开放经济视角下国家创新效率演化及影响因素分析
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摘要
创新效率研究是国家创新体系的一大主题,本文从"瑞典悖论"出发,探究"金砖国家"是否存在"瑞典悖论"现象,并试图从开放经济视角对部分国家存在的产出与投入不相匹配的现象进行解答。本文根据36个国家2013～2017年的数据,构造了创新效率评价的投入产出体系,用超效率DEA方法,分别计算出这些国家5年内的技术创新效率、经济创新效率和综合创新效率,并比较中国与发达国家和其它"金砖国家"的差异。将计算出来的效率值与相关影响因素进行Tobit回归分析,找出了创新效率的影响因素,并通过构建交叉项的方法,区分了发达大国、发达小国和"金砖国家"的不同影响因素和影响机制。研究结果表明,中国的经济创新效率连续几年表现良好,在2017年居于首位,而技术创新效率稍有不足,原因在于科技论文产出成果还不能与快速发展的GDP水平相匹配。研究通过创新效率计算和效率影响因素分析,发现部分国家存在着高投入和相对低产出的问题,印证了"瑞典悖论"的存在,并根据研究经济开放性与创新活动的相关性,对创新效率测量及创新模式进行反思。
Innovation efficiency is one of the major themes of national innovation system.Starting from the Swedish paradox,this study explores whether the"Swedish paradox"exists in BRICS countries,and tries to answer the problem of incompatibility between output and input in some countries from the perspective of open economy.This study covers 36 major economies.According to the data of these 36 countries from 2013 to 2017,the input-output system of innovation efficiency evaluation is constructed.The technology innovation efficiency,economic innovation efficiency and comprehensive innovation efficiency of these countries in five years are calculated by super-efficiency DEA method,and compare the differences between China and developed countries and ot-her"BRICs".Secondly,Tobit regression analysis is used to find out the influencing factors of innovation efficiency,and the differ-ent influencing factors and influencing mechanism of developed countries,developed small countries and BRICS countries are distinguished by constructing cross-terms.The results show that China's economic innovation efficiency has been performing well for several years in succession,ranking first in 2016,while the efficiency of technological innovation is slightly inadequate,because the output of scientific papers can't match the rapid development of GDP level.Through the calculation of innovation efficiency and the analysis of the influencing factors of innovation efficiency,this study finds that some countries have the problems of high input and relatively low output,which confirms the existence of the Swedish paradox.
Innovation efficiency is one of the major themes of national innovation system.Starting from the Swedish paradox,this study explores whether the"Swedish paradox"exists in BRICS countries,and tries to answer the problem of incompatibility between output and input in some countries from the perspective of open economy.This study covers 36 major economies.According to the data of these 36 countries from 2013 to 2017,the input-output system of innovation efficiency evaluation is constructed.The technology innovation efficiency,economic innovation efficiency and comprehensive innovation efficiency of these countries in five years are calculated by super-efficiency DEA method,and compare the differences between China and developed countries and ot-her"BRICs".Secondly,Tobit regression analysis is used to find out the influencing factors of innovation efficiency,and the differ-ent influencing factors and influencing mechanism of developed countries,developed small countries and BRICS countries are distinguished by constructing cross-terms.The results show that China's economic innovation efficiency has been performing well for several years in succession,ranking first in 2016,while the efficiency of technological innovation is slightly inadequate,because the output of scientific papers can't match the rapid development of GDP level.Through the calculation of innovation efficiency and the analysis of the influencing factors of innovation efficiency,this study finds that some countries have the problems of high input and relatively low output,which confirms the existence of the Swedish paradox.
引文
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[18]胡智,刘志雄.中国经济开放度的测算与国际比较[J].世界经济研究,2005,(7):10～17.
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[3]Acemoglu D.Why Do New Technologies Complement Skills?Directed Technical Change and Wage Inequality[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1998,113(4):1055～1089.
[4]苏基溶,廖进中.开放条件下的金融发展、技术进步与经济增长[J].世界经济文汇,2009,(5):90～105.
[5]宋京.开放经济下技术进步途径探析[J].亚太经济,2004,(4):79～82.
[6]王苍峰,司传宁.经济开放、技术进步与我国制造业的工资差距[J].南开经济研究,2011,(6):41～54.
[7]王蕙,张武强.创新经济视角下FDI强度与企业自主创新水平的关系——基于联立方程模型与系统估计的实证研究[J].科技进步与对策,2013,30(8):90～94.
[8]Norma M.Rantisi.The Local Innovation System as a Source of‘Variety’:Openness and Adaptability in New York City's Garment District[J].Regional Studies,2002,36(6):587～602.
[9]Rubera G,Griffith D A,Yalcinkaya G.Technological and Design Innovation Effects in Regional New Product Rollouts:A European Illustration[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2012,29(6):1047～1060.
[10]Woerter M,Roper S.Openness and Innovation—Home and Export Demand Effects on Manufacturing Innovation:Panel Data Evidence for Ireland and Switzerland[J].Research Policy,2010,39(1):155～164.
[11]Fuentes R.Openness and Economic Efficiency:Evidence from the Chilean Manufacturing Industry[J].Estudios De Economia,1995,22(2):357～387.
[12]Fu X.How Does Openness Affect the Importance of Incentives for Innovation?[J].Research Policy,2012,41(3):512～523.
[13]Youngim Bae,Hyunjoon Chang.Efficiency and Effectiveness Between Open and Closed Innovation:Empirical Evidence in South Korean Manufacturers[J].Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,2012,24(10):967～980.
[14]魏权龄.数据包络分析(DEA)[J].科学通报,2000,45(17):1793～1808.
[15]张俊芳,郭戎,郭永济.中国无形资产测度及其对科技进步贡献率影响的研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2018,(1):46～54.
[16]徐琼.基于DEA模型的技术效率实证分析——浙江省地区农业效率差异分析[J].宁波大学学报(理工版),2005,18(2):215～218.
[17]郭淡泊,雷家辅,张俊芳,等.国家创新体系效率及影响因素研究——基于DEA-Tobit两步法的分析[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,(2):142～150.
[18]胡智,刘志雄.中国经济开放度的测算与国际比较[J].世界经济研究,2005,(7):10～17.