刚地弓形虫在终末宿主阶段的研究进展
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摘要
弓形虫病在我国人群及动物间广泛流行,感染率逐年上升,危害严重。其原因之一是我国饲养猫及流浪猫的数量不断增加。猫在弓形虫病的传播流行过程中承担重要的角色,它是弓形虫最为常见的终末宿主,在其体内进行有性生殖,产生大量卵囊;饲养猫、接触猫以及接触卵囊感染的水、土壤和食物是人类及动物感染弓形虫病的重要危险因素。但目前缺少有效的治疗药物及预防措施,为探寻有效降低或阻断弓形虫病在我国广泛流行的预防措施,本文分析了弓形虫病在我国猫体内的流行状况及特点,对弓形虫在终末宿主内的发育及卵囊、裂殖子的研究进展进行综述。
Toxoplasmosis is prevalent among people and animals in China. Its sero-prevalence in humans and animals has increased over the years, and toxoplasmosis causes severe harm to humans and animals. One reason for this is the increasing number of domestic cats and stray cats in China. Cats play a critical role in the transmission and outbreaks of toxoplasmosis, and they are the most common definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii sexually reproduces in cats, culminating in the production of oocysts. Keeping cats, touching cats, and contact with water, soil, or food contaminated with oocysts are major risk factors for the transmission of T. gondii to both humans and animals. However, there are no effective drugs and strategies to treat or prevent T. gondii infection yet. In order to explore measures to effectively reduce or/and limit the prevalence of toxoplasmosis throughout China, this review analyses the prevalence and characteristics of T. gondii in cats in China and it summarizes the growth of T. gondii in its definitive host as well as advances in research on oocysts and merozoites.
Toxoplasmosis is prevalent among people and animals in China. Its sero-prevalence in humans and animals has increased over the years, and toxoplasmosis causes severe harm to humans and animals. One reason for this is the increasing number of domestic cats and stray cats in China. Cats play a critical role in the transmission and outbreaks of toxoplasmosis, and they are the most common definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii sexually reproduces in cats, culminating in the production of oocysts. Keeping cats, touching cats, and contact with water, soil, or food contaminated with oocysts are major risk factors for the transmission of T. gondii to both humans and animals. However, there are no effective drugs and strategies to treat or prevent T. gondii infection yet. In order to explore measures to effectively reduce or/and limit the prevalence of toxoplasmosis throughout China, this review analyses the prevalence and characteristics of T. gondii in cats in China and it summarizes the growth of T. gondii in its definitive host as well as advances in research on oocysts and merozoites.
引文
[1]Pan M,Lyu C,Zhao J,et al.Sixty years(1957-2017)of research on toxoplasmosis in china-an overview[J].Front Microbiol.,2017,8(1825):1-16.
[2]Zhou P,Chen Z,Li HL,et al.Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans in China[J].Parasit Vectors,2011,4(1):1-9.
[3]余森海,徐隆祺,蒋则孝,等.第一次全国人体寄生虫分布调查报告I.虫种的地区分布[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,1994,12(4):241-7.
[4]Liu T,Zhang Q,Liu L,et al.Trophoblast apoptosis through polarization of macrophages induced by Chinese Toxoplasma gondii isolates with different virulence in pregnant mice[J].Parasitol Res,2013,112(8):3019-27.
[5]Passeri E,Jones-Brando L,Bordon C,et al.Infection and characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in human induced neurons from patients with brain disorders and healthy controls[J].Microbes Infect,2016,18(2):153-8.
[6]Sutterland AL,Fond G,Kuin A,et al.Beyond the association Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia,bipolar disorder,and addiction:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Acta Psychiatr Scand,2015,132(3):161-79.
[7]Hill DE,Chirukandoth S,Dubey JP,et al.Biology and epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in man and animals[J].Anim Health Res Rev,2005,6(1):41-61.
[8]Grigg ME,Sundar N.Sexual recombination punctuated by outbreaks and clonal expansions predicts Toxoplasma gondii population genetics[J].Int J Parasitol,2009,39(8):925-33.
[9]Ding H,Gao YM,DengY,et al.A systematic review and metaanalysis of the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cats in mainland China[J].Parasit Vectors,2017,10(1):27.
