论网络直播平台的监管机制——以看门人理论的新发展为视角
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摘要
在数字经济技术的推动下,我国网络直播平台发展迅猛。在现有网络平台监管模式下,网络直播平台作为私法主体行使行政法上的监管职责,在被课予第三方义务时没有获得监管权力,在平台运营阶段基于合同获得监管授权,这种混乱的定位和平台以获取流量为盈利的模式造成了网络直播平台监管机制的硬性缺陷。网络直播平台作为新一代看门人具有合同性、技术性、合作性的新特点,在监管过程中应以合同治理为基础,从平台准入、平台运营和后平台三个阶段出发,结合算法规制、人群治理、声誉机制和助推理论等理论来架构科学、合理的网络直播监管机制。
Driven by digital economic technology, China's live video streaming platforms have witnessed rapid development. Given the current supervisory model for online platforms, live video streaming platforms, as the subject of private law, fulfill supervisory responsibilities according to the administrative law but they have no supervisory power when being given third-party obligations, and just gain supervisory authorization based on contracts at the platform operating stage. Such chaotic orientation and the traffic-oriented model have resulted in substantial flaws in the supervisory mechanism of live video streaming platforms. Live video streaming platforms, as the new generation of gatekeeper, possess contractual, technical and cooperative characteristics. In the supervisory process, based on contract governance, we shall start with platform access, platform operating and post-platform, and build a scientific and reasonable supervisory mechanism according to such theories as algorithm regulation, population governance, reputation mechanism and boosting theory.
Driven by digital economic technology, China's live video streaming platforms have witnessed rapid development. Given the current supervisory model for online platforms, live video streaming platforms, as the subject of private law, fulfill supervisory responsibilities according to the administrative law but they have no supervisory power when being given third-party obligations, and just gain supervisory authorization based on contracts at the platform operating stage. Such chaotic orientation and the traffic-oriented model have resulted in substantial flaws in the supervisory mechanism of live video streaming platforms. Live video streaming platforms, as the new generation of gatekeeper, possess contractual, technical and cooperative characteristics. In the supervisory process, based on contract governance, we shall start with platform access, platform operating and post-platform, and build a scientific and reasonable supervisory mechanism according to such theories as algorithm regulation, population governance, reputation mechanism and boosting theory.
引文
(1)参见:第41次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》,中国网信网,http://www.cac.gov.cn/2018-01/31/c_1122347026.htm (最后访问时间:2018年10月6日)。
(2)Reinier H.Kraakman.“Gatekeepers:The Anatomy of a Third Party Enforcement Strategy,” The journal of law,economics,& organization,Vol.2,No.1,1986,p.5.
(3)Michael E.Buerger & Lorraine Green Mazerolle,“Third-Party Policing:A Theoretical Analysis of an Emerging Trend,” Justice quarterly,Vol.15,1998,p.322.
(4)Assaf Hamdani,“Gatekeeper Liability,” Southern California Law Review,Vol.77,2003,pp.58-59.
(5)Colin Scott,“Regulatory Innovation and the Online Consumer,” Law & Policy,Vol.26,2004,pp.494-495.
(6)Jonathan Zittrain,“A History of Online Gatekeeping” ,Harvard Journal of Law and Technology,Vol.19,2006,pp.253-256.
(7)Stavros Gadinis& Colby Mangels,“Collaborative Gatekeepers” ,Washington and Lee Law Review,Vol.73,2016,p.836.
(8)David S.Evans,“Attention Rivalry among Online Platforms” ,Journal of Competition Law & Economics,9(2),2013,321.
(9)王万华:《大数据时代与行政权力运行机制转型》,载《国家行政学院学报》2016年第2期,第98页。
(10)[美]劳伦斯·莱斯格:《代码2.0:网络空间中的法律》,李旭等译,清华大学出版社2009年版,第6页。
(11)Bryan Wilson,“Smarter Cities,Smarter Regulations:A Case for the Algorithmic Regulation of Platform-Based Sharing Economy Firms” ,UMKC Law Review,Vol.85:4,2017,p.849.
