城市地震应急处置方案技术研究
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摘要
地震应急预案作为地震应急的核心文件之一,存在操作性不强,针对性不足等问题。在分析地震应急预案特点的基础上提出一种地震应急处置方案技术。地震应急处置方案是地震发生后,为指导地震应急救援,针对具体应急事件的应急处置工作方案。阐述了地震应急处置方案的特点及其与地震应急预案的关系。论述了地震应急处置方案的组成,包括:处置方案框架、应急决策知识和信息技术支撑平台。介绍了地震应急处置方案的工作原理,在信息技术支撑平台上应用地震应急决策知识修正应急处置方案框架并动态生成处置方案。以地市级为例论述了地震应急处置方案框架,并介绍地震应急决策知识的组成。从而为地震应急处置方案的生成与应用奠定基础,该方案试图在一定程度上改进地震应急预案的不足。
Earthquake is one of most serious natural disasters in China. In order to effectively mitigate earthquake disaster, three catalogues of jobs have been done under the leadership of China Earthquake Administration. Earthquake emergency is one of such important jobs,which could save life and reduce disaster damage. Earthquake emergency preplan plays a key role in this work,and provides foundation for disaster rescue. Although the emergency preplans get great achievements in many earthquake disaster reliefs,they also show some drawbacks in the practical applications. In this paper,we analyze the characteristics of Chinese earthquake emergency preplans and find that the framework of emergency preplans is clear,but the provisions on emergency operations are macroscopical and not easy to use; the structures of the emergency preplans are generically similar in the whole country and lack of pertinence to specific disaster areas or professional industries; the connections between earthquake disaster emergency preplans and other disaster emergency preplans are weak; the dynamic managements of the preplans need to be enhanced. In order to complement the emergency preplans,earthquake emergency response disposal scheme is discussed in this paper,which is an emergency disposal work plan for detailed emergency events after an earthquake from technical perspective and aims at directing earthquake emergency response. The relationships between the emergency preplans and the disposal schemes are introduced. The core difference between them is in that a preplan focuses mainly on who should respond to the emergency event,while a disposal scheme is more concerned about how to cope with the emergency event. We also present the components of the disposal schemes, which include disposal scheme framework,emergency decision-making knowledge and supported information platforms. Then the work principle of the disposal schemes is described based on these components. In this principle, earthquake emergency decision-making knowledge is used to amend the disposal scheme framework to generate the emergency disposal scheme with the support of information technologies. Within the disposal schemes, three kinds of the disposal countermeasures, namely, descriptive emergency countermeasures,the countermeasures from earthquake emergency professional models and the countermeasures from GIS and RS technical platforms are introduced.Taking urban level as an example,the urban disposal scheme framework is depicted. It is composed of five parts: geographic environment in disaster area,earthquake information,estimated disaster information, emergency countermeasures and other related countermeasures. Then thecomponents of the decision-making knowledge are introduced. The knowledge representations result from comprehensive processing of various information related to earthquake emergency response and rescue.This paper lays the foundation for the earthquake emergency response disposal scheme generation and application,which helps to solve the problems of the earthquake emergency preplans. In future,the detailed implementation and application methods of earthquake emergency decision-making knowledge will be studied and used to realize the computer-aided generation of the disposal schemes.
