学科引证网络知识扩散特征研究
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摘要
在知识经济时代,学科知识的传播扩散促进了学科的协同、交叉、融合、发展与创新。本文选取文献引证作为学科知识传播路径载体,对学科知识扩散特征进行系统研究,探索学科知识流动的规律与模式,以期为学科知识的融合、转化与创新提供理论与实证依据。采用8项计量指标,对学科知识扩散数量特征进行定量测度;选取描述性统计量,从集中趋势、离散程度和分布形态三方面对学科知识扩散分布特征进行刻画;利用社会网络分析方法,对学科知识扩散中介性特征以及中间人角色特征进行剖析;最后,以社会网络领域为例,进行实证研究。结果表明,社会网络领域学科间的知识交流活动频繁,多学科科学、社会学、图书情报学等是其较为活跃的学科,具有较强的信息优势和控制优势;学科知识扩散数量特征指数波动范围较大,离散程度较高,分布多呈现长尾偏右的尖顶曲线;图书情报学主要扮演联络人角色,是各学科门类之间进行知识交流的重要媒介。
In the era of the knowledge-driven economy, the diffusion of disciplinary knowledge promotes disciplinary collaboration, integration, development, and innovation. In this paper, the diffusion characteristics of disciplinary knowledge are systematically studied by taking citations as the carrier of the transmission path, so as to explore the rules and patterns of disciplinary knowledge flow and provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the integration,transformation, and innovation of disciplinary knowledge. First, the quantitative measurement of the quantity features of knowledge diffusion is carried out by using 8 measurement indexes. Second, descriptive statistics are selected to describe the diffusion characteristics of disciplinary knowledge from the perspectives of centralization trend, dispersion degree, and distribution form. Third, the betweenness characteristics and the role of the intermediary in the diffusion of disciplinary knowledge are analyzed by applying the method of social network analysis. Finally, an empirical study is further conducted by taking the field of social networking as an example. The research has shown that knowledge exchanges among disciplines in the field of social networks are frequent, in which multidisciplinary sciences, sociology, information science, library science, etc. are active disciplines with strong information and control advantages. The characteristic indexes of disciplinary knowledge diffusion fluctuate in a wide range, with a high degree of dispersion. Information science and library science mainly play the role of liaison, which is an important medium for exchanging knowledge among various disciplines.
In the era of the knowledge-driven economy, the diffusion of disciplinary knowledge promotes disciplinary collaboration, integration, development, and innovation. In this paper, the diffusion characteristics of disciplinary knowledge are systematically studied by taking citations as the carrier of the transmission path, so as to explore the rules and patterns of disciplinary knowledge flow and provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the integration,transformation, and innovation of disciplinary knowledge. First, the quantitative measurement of the quantity features of knowledge diffusion is carried out by using 8 measurement indexes. Second, descriptive statistics are selected to describe the diffusion characteristics of disciplinary knowledge from the perspectives of centralization trend, dispersion degree, and distribution form. Third, the betweenness characteristics and the role of the intermediary in the diffusion of disciplinary knowledge are analyzed by applying the method of social network analysis. Finally, an empirical study is further conducted by taking the field of social networking as an example. The research has shown that knowledge exchanges among disciplines in the field of social networks are frequent, in which multidisciplinary sciences, sociology, information science, library science, etc. are active disciplines with strong information and control advantages. The characteristic indexes of disciplinary knowledge diffusion fluctuate in a wide range, with a high degree of dispersion. Information science and library science mainly play the role of liaison, which is an important medium for exchanging knowledge among various disciplines.
引文
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[21]Tsay M.Knowledge flow out of the domain of information sci-ence:a bibliometric and citation analysis study[J].Scientomet-rics,2015,102(1):487-502.
[22]Darvish H,Tonta Y.Diffusion of nanotechnology knowledge in Turkey and its network structure[J].Scientometrics,2016,107(2):569-592.
[23]Ma R M,Yan E J.Uncovering inter-specialty knowledge commu-nication using author citation networks[J].Scientometrics,2016,109(2):1-16.
[24]Yan E J.Disciplinary knowledge production and diffusion in sci-ence[J].Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,2016,67(9):2223-2245.
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[26]Pierce S J.Boundary crossing in research literatures as a means of interdisciplinary information transfer[J].Journal of the Ameri-can Society for Information Science,1999,50(3):271-279.
[27]赵蓉英,温芳芳.科研合作与知识交流[J].图书情报工作,2011,55(20):6-10.
[28]Zhu Y J,Yan E J.Dynamic subfield analysis of disciplines:an ex-amination of the trading impact and knowledge diffusion patterns of computer science[J].Scientometrics,2015,104(1):335-259.
[29]邱均平.信息计量学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007.
[30]贾俊平.统计学[M].第6版.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2015.
[31]刘军.整体网分析:UCINET软件实用指南[M].第2版.上海:上海人民出版社,2014.
[32]李长玲,支岭,纪雪梅.基于中心性分析的学科期刊地位评价——以情报学等3学科为例[J].情报理论与实践,2012,35(6):49-53.
[33]罗家德.社会网分析讲义[M].第2版.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2010.
[34]Burt R S.Structural holes:the social structure of competition[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1992.
[35]刘敏,胡凡刚,李兴保.教师虚拟社区意见领袖的社会网络位置及角色分析[J].中国电化教育,2014(2):46-53.
[36]Gould R V,Fernandez R M.Structures of mediation:A formal ap-proach to brokerage in transaction networks[J].Sociological Methodology,1989,19:89-126.
[37]王夏洁,刘红丽.基于社会网络理论的知识链分析[J].情报杂志,2007(2):18-21.
