地区比较优势演化的空间关联:知识扩散的作用与证据
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摘要
知识是现代经济发展的重要源泉,科学地认识知识扩散及其影响地区比较优势演化的空间作用机制是有效推进区域创新与协同发展的重要基础。本文基于2003—2009年中国地级地区四位数制造业数据,实证研究了地区比较优势演化的空间关联及其内在的知识扩散作用机制。结果表明,中国地区比较优势演化存在显著的空间关联,邻近地区间比较优势相似性程度更高,而且邻近地区间具有更大可能在对方已有显性比较优势的行业中发展获得比较优势。知识扩散空间衰减使得邻近地区间具有知识流动的优势,通过"成功产业示范效应"作用途径,知识扩散更易发生于具有较强竞争力的产业中,促进本地发展邻近地区的优势产业,进而引致邻近地区间比较优势的趋同演化。其中,这种知识扩散作用下的空间关联会受到区域壁垒和主体知识利用能力的调节。本文结论为理解区域发展格局演化打开了新的视角。知识扩散的空间局限性使得区域创新发展具有明显的地方化特征。初始产业发展格局奠定了地区间获取知识能力差异性的空间基础,会导致地区间发展路径的不均衡。本文为中国推进创新型国家建设提供了有益的政策启示,创新政策需要致力于促进地区间集体学习机制的构建,重点关注地区间知识扩散效应的实现机制。另外,本文也为捕捉知识扩散证据提供了一种新的直观机制,地区比较优势演化的空间关联可以作为揭示知识扩散及其距离衰减效应的显示性证据。
Knowledge is the important source of modern economic development. It is an important basis for effectively promoting regional innovation synergy and innovational development by exploring knowledge diffusion and its impact on the evolution of regional comparative advantages. Based on the empirical study of 4-digit manufacturing industries in China's prefectures from 2003 to 2009, this paper explores the spatial correlation in evolution of regional comparative advantages and its mechanism where knowledge diffusion as the driving force. It finds out that the evolution of regional comparative advantages has been characterized by strong spatial correlation across Chinese regions. From a static perspective, the similarity of comparative advantages among neighboring areas is even higher. In a dynamic perspective, if a certain area has a larger comparative advantage in a given industry,the greater the possibility of developing revealed comparative advantage in the neighboring areas in the future. The spatial attenuation of knowledge diffusion has played an important role leading to this spatial correlation, which makes the neighboring areas more advantageous to sharing knowledge. Besides, under the demonstration effect of successful industry, the region will be more active in accepting the knowledge diffusion of more competitive industries in other regions as well as developing more competitive industries in the neighboring areas, thus promoting the convergence of evolution of comparative advantages between neighboring regions. Besides, the impact of knowledge diffusion on spatial correlation in evolution of regional comparative advantages is also regulated by regional barriers and subject's ability to utilize knowledge. This study finds out a new perspective for understanding the evolution of China's regional development. The spatial limitation of knowledge diffusion leads to localization of regional innovational development. The initial spatial pattern of industrial development leads to the difference of knowledge acquisition ability among regions, and leads to the unbalanced development path among regions.Innovation policy needs to promote the construction of regional collective learning mechanism. Besides, the results also provide a new mechanism for capturing the evidence of inter-regional knowledge diffusion. The spatial correlation in evolution of regional comparative advantages can be used as a revealing evidence for knowledge diffusion as well as spatial attenuation effect of knowledge diffusion.