(12)[英]科林·斯科特:《规制、治理与法律:前沿问题研究》,安永康译,清华大学出版社2018年版,第103页。
(13)[英]罗伯特·鲍德温,马丁·凯夫,马丁·洛奇:《牛津规制手册》,宋华琳等译,上海三联书店2017年版,第606页。
(14)《互联网直播服务管理规定》第5至12条;《互联网信息服务管理办法》第4至8条;《互联网新闻信息服务管理规定》第5至第17条;《文化部关于加强网络表演管理工作的通知》第7条。
(15)Melissa De Zwart,“Contractual Communities:Effective Governance of Virtual Worlds” ,UNSW Law Journal,Vol.33(2),2010,pp.626.
(16)《互联网直播服务管理规定》第7至10条;《互联网新闻信息服务管理规定》第12条;《文化部关于加强网络表演管理工作的通知》第1条;《互联网文化管理暂行规定》第18条。
(17)Jonathan Peters,“Conceptualizing Private Governance in a Networked Society” ,North Carolina journal of law & technology,Vol.18:15,2016,p.37.
(18)Marta Cantero Gamito,“Regulation.com.Self-Regulation and Contract Governance in the Platform Economy:A Research Agenda”,European Journal of Legal Studies,Vol.9,No.2,2017,pp.56.
(19)《文化部关于加强网络表演管理工作的通知》第1条至第3条;《互联网直播服务管理规定》第13至17条。
(20)[美]卡斯·桑斯坦:《为什么助推》,马冬梅译,中信出版社2015年版,第29-30页。
(2)Reinier H.Kraakman.“Gatekeepers:The Anatomy of a Third Party Enforcement Strategy,” The journal of law,economics,& organization,Vol.2,No.1,1986,p.5.
(3)Michael E.Buerger & Lorraine Green Mazerolle,“Third-Party Policing:A Theoretical Analysis of an Emerging Trend,” Justice quarterly,Vol.15,1998,p.322.
(4)Assaf Hamdani,“Gatekeeper Liability,” Southern California Law Review,Vol.77,2003,pp.58-59.
(5)Colin Scott,“Regulatory Innovation and the Online Consumer,” Law & Policy,Vol.26,2004,pp.494-495.
(6)Jonathan Zittrain,“A History of Online Gatekeeping” ,Harvard Journal of Law and Technology,Vol.19,2006,pp.253-256.
(7)Stavros Gadinis& Colby Mangels,“Collaborative Gatekeepers” ,Washington and Lee Law Review,Vol.73,2016,p.836.
(8)David S.Evans,“Attention Rivalry among Online Platforms” ,Journal of Competition Law & Economics,9(2),2013,321.
(9)王万华:《大数据时代与行政权力运行机制转型》,载《国家行政学院学报》2016年第2期,第98页。
(10)[美]劳伦斯·莱斯格:《代码2.0:网络空间中的法律》,李旭等译,清华大学出版社2009年版,第6页。
(11)Bryan Wilson,“Smarter Cities,Smarter Regulations:A Case for the Algorithmic Regulation of Platform-Based Sharing Economy Firms” ,UMKC Law Review,Vol.85:4,2017,p.849.
(12)[英]科林·斯科特:《规制、治理与法律:前沿问题研究》,安永康译,清华大学出版社2018年版,第103页。
(13)[英]罗伯特·鲍德温,马丁·凯夫,马丁·洛奇:《牛津规制手册》,宋华琳等译,上海三联书店2017年版,第606页。
(14)《互联网直播服务管理规定》第5至12条;《互联网信息服务管理办法》第4至8条;《互联网新闻信息服务管理规定》第5至第17条;《文化部关于加强网络表演管理工作的通知》第7条。
(15)Melissa De Zwart,“Contractual Communities:Effective Governance of Virtual Worlds” ,UNSW Law Journal,Vol.33(2),2010,pp.626.
(16)《互联网直播服务管理规定》第7至10条;《互联网新闻信息服务管理规定》第12条;《文化部关于加强网络表演管理工作的通知》第1条;《互联网文化管理暂行规定》第18条。
(17)Jonathan Peters,“Conceptualizing Private Governance in a Networked Society” ,North Carolina journal of law & technology,Vol.18:15,2016,p.37.
(18)Marta Cantero Gamito,“Regulation.com.Self-Regulation and Contract Governance in the Platform Economy:A Research Agenda”,European Journal of Legal Studies,Vol.9,No.2,2017,pp.56.
(19)《文化部关于加强网络表演管理工作的通知》第1条至第3条;《互联网直播服务管理规定》第13至17条。
(20)[美]卡斯·桑斯坦:《为什么助推》,马冬梅译,中信出版社2015年版,第29-30页。