[38]Clarivate Analytics.Scope Notes-Science Citation Index Expand-ed[EB/OL].[20188-07-22].http://mjl.clarivate.com/scope/scope_scie/.
[39]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 13745-2009中华人民共和国学科分类与代码国家标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.
[2]Drucker P F.Managing in turbulent times[M].New York:Harper-Collins,1993.
[3]Bacon F.The“Essays”of Francis Bacon[M].Scott M A(Eds.).New York:Charles Scribner.s Sons,1908.
[4]徐晓艺,杨立英.科研合作视角下的学科知识流动分析方法研究——以药物化学学科为例[J].图书情报工作,2014,58(19):83-91.
[5]岳增慧,许海云.学科知识扩散过程探测研究——以社会网络领域为例[J].图书情报工作,2016,60(9):106-115.
[6]中华人民共和国科学技术部.国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006-2020年)[EB/OL].[2018-07-20].http://www.most.gov.cn/kjgh/kjghzcq/.
[7]Van Leeuwen T,Tijssen R.Interdisciplinary dynamics of modern science:analysis of cross-disciplinary citation flows[J].Research Evaluation,2000,9(3):183-187.
[8]Learned W S.The American public library and the diffusion of knowledge[M].New York:Harcourt Brace&Company,1924.
[9]Chen C,Zhang J,Vogeley M S.Visual analysis of scientific dis-coveries and knowledge diffusion[C]//Proceedings of the 12th In-ternational Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil,2009:874-885.
[10]Jaffe A B,Trajtenberg M,Henderson A D.Geographical localiza-tion of knowledge spillovers by patent citations[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1993,108(3):577-599.
[11]Zhuge H.Discovery of knowledge flow in science[J].Communi-cations of the ACM,2006,49(5):101-107.
[12]Alvarez P,Pulgarín A.The diffusion of scientific journals ana-lyzed through citations[J].Journal of the American Society for In-formation Science,1997,48(10):953-958.
[13]Frandsen T,Rousseau R,Rowlands I.Diffusion factors[J].Jour-nal of Documentation,2006,62(1):58-72.
[14]B?rner K,Penumarthy S,Meiss M,et al.Mapping the diffusion of scholarly knowledge among major U.S.research institutions[J].Scientometrics,2006,68(3):415-426.
[15]Guan J,Zhu W.How knowledge diffuses across countries:a case study in the field of management[J].Scientometrics,2014,98(3):2129-2144.
[16]Yan E J.Finding knowledge paths among scientific disciplines[J].Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,2014,65(11):2331-2347.
[17]Garfield E.Citation indexing:Its theory and application in sci-ence,technology,and humanities[M].New York:Wiley,1979.
[18]Liu C,Shan W,Yu J.Shaping the interdisciplinary knowledge network of China:a network analysis based on citation data from1981 to 2010[J].Scientometrics,2011,89(1):89-106.
[19]赵星,谭旻,余小萍,等.我国文科领域知识扩散之引文网络探析[J].中国图书馆学报,2015,38(201):59-67.
[20]邱均平,李小涛.基于引文网络挖掘和时序分析的知识扩散研究[J].情报理论与实践,2014,37(7):5-10.
[21]Tsay M.Knowledge flow out of the domain of information sci-ence:a bibliometric and citation analysis study[J].Scientomet-rics,2015,102(1):487-502.
[22]Darvish H,Tonta Y.Diffusion of nanotechnology knowledge in Turkey and its network structure[J].Scientometrics,2016,107(2):569-592.
[23]Ma R M,Yan E J.Uncovering inter-specialty knowledge commu-nication using author citation networks[J].Scientometrics,2016,109(2):1-16.
[24]Yan E J.Disciplinary knowledge production and diffusion in sci-ence[J].Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,2016,67(9):2223-2245.
[25]Ding C G,Hung W C,Lee M C,et al.Exploring paper character-istics that facilitate the knowledge flow from science to technolo-gy[J].Journal of Informetrics,2017,11(1):244-256.
[26]Pierce S J.Boundary crossing in research literatures as a means of interdisciplinary information transfer[J].Journal of the Ameri-can Society for Information Science,1999,50(3):271-279.
[27]赵蓉英,温芳芳.科研合作与知识交流[J].图书情报工作,2011,55(20):6-10.
[28]Zhu Y J,Yan E J.Dynamic subfield analysis of disciplines:an ex-amination of the trading impact and knowledge diffusion patterns of computer science[J].Scientometrics,2015,104(1):335-259.
[29]邱均平.信息计量学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007.
[30]贾俊平.统计学[M].第6版.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2015.
[31]刘军.整体网分析:UCINET软件实用指南[M].第2版.上海:上海人民出版社,2014.
[32]李长玲,支岭,纪雪梅.基于中心性分析的学科期刊地位评价——以情报学等3学科为例[J].情报理论与实践,2012,35(6):49-53.
[33]罗家德.社会网分析讲义[M].第2版.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2010.
[34]Burt R S.Structural holes:the social structure of competition[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1992.
[35]刘敏,胡凡刚,李兴保.教师虚拟社区意见领袖的社会网络位置及角色分析[J].中国电化教育,2014(2):46-53.
[36]Gould R V,Fernandez R M.Structures of mediation:A formal ap-proach to brokerage in transaction networks[J].Sociological Methodology,1989,19:89-126.
[37]王夏洁,刘红丽.基于社会网络理论的知识链分析[J].情报杂志,2007(2):18-21.
[38]Clarivate Analytics.Scope Notes-Science Citation Index Expand-ed[EB/OL].[20188-07-22].http://mjl.clarivate.com/scope/scope_scie/.
[39]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 13745-2009中华人民共和国学科分类与代码国家标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.