Earthquake is one of most serious natural disasters in China. In order to effectively mitigate earthquake disaster, three catalogues of jobs have been done under the leadership of China Earthquake Administration. Earthquake emergency is one of such important jobs,which could save life and reduce disaster damage. Earthquake emergency preplan plays a key role in this work,and provides foundation for disaster rescue. Although the emergency preplans get great achievements in many earthquake disaster reliefs,they also show some drawbacks in the practical applications. In this paper,we analyze the characteristics of Chinese earthquake emergency preplans and find that the framework of emergency preplans is clear,but the provisions on emergency operations are macroscopical and not easy to use; the structures of the emergency preplans are generically similar in the whole country and lack of pertinence to specific disaster areas or professional industries; the connections between earthquake disaster emergency preplans and other disaster emergency preplans are weak; the dynamic managements of the preplans need to be enhanced. In order to complement the emergency preplans,earthquake emergency response disposal scheme is discussed in this paper,which is an emergency disposal work plan for detailed emergency events after an earthquake from technical perspective and aims at directing earthquake emergency response. The relationships between the emergency preplans and the disposal schemes are introduced. The core difference between them is in that a preplan focuses mainly on who should respond to the emergency event,while a disposal scheme is more concerned about how to cope with the emergency event. We also present the components of the disposal schemes, which include disposal scheme framework,emergency decision-making knowledge and supported information platforms. Then the work principle of the disposal schemes is described based on these components. In this principle, earthquake emergency decision-making knowledge is used to amend the disposal scheme framework to generate the emergency disposal scheme with the support of information technologies. Within the disposal schemes, three kinds of the disposal countermeasures, namely, descriptive emergency countermeasures,the countermeasures from earthquake emergency professional models and the countermeasures from GIS and RS technical platforms are introduced.Taking urban level as an example,the urban disposal scheme framework is depicted. It is composed of five parts: geographic environment in disaster area,earthquake information,estimated disaster information, emergency countermeasures and other related countermeasures. Then thecomponents of the decision-making knowledge are introduced. The knowledge representations result from comprehensive processing of various information related to earthquake emergency response and rescue.This paper lays the foundation for the earthquake emergency response disposal scheme generation and application,which helps to solve the problems of the earthquake emergency preplans. In future,the detailed implementation and application methods of earthquake emergency decision-making knowledge will be studied and used to realize the computer-aided generation of the disposal schemes.
引文
迟天峰,姜婷琪.2012.完善中国地震应急预案体系的若干建议和设想[J].防灾减灾学报,28(4):84—87.CHI Tian-feng,JIANG Ting-qi.2012.Suggections and assumption of improving the earthquake emergency prepared plan system in China[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Reduction,28(4):84—87(in Chinese).
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刘在涛,李洋.2010.通过玉树地震解析中国地震应急响应机制[J].中国应急救援,5:18—21.LIU Zai-tao,LI Yang.2010.Analysis of Chinese earthquake emergency response method through Yushu earthquake[J].China Emergency Rescue,5:18—21(in Chinese).
聂高众,陈建英,李志强,等,2002.地震应急基础数据库建设[J].地震,22(3):105—112.NIE Gao-zhong,CHEN Jian-ying,LI Zhi-qiang,et al.2002.The construction of basic database for earthquake emergency response[J].Earthquake,22(3):105—112(in Chinese).
苏桂武,邓砚,聂高众.2005.中国地震应急宏观分区的初步研究[J].地震地质,27(3):382—394.SU Gui-wu,DENG Yan,NIE Gao-zhong.2005.The prelminary study on macro-scale zonation of earthquake emergency response(EER)of China[J].Seismology and Geology,27(3):382—394(in Chinese).
王永昕,陈虹.2012.应急预案在地震应急响应中的作用:以唐山地震、汶川地震为例[J].国际地震动态,11:17 —22.WANG Yong-xin,CHEN Hong.2012.The effect of earthquake emergency preplan to earthquake emergency response in China-taking Tangshan and Wenchuan earthquakes as examples[J].Recent Development in World Seismology,11 :17—22(in Chinese).
徐敬海,聂高众.2013.面向智能应急的地震应急决策知识[J].自然灾害学报,22(3):40—46.XU Jing-hai,NIE Gao-zhong.2013.Intelligent emergency-oriented earthquake disaster knowledge[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,22(3):40—46(in Chinese).
张祯,王建军,陈虹.2011.从大震救援分析国家地震应急预案存在的问题[J].灾害学,26(4):139—142.ZHANG Zhen,WANG Jian-jun,CHEN Hong.2011.Analysis on the problems in national earthquake contingency plan based on large earthquakes rescue[J].Journal of Catastrophology,26(4):139—142(in Chinese).
中国地震局震灾应急救援司.2004.地震应急[M].北京:地震出版社.Earthquake Emergency Rescue Department,China Earthquake Administration.2004.Earthquake Emergency Response[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
中华人民共和国国务院.2009.中华人民共和国防震减灾法(最新修订版)[M].北京:法律出版社.The State Council of P R China.2009.Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation Laws of People's Republic China(Latest version)[M].China Law Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
朱恪钧.2010.汶川地震的预防与预警工作分析[A].见:Snjezana Knezic,Nils Rosmuller,薛澜,等编.第17届国际应急管理大会论文集.北京.591—605.ZHU Ke-jun.2010.Analysis on prophylactic and warning works in Wenchuan earthquake[A].In:Snjezana K,Nils R,XUE L(eds.).Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of International Emergency Management Society(TIEMS),Beijing.591—605(in Chinese).
