11]刘伟,杨维康,黄怡,等.蒙古野驴(Equus hemionus)昼间行为时间分配初探[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(4):607-614.
[12]刘振生,王小明,李志刚,等.贺兰山岩羊不同年龄和性别昼间时间分配的季节差异[J].动物学研究,2005,26(4):350-357.
[13]龙帅,周材权,王维奎,等.矮岩羊夏季活动节律、时间分配和集群行为[J].动物学研究,2009,30(6):687-693.
[14]夏参军,乔建芳,杨维康,等.冬季鹅喉羚昼间行为时间分配及活动节律[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(2):283-287.
[15]周岐海,韦华,黄中豪,等.弄岗熊猴的活动节律和活动时间分配[J].动物学报,2007,53(5):791-799.
[16]韩宗先,胡锦矗,杨建东.小熊猫夏秋季的昼夜活动节律[J].四川动物,2006,25(3):597-602.
[17]古晓东,王鸿加,张陕宁,等.放归大熊猫“盛林1号”的活动范围和活动节律监测[J].四川动物,2011,30(4):493-497.
[18]廖嘉欣,赵运林,徐正刚,等.洞庭湖小天鹅越冬中期行为节律研究[J].西南林业大学学报,2015,35(6):85-91.
[19]沈啸远,刘洁,金斌松,等.鄱阳湖越冬鹤鹬的日间行为节律[J].四川动物,2016,35(6):810-817.
[20]段酬苍,赵运林,李立,等.救助小天鹅越冬期行为节律研究[J].野生动物学报,2016,37(3):216-220.
[21]徐正刚,吴良,赵运林,等.洞庭湖笼养鸿雁行为节律研究[J].野生动物学报,2015,36(4):416-421.
[22]李益得,王德良,龚洵胜.白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)的研究现状及保护建议[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(14):3238-3240.
[23]郑光美,王岐山.中国濒危动物红皮书:鸟类[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:13-19.
[24]IUCN.IUCN Red list of Threatened Species[EB/OL].(2012-02).http:∥www.iucnredlist.org/details/100600271/0.
[25]郑作新.中国动物志鸟纲:第四卷-鸡形目[M].北京:科学出版社,1978.
[26]徐基良,张晓辉,张正旺,等.白冠长尾雉育雏期的栖息地选择[J].动物学研究,2002,23(6):471-476.
[27]徐延恭,尹祚华,雷富民,等.白冠长尾雉的现状及保护对策[J].动物学报,1996,42(S1):155.
[28]卢汰春.中国珍稀濒危野生鸡类[M].福州:福建科学技术出版社,1991.
[29]吴至康,许维枢.白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)在贵州的分布与数量[J].动物学研究,1987,8(1):13-19.
[30]方成良,丁玉华.白冠长尾雉的越冬生态[J].生态学杂志,1997,16(2):68-69.
[31]吴至康.白冠长尾雉的生态[J].动物学杂志,1979(3):16-18.
[32]孙全辉,张正旺,阮祥峰,等.白冠长尾雉集群行为的初步研究[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2001,37(1):111-117.
[33]张晓辉,徐基良,张正旺,等.河南陕西两地白冠长尾雉的集群行为[J].动物学研究,2004,25(2):89-95.
[34]徐基良,张晓辉,张正旺,等.白冠长尾雉雄鸟的冬季活动区与栖息地利用研究[J].生物多样性,2005,15(5):416-423.
[35]赵玉泽,王志臣,徐基良,等.利用红外照相技术分析野生白冠长尾雉活动节律及时间分配[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):6021-6027.
[36]曾桂梅,刘沙,曾志新,等.地被植物在湖南省森林植物园主干道景观中的应用[J].湖南林业科技,2012,39(4):84-86,93.
[37]刘选珍,李洪文,余建秋,等.三种圈养雉类的行为比较研究[J].野生动物,2012,33(4):191-195.
[38]张承洲,张可垠,张晓峰,等.白冠长尾雉生态习性观察初报[J].河南林业科技,1992(4):27-28.
[39]杨晓君,杨岚.笼养绿孔雀行为活动时间分配的初步观察[J].动物学报,1996,42(S1):106-111.
[40]刘丹,何相宝,赵锦霞,等.笼养灰鹤繁殖期行为时间分配的研究[J].野生动物,2009,30(4):185-189.
[41]田秀华,刘畅,朱赫丹,等.笼养白头鹤繁殖期昼间行为研究[J].野生动物学报,2017,38(3):400-409.
[42]张冬冬.笼养丹顶鹤繁殖期行为与粪便中类固醇激素变化的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.
[43]Lian Xinming,Li Xiaoxiao,Yan Peishi,et al.Behavioural time budgets and diurnal rhythms of the female Tibetan gazelles in the Kekexili National Nature Reserve[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(3):663-670.
[44]钟雪,窦亮,杨本清,等.笼养绿尾虹雉繁殖季节的日行为节律和时间分配[J].四川动物,2013,32(4):521-525.
[45]杨楠,徐雨,冉江洪,等.四川雉鹑繁殖习性初报[J].动物学杂志,2009,44(2):48-51.
[46]周晓禹,刘振生,吴建平,等.丹顶鹤繁殖期行为时间分配及活动规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(1):60-62.
[47]Pépin D,Renaud P C,Dumont B,et al.Time budget and 24-h temporal rest-activity patterns of captive red deer hinds[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2006,101(3/4):339-354.