[10]丛伟.人体弓形虫病流行病学调查及家猫感染后转录组和蛋白质组研究[D].吉林:吉林农业大学,2016:1-184.
[11]Gao YM,Ding H,Lamberton PH,et al.Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pet dogs in mainland China:a meta-analysis[J].Vet.Parasitol,2016(229):126-30.
[12]Zhang H,Zhou DH,Zhou P,et al.Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray and household cats in Guangzhou,China[J].Zoonoses Public Health,2009,56(9-10):502-5.
[13]陈杰.上海市猫狗弓形虫病流行病学研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2010,1-66.
[14]Wu SM,Zhu XQ,Zhou DH,et al.Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in household and stray cats in Lanzhou,northwest China[J].Parasit Vectors,2011,4(214):1-4.
[15]Ding H,Gao YM,Deng Y,et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cats in mainland China[J].Parasit Vectors,2017,10(1):27.
[16]Dubey JP.Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans[M].Boca Raton:CRC Press,2010.
[17]Miro G,Montoya A,Jimenez S,et al.Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and intestinal parasites in stray,farm and household cats in Spain[J].Vet Parasitol,2004,126(3):249-55.
[18]Gebremedhin EZ,Tadesse G.A meta-analysis of the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in animals and humans in Ethiopia[J].Parasit Vectors,2015,8(291):1-9.
[19]Must K,Lassen B,Jokelainen P.Seroprevalence of and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats in Estonia[J].Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis,2015,15(10):597-601.
[20]Maruyama S,Kabeya H,Nakao R,et al.Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae,Toxoplasma gondii,FIV and FeLV infections in domestic cats in Japan[J].Microbiol Immunol,2003,47(2):147-53.
[21]Lappin MR,Powell CC.Comparison of latex agglutination,indirect hemagglutination,and ELISA techniques for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in the serum of cats[J].J Vet Int Med,1991,5(5):299-301.
[22]Dubey JP.Comparative infectivity of oocysts and bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii for intermediate(mice)and definitive(cats)hosts[J].Vet Parasitol,2006,140(1-2):69-75.
[23]Dubey JP.Unexpected oocyst shedding by cats fed Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites:in vivo stage conversion and strain variation[J].Vet Parasitol,2005,133(4):289-98.
[24]Dubey JP,Frenkel JK.Cyst-induced toxoplasmosis in cats[J].JProtozool,1972,19(1):155-77.
[25]Zhao GH,Liu Y,Cheng YT,et al.Primary culture of cat intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and the cDNA library construction[J].Acta Parasitol,2018,63(2):360-7.
[26]Ferguson DJ,Henriquez FL,Kirisits MJ,et al.Maternal inheritance and stage-specific variation of the apicoplast in Toxoplasma gondii during development in the intermediate and definitive host[J]..Eukaryot Cell,2005,4(4):814-26.
[27]Speer CA,DubeyJP.Ultrastructural differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii schizonts(types B to E)and gamonts in the intestines of cats fed bradyzoites[J].Int J Parasitol,2005,35(2):193-206.
[28]孔阳光,王凯,杨玉荣.弓形虫在猫科动物小肠上皮细胞内发育过程的研究进展[J]..中国兽医学报,2016,36(10):1809-12.
[29]Dumetre A,Darde ML.How to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples?[J].FEMS Microbiol Rev,2003,27(5):651-61.
[30]Fritz HM,Bowyer PW,Bogyo M,et al.Proteomic analysis of fractionated Toxoplasma oocysts reveals clues to their environmental resistance[J].PLoS One,2012,7(1):e29955.
[31]Zulpo DL,Sammi AS,Dos Santos JR,et al.Toxoplasma gondii:A study of oocyst re-shedding in domestic cats[J].Vet Parasitol,2018(249):17-20.
[32]Dubey JP.Schizogony and gametogony of oocyst-deficient T-263strain of Toxoplasma gondii[J].Vet Parasitol,2017(245):160-2.
[33]Zulpo DL,Igarashi M,Sammi AS,et al.rROP2from Toxoplasma gondii as a potential vaccine against oocyst sheddingin domestic cats[J].Rev Bras Parasitol Vet,2017,26(1):67-73.