Knowledge is the important source of modern economic development. It is an important basis for effectively promoting regional innovation synergy and innovational development by exploring knowledge diffusion and its impact on the evolution of regional comparative advantages. Based on the empirical study of 4-digit manufacturing industries in China's prefectures from 2003 to 2009, this paper explores the spatial correlation in evolution of regional comparative advantages and its mechanism where knowledge diffusion as the driving force. It finds out that the evolution of regional comparative advantages has been characterized by strong spatial correlation across Chinese regions. From a static perspective, the similarity of comparative advantages among neighboring areas is even higher. In a dynamic perspective, if a certain area has a larger comparative advantage in a given industry,the greater the possibility of developing revealed comparative advantage in the neighboring areas in the future. The spatial attenuation of knowledge diffusion has played an important role leading to this spatial correlation, which makes the neighboring areas more advantageous to sharing knowledge. Besides, under the demonstration effect of successful industry, the region will be more active in accepting the knowledge diffusion of more competitive industries in other regions as well as developing more competitive industries in the neighboring areas, thus promoting the convergence of evolution of comparative advantages between neighboring regions. Besides, the impact of knowledge diffusion on spatial correlation in evolution of regional comparative advantages is also regulated by regional barriers and subject's ability to utilize knowledge. This study finds out a new perspective for understanding the evolution of China's regional development. The spatial limitation of knowledge diffusion leads to localization of regional innovational development. The initial spatial pattern of industrial development leads to the difference of knowledge acquisition ability among regions, and leads to the unbalanced development path among regions.Innovation policy needs to promote the construction of regional collective learning mechanism. Besides, the results also provide a new mechanism for capturing the evidence of inter-regional knowledge diffusion. The spatial correlation in evolution of regional comparative advantages can be used as a revealing evidence for knowledge diffusion as well as spatial attenuation effect of knowledge diffusion.
引文
[1][美]爱德华·格莱泽.城市的胜利[M].刘润泉译.上海:社会科学院出版社,2012.
[2]蔡昉,王德文.比较优势差异、变化及其对地区差距的影响[J].中国社会科学,2002,(5):41-54.
[3]陈傲,柳卸林,程鹏.空间知识溢出影响因素的作用机制[J].科学学研究,2011,(6):883-889.
[4]高翔,龙小宁.省级行政区划造成的文化分割会影响区域经济吗[J].经济学(季刊),2016,(1):647-674.
[5]国家计委投资研究所,中国人民大学区域所课题组.我国地区比较优势研究[J].管理世界,2001,(2):45-55.
[6]贺灿飞,任永欢,李蕴雄.产品结构演化的跨界效应研究---基于中国地级市出口产品的实证分析[J].地理科学,2016,(11):1605-1613.
[7]蒋殿春,张宇.经济转型与外商直接投资技术溢出效应[J].经济研究,2008,(7):26-38.
[8]李青.知识溢出:对研究脉络的基本回顾[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2007,(6):153-160.
[9]梁琦.知识溢出的空间局限性与集聚[J].科学学研究,2004,(1):76-81.
[10]林建浩,赵子乐.均衡发展的隐形壁垒:方言、制度与技术扩散[J].经济研究,2017,(9):182-197.
[11]刘毓芸,戴天仕,徐现祥.汉语方言、市场分割与资源错配[J].经济学(季刊),2017,(4):1583-1600.
[12]毛琦梁,王菲.比较优势、可达性与产业升级路径---基于中国地区产品空间的实证分析[J].经济科学,2017,(1):48-62.
[13]潘文卿.中国的区域关联与经济增长的空间溢出效应[J].经济研究,2012,(1):54-65.
[14]邵朝对,苏丹妮.全球价值链生产率效应的空间溢出[J].中国工业经济,2017,(4):94-114.
[15]苏杭,郑磊,牟逸飞.要素禀赋与中国制造业产业升级---基于WIOD和中国工业企业数据库的分析[J].管理世界,2017,(4):70-79.
[16]孙早,刘李华,孙亚政.市场化程度、地方保护主义与R&D的溢出效应---来自中国工业的经验证据[J].管理世界,2014,(8):78-89.
[17]王缉慈.创新的空间:企业集群与区域发展[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[18]魏守华,顾佳佳,姜悦.知识溢出、吸收能力与经济绩效的研究述评[J].现代经济探讨,2017,(9):123-132.
[19]吴意云,朱希伟.中国为何过早进入再分散:产业政策与经济地理[J].世界经济,2015,(2):140-166.
[20]吴友,刘乃全.不同所有制企业创新的空间溢出效应[J].经济管理,2016,(11):45-59.
[21]张其仔.比较优势的演化与中国产业升级路径的选择[J].中国工业经济,2008,(9):58-68.
[22]Alcácer,J.,and W.Chung.Location Strategies for Agglomeration Economies[J].Strategic Management Journal,2015,35(12):1749-1761.
[23]Almeida,P.,and B.Kogut.Localization of Knowledge and the Mobility of Engineers in Regional Networks[J].Management Science,1999,(45):905-916.