XU Jing-hai,Nyerges L T,NIE Gao-zhong.2014.Modeling and representation for earthquake emergency response knowledge:Perspective for working with geo-ontology[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,28(1):185—205.doi:10.1080/13658816.2013.845893.
邓砚,聂高众,苏桂武.2011.县(市)绝对地震应急能力评估方法的初步研究[J].地震地质,33(1):36—44.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2011.01.004.DENG Yan,NIE Gao-zhong,SU Gui-wu.2011.A preliminary study on assessment method of absolute earthquake emergency response ability at county level[J].Seismology and Geology,33(1):36—44(in Chinese).
姜立新,帅向华,聂高众,等.2012.地震应急指挥协同技术平台设计研究[J].震灾防御技术,7(3):294—302 .JIANG Li-xin,SHUAI Xiang-hua,NIE Gao-zhong,et al.2012.Study on the design of earthquake emergency command collaboration technology platform[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,7(3):294—302(in Chinese).
刘在涛,李洋.2010.通过玉树地震解析中国地震应急响应机制[J].中国应急救援,5:18—21.LIU Zai-tao,LI Yang.2010.Analysis of Chinese earthquake emergency response method through Yushu earthquake[J].China Emergency Rescue,5:18—21(in Chinese).
聂高众,陈建英,李志强,等,2002.地震应急基础数据库建设[J].地震,22(3):105—112.NIE Gao-zhong,CHEN Jian-ying,LI Zhi-qiang,et al.2002.The construction of basic database for earthquake emergency response[J].Earthquake,22(3):105—112(in Chinese).
苏桂武,邓砚,聂高众.2005.中国地震应急宏观分区的初步研究[J].地震地质,27(3):382—394.SU Gui-wu,DENG Yan,NIE Gao-zhong.2005.The prelminary study on macro-scale zonation of earthquake emergency response(EER)of China[J].Seismology and Geology,27(3):382—394(in Chinese).
王永昕,陈虹.2012.应急预案在地震应急响应中的作用:以唐山地震、汶川地震为例[J].国际地震动态,11:17 —22.WANG Yong-xin,CHEN Hong.2012.The effect of earthquake emergency preplan to earthquake emergency response in China-taking Tangshan and Wenchuan earthquakes as examples[J].Recent Development in World Seismology,11 :17—22(in Chinese).
徐敬海,聂高众.2013.面向智能应急的地震应急决策知识[J].自然灾害学报,22(3):40—46.XU Jing-hai,NIE Gao-zhong.2013.Intelligent emergency-oriented earthquake disaster knowledge[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,22(3):40—46(in Chinese).
张祯,王建军,陈虹.2011.从大震救援分析国家地震应急预案存在的问题[J].灾害学,26(4):139—142.ZHANG Zhen,WANG Jian-jun,CHEN Hong.2011.Analysis on the problems in national earthquake contingency plan based on large earthquakes rescue[J].Journal of Catastrophology,26(4):139—142(in Chinese).
中国地震局震灾应急救援司.2004.地震应急[M].北京:地震出版社.Earthquake Emergency Rescue Department,China Earthquake Administration.2004.Earthquake Emergency Response[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
中华人民共和国国务院.2009.中华人民共和国防震减灾法(最新修订版)[M].北京:法律出版社.The State Council of P R China.2009.Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation Laws of People's Republic China(Latest version)[M].China Law Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
朱恪钧.2010.汶川地震的预防与预警工作分析[A].见:Snjezana Knezic,Nils Rosmuller,薛澜,等编.第17届国际应急管理大会论文集.北京.591—605.ZHU Ke-jun.2010.Analysis on prophylactic and warning works in Wenchuan earthquake[A].In:Snjezana K,Nils R,XUE L(eds.).Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of International Emergency Management Society(TIEMS),Beijing.591—605(in Chinese).
XU Jing-hai,Nyerges L T,NIE Gao-zhong.2014.Modeling and representation for earthquake emergency response knowledge:Perspective for working with geo-ontology[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,28(1):185—205.doi:10.1080/13658816.2013.845893.