[34]Lelu M,Gilot-Fromont E,Aubert D,et al.Development of a sensitive method for Toxoplasma gondii oocyst extraction in soil[J].Vet Parasitol,2011,183(1-2):59-67.
[35]Speer CA,Clark S,Dubey JP.Ultrastructure of the oocysts,sporocysts,and sporozoites of Toxoplasma gondii[J].J Parasitol,1998,84(3):505-12.
[36]Possenti A,Cherchi S,Bertuccini L,et al.Molecular characterisation of a novel family of cysteine-rich proteins of Toxoplasma gondii and ultrastructural evidence of oocyst wall localisation[J].Int J Parasitol,2010,40(14):1639-49.
[37]Salman D,Okuda LH,Ueno A,et al.Evaluation of novel oocyst wall protein candidates of Toxoplasma gondii[J].Parasitol Int,2017,66(5):643-51.
[38]Fritz HM,Bowyer PW,Bogyo M,et al.Proteomic analysis of fractionated Toxoplasma oocysts reveals clues to their environmental resistance[J].PLoS One,2012,7(1):1-14.
[39]Dumètre A,Aubert D,Puech PH,et al.Interaction forces drive the environmental transmission of pathogenic protozoa[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2012,78(4):905-12.
[40]Radke JR,Gubbels MJ,Jerome ME,et al.Identification of a sporozoite-specific member of the Toxoplasma SAG superfamily via genetic complementation[J].Mol Microbiol,2004,52(1):93-105.
[41]Hill D,Coss C,Dubey JP,et al.Identification of a sporozoitespecific antigen fromToxoplasma gondii[J].J Parasitol,2011,97(2):328-37.
[42]Possenti A,Fratini F,Fantozzi L,et al.Global proteomic analysis of the oocyst/sporozoiteof Toxoplasma gondii reveals commitment to a host-independent lifestyle[J].BMC Genomics,2013,14(183):1-18.
[43]Zhou CX,Zhu XQ,Elsheikha HM,et al.Global iTRAQ-based proteomic profiling of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts during sporulation[J].J Proteomics,2016(148):12-9.
[44]Heh AB,Basso WU,Lippuner C,et al.Asexual expansion of Toxoplasma gondii merozoites is distinct from tachyzoites and entails expression of non-overlapping gene families to attach,invade,and replicate within feline enterocytes[J].BMC Genomics,2015,16(66):1-16.
[45]Behnke MS,Zhang TP,Dubey JP,et al.Toxoplasma gondii merozoite gene expression analysis with comparison to the life cycle discloses a unique expression state during enteric development[J].BMC Genomics,2014,15(350):1-17.
[2]Zhou P,Chen Z,Li HL,et al.Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans in China[J].Parasit Vectors,2011,4(1):1-9.
[3]余森海,徐隆祺,蒋则孝,等.第一次全国人体寄生虫分布调查报告I.虫种的地区分布[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,1994,12(4):241-7.
[4]Liu T,Zhang Q,Liu L,et al.Trophoblast apoptosis through polarization of macrophages induced by Chinese Toxoplasma gondii isolates with different virulence in pregnant mice[J].Parasitol Res,2013,112(8):3019-27.
[5]Passeri E,Jones-Brando L,Bordon C,et al.Infection and characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in human induced neurons from patients with brain disorders and healthy controls[J].Microbes Infect,2016,18(2):153-8.
[6]Sutterland AL,Fond G,Kuin A,et al.Beyond the association Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia,bipolar disorder,and addiction:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Acta Psychiatr Scand,2015,132(3):161-79.
[7]Hill DE,Chirukandoth S,Dubey JP,et al.Biology and epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in man and animals[J].Anim Health Res Rev,2005,6(1):41-61.
[8]Grigg ME,Sundar N.Sexual recombination punctuated by outbreaks and clonal expansions predicts Toxoplasma gondii population genetics[J].Int J Parasitol,2009,39(8):925-33.
[9]Ding H,Gao YM,DengY,et al.A systematic review and metaanalysis of the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cats in mainland China[J].Parasit Vectors,2017,10(1):27.
[10]丛伟.人体弓形虫病流行病学调查及家猫感染后转录组和蛋白质组研究[D].吉林:吉林农业大学,2016:1-184.