[24]Bahar,D.,R.Hausmann,and C.Hidalgo.Neighbors and the Evolution of the Comparative Advantage of Nations:Evidence of International Knowledge Diffusion[J].Journal of International Economics,2014,92(1):111-123.
[25]Bathelt,H.,A.Malmberg,and P.Maskell.Clusters and Knowledge:Local Buzz,Global Pipelines and the Process of Knowledge Creation[J].Progress in Human Geography,2004,(28):31-56.
[26]Boschma,R.,V.Martín,and A.Minondo.Neighbour Regions as the Source of New Industries[J].Papers in Regional Science,2017,96(2):227-245.
[27]Breschi,S.,and F.Lissoni.Localised Knowledge Spillovers vs.Innovative Milieux:Knowledge“Tacitness”Reconsidered[J].Papers in Regional Science,2001,80(3):255-273.
[28]Chen,C.L.,and P.Hall.The Impacts of High-speed Trains on British Economic Geography:a Study of the UK’s Intercity 125/225 and its Effects[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2011,19(4):689-704.
[29]Eriksson,R.H.Localized Spillovers and Knowledge Flows:How Does Proximity Influence the Performance of Plants[J].Economic Geography,2011,(87):127-152.
[30]Gao,J.,B.Jun,A.Pentland,T.Zhou,and C.A.Hidalgo.Collective Learning in China’s Regional Economic Development[R].Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography,Utrecht University,Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning,Group Economic Geography,2017.
[31]Griliches,Z.The Search for R&D Spillovers[J].Scandinavian Journal of Economics,1998,94(94):29-47.
[32]Hidalgo,C.A.,and R.Hausmann.The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(26):10570-10575.
[33]Hidalgo,C.A.,B.Klinger,A.L.Barabási,and R.Hausmann.The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations[J].Science,2007,317(5837):482-487.
[34]Howells,J.Tacit Knowledge,Innovation and Economic Geography[J].Urban Studies,2002,39(5-6):871-884.
[35]Keller,W.Geographic Localization of International Technology Diffusion[J].American Economic Review,2002,92(1):120-142.
[36]Knack,S.,and P.Keefer.Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff?A Cross-country Investigation[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1997,112(4):1251-1288.
[37]Kokko,A.Technology,Market Characteristics,and Spillovers[J].Journal of Development Economics,2000,43(2):279-293.
[38]LeSage,J.P.,and M.Fischer.Estimates of the Impact of Static and Dynamic Knowledge Spillovers on Regional Factor Productivity[J].International Regional Science Review,2012,(35):103-127.
[39]Liu,Z.Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Spillovers:Theory and Evidence[J].Journal of Development Economics,2008,(85):176-193.
[40]Moodysson,J.Principles and Practices of Knowledge Creation:On the Organization of“Buzz”and“Pipelines”in Life Science Communities[J].Economic Geography,2008,84(4):449-469.
[41]Neffke,F.,M.Henning,and R.Boschma.How Do Regions Diversify Over Time?Industry Relatedness and the Development of New Growth Paths in Regions[J].Economic Geography,2011,87(3):237-265.
[42]Paci,R.,E.Marrocu,and S.Usai.The Complementary Effects of Proximity Dimensions on Knowledge Spillovers[J].Spatial Economic Analysis,2014,9(1):9-30.
[43]Porter,M.E.Location,Clusters,and Company Strategy[A].Clark,G.,M.Feldman,and M.Gertler.Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography[C].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000.
[44]Trippl,M.Scientific Mobility and Knowledge Transfer at the Interregional and Intraregional Level[J].Regional Studies,2013,47(10):1653-1667.
(1)在区域产业发展的相关文献中,新产业的界定是针对特定地区的新兴产业,而非产业目录中所没有的新兴产业,因为研究都是在既定的产业目录或国民经济行业分类标准下进行的。
(1)与知识扩散语意相近的还有知识溢出、知识转移等类似概念,文献中三者经常被交叉使用,知识溢出是指知识无意识的传播,知识转移是有意识的交流,知识扩散则包括有意识的知识转移和无意识的知识溢出,三者的共性是知识流动(李青,2007)。
(1)区位商的计算方法比较成熟,具体计算方法详见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)空间距离使用基于公路交通网路的最短旅行时间距离表示,具体测算方法见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。经测算,2003-2009年多数相邻地级地区间的最短旅行时间距离在2.0-3.5小时之间,为了分析便利,选择3.0小时的时间距离作为近距离地区的划分标准。
(2)计算方法较为简单,具体计算方法详见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(3)结果详见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)变量的进一步说明与统计描述可参见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)详细结果可参见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)详细结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)本地的邻近地区不同区位商的情况下比较优势晋级的产业数量占潜在晋级可能的产业数量的比重结果详见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
[2]蔡昉,王德文.比较优势差异、变化及其对地区差距的影响[J].中国社会科学,2002,(5):41-54.
[3]陈傲,柳卸林,程鹏.空间知识溢出影响因素的作用机制[J].科学学研究,2011,(6):883-889.
[4]高翔,龙小宁.省级行政区划造成的文化分割会影响区域经济吗[J].经济学(季刊),2016,(1):647-674.
[5]国家计委投资研究所,中国人民大学区域所课题组.我国地区比较优势研究[J].管理世界,2001,(2):45-55.
[6]贺灿飞,任永欢,李蕴雄.产品结构演化的跨界效应研究---基于中国地级市出口产品的实证分析[J].地理科学,2016,(11):1605-1613.
[7]蒋殿春,张宇.经济转型与外商直接投资技术溢出效应[J].经济研究,2008,(7):26-38.
[8]李青.知识溢出:对研究脉络的基本回顾[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2007,(6):153-160.
[9]梁琦.知识溢出的空间局限性与集聚[J].科学学研究,2004,(1):76-81.
[10]林建浩,赵子乐.均衡发展的隐形壁垒:方言、制度与技术扩散[J].经济研究,2017,(9):182-197.
[11]刘毓芸,戴天仕,徐现祥.汉语方言、市场分割与资源错配[J].经济学(季刊),2017,(4):1583-1600.
[12]毛琦梁,王菲.比较优势、可达性与产业升级路径---基于中国地区产品空间的实证分析[J].经济科学,2017,(1):48-62.
[13]潘文卿.中国的区域关联与经济增长的空间溢出效应[J].经济研究,2012,(1):54-65.
[14]邵朝对,苏丹妮.全球价值链生产率效应的空间溢出[J].中国工业经济,2017,(4):94-114.
[15]苏杭,郑磊,牟逸飞.要素禀赋与中国制造业产业升级---基于WIOD和中国工业企业数据库的分析[J].管理世界,2017,(4):70-79.
[16]孙早,刘李华,孙亚政.市场化程度、地方保护主义与R&D的溢出效应---来自中国工业的经验证据[J].管理世界,2014,(8):78-89.
[17]王缉慈.创新的空间:企业集群与区域发展[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[18]魏守华,顾佳佳,姜悦.知识溢出、吸收能力与经济绩效的研究述评[J].现代经济探讨,2017,(9):123-132.
[19]吴意云,朱希伟.中国为何过早进入再分散:产业政策与经济地理[J].世界经济,2015,(2):140-166.
[20]吴友,刘乃全.不同所有制企业创新的空间溢出效应[J].经济管理,2016,(11):45-59.
[21]张其仔.比较优势的演化与中国产业升级路径的选择[J].中国工业经济,2008,(9):58-68.
[22]Alcácer,J.,and W.Chung.Location Strategies for Agglomeration Economies[J].Strategic Management Journal,2015,35(12):1749-1761.
[23]Almeida,P.,and B.Kogut.Localization of Knowledge and the Mobility of Engineers in Regional Networks[J].Management Science,1999,(45):905-916.
[24]Bahar,D.,R.Hausmann,and C.Hidalgo.Neighbors and the Evolution of the Comparative Advantage of Nations:Evidence of International Knowledge Diffusion[J].Journal of International Economics,2014,92(1):111-123.
[25]Bathelt,H.,A.Malmberg,and P.Maskell.Clusters and Knowledge:Local Buzz,Global Pipelines and the Process of Knowledge Creation[J].Progress in Human Geography,2004,(28):31-56.
[26]Boschma,R.,V.Martín,and A.Minondo.Neighbour Regions as the Source of New Industries[J].Papers in Regional Science,2017,96(2):227-245.
[27]Breschi,S.,and F.Lissoni.Localised Knowledge Spillovers vs.Innovative Milieux:Knowledge“Tacitness”Reconsidered[J].Papers in Regional Science,2001,80(3):255-273.
[28]Chen,C.L.,and P.Hall.The Impacts of High-speed Trains on British Economic Geography:a Study of the UK’s Intercity 125/225 and its Effects[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2011,19(4):689-704.
[29]Eriksson,R.H.Localized Spillovers and Knowledge Flows:How Does Proximity Influence the Performance of Plants[J].Economic Geography,2011,(87):127-152.
[30]Gao,J.,B.Jun,A.Pentland,T.Zhou,and C.A.Hidalgo.Collective Learning in China’s Regional Economic Development[R].Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography,Utrecht University,Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning,Group Economic Geography,2017.
[31]Griliches,Z.The Search for R&D Spillovers[J].Scandinavian Journal of Economics,1998,94(94):29-47.
[32]Hidalgo,C.A.,and R.Hausmann.The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(26):10570-10575.
[33]Hidalgo,C.A.,B.Klinger,A.L.Barabási,and R.Hausmann.The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations[J].Science,2007,317(5837):482-487.
[34]Howells,J.Tacit Knowledge,Innovation and Economic Geography[J].Urban Studies,2002,39(5-6):871-884.
[35]Keller,W.Geographic Localization of International Technology Diffusion[J].American Economic Review,2002,92(1):120-142.
[36]Knack,S.,and P.Keefer.Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff?A Cross-country Investigation[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1997,112(4):1251-1288.
[37]Kokko,A.Technology,Market Characteristics,and Spillovers[J].Journal of Development Economics,2000,43(2):279-293.
[38]LeSage,J.P.,and M.Fischer.Estimates of the Impact of Static and Dynamic Knowledge Spillovers on Regional Factor Productivity[J].International Regional Science Review,2012,(35):103-127.
[39]Liu,Z.Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Spillovers:Theory and Evidence[J].Journal of Development Economics,2008,(85):176-193.
[40]Moodysson,J.Principles and Practices of Knowledge Creation:On the Organization of“Buzz”and“Pipelines”in Life Science Communities[J].Economic Geography,2008,84(4):449-469.
[41]Neffke,F.,M.Henning,and R.Boschma.How Do Regions Diversify Over Time?Industry Relatedness and the Development of New Growth Paths in Regions[J].Economic Geography,2011,87(3):237-265.
[42]Paci,R.,E.Marrocu,and S.Usai.The Complementary Effects of Proximity Dimensions on Knowledge Spillovers[J].Spatial Economic Analysis,2014,9(1):9-30.
[43]Porter,M.E.Location,Clusters,and Company Strategy[A].Clark,G.,M.Feldman,and M.Gertler.Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography[C].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000.
[44]Trippl,M.Scientific Mobility and Knowledge Transfer at the Interregional and Intraregional Level[J].Regional Studies,2013,47(10):1653-1667.
(1)在区域产业发展的相关文献中,新产业的界定是针对特定地区的新兴产业,而非产业目录中所没有的新兴产业,因为研究都是在既定的产业目录或国民经济行业分类标准下进行的。
(1)与知识扩散语意相近的还有知识溢出、知识转移等类似概念,文献中三者经常被交叉使用,知识溢出是指知识无意识的传播,知识转移是有意识的交流,知识扩散则包括有意识的知识转移和无意识的知识溢出,三者的共性是知识流动(李青,2007)。
(1)区位商的计算方法比较成熟,具体计算方法详见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)空间距离使用基于公路交通网路的最短旅行时间距离表示,具体测算方法见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。经测算,2003-2009年多数相邻地级地区间的最短旅行时间距离在2.0-3.5小时之间,为了分析便利,选择3.0小时的时间距离作为近距离地区的划分标准。
(2)计算方法较为简单,具体计算方法详见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(3)结果详见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)变量的进一步说明与统计描述可参见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)详细结果可参见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)详细结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)本地的邻近地区不同区位商的情况下比较优势晋级的产业数量占潜在晋级可能的产业数量的比重结果详见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。