[11]Gao YM,Ding H,Lamberton PH,et al.Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pet dogs in mainland China:a meta-analysis[J].Vet.Parasitol,2016(229):126-30.
[12]Zhang H,Zhou DH,Zhou P,et al.Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray and household cats in Guangzhou,China[J].Zoonoses Public Health,2009,56(9-10):502-5.
[13]陈杰.上海市猫狗弓形虫病流行病学研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2010,1-66.
[14]Wu SM,Zhu XQ,Zhou DH,et al.Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in household and stray cats in Lanzhou,northwest China[J].Parasit Vectors,2011,4(214):1-4.
[15]Ding H,Gao YM,Deng Y,et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cats in mainland China[J].Parasit Vectors,2017,10(1):27.
[16]Dubey JP.Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans[M].Boca Raton:CRC Press,2010.
[17]Miro G,Montoya A,Jimenez S,et al.Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and intestinal parasites in stray,farm and household cats in Spain[J].Vet Parasitol,2004,126(3):249-55.
[18]Gebremedhin EZ,Tadesse G.A meta-analysis of the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in animals and humans in Ethiopia[J].Parasit Vectors,2015,8(291):1-9.
[19]Must K,Lassen B,Jokelainen P.Seroprevalence of and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats in Estonia[J].Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis,2015,15(10):597-601.
[20]Maruyama S,Kabeya H,Nakao R,et al.Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae,Toxoplasma gondii,FIV and FeLV infections in domestic cats in Japan[J].Microbiol Immunol,2003,47(2):147-53.
[21]Lappin MR,Powell CC.Comparison of latex agglutination,indirect hemagglutination,and ELISA techniques for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in the serum of cats[J].J Vet Int Med,1991,5(5):299-301.
[22]Dubey JP.Comparative infectivity of oocysts and bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii for intermediate(mice)and definitive(cats)hosts[J].Vet Parasitol,2006,140(1-2):69-75.
[23]Dubey JP.Unexpected oocyst shedding by cats fed Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites:in vivo stage conversion and strain variation[J].Vet Parasitol,2005,133(4):289-98.
[24]Dubey JP,Frenkel JK.Cyst-induced toxoplasmosis in cats[J].JProtozool,1972,19(1):155-77.
[25]Zhao GH,Liu Y,Cheng YT,et al.Primary culture of cat intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and the cDNA library construction[J].Acta Parasitol,2018,63(2):360-7.
[26]Ferguson DJ,Henriquez FL,Kirisits MJ,et al.Maternal inheritance and stage-specific variation of the apicoplast in Toxoplasma gondii during development in the intermediate and definitive host[J]..Eukaryot Cell,2005,4(4):814-26.
[27]Speer CA,DubeyJP.Ultrastructural differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii schizonts(types B to E)and gamonts in the intestines of cats fed bradyzoites[J].Int J Parasitol,2005,35(2):193-206.
[28]孔阳光,王凯,杨玉荣.弓形虫在猫科动物小肠上皮细胞内发育过程的研究进展[J]..中国兽医学报,2016,36(10):1809-12.
[29]Dumetre A,Darde ML.How to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples?[J].FEMS Microbiol Rev,2003,27(5):651-61.
[30]Fritz HM,Bowyer PW,Bogyo M,et al.Proteomic analysis of fractionated Toxoplasma oocysts reveals clues to their environmental resistance[J].PLoS One,2012,7(1):e29955.
[31]Zulpo DL,Sammi AS,Dos Santos JR,et al.Toxoplasma gondii:A study of oocyst re-shedding in domestic cats[J].Vet Parasitol,2018(249):17-20.
[32]Dubey JP.Schizogony and gametogony of oocyst-deficient T-263strain of Toxoplasma gondii[J].Vet Parasitol,2017(245):160-2.
[33]Zulpo DL,Igarashi M,Sammi AS,et al.rROP2from Toxoplasma gondii as a potential vaccine against oocyst sheddingin domestic cats[J].Rev Bras Parasitol Vet,2017,26(1):67-73.
[34]Lelu M,Gilot-Fromont E,Aubert D,et al.Development of a sensitive method for Toxoplasma gondii oocyst extraction in soil[J].Vet Parasitol,2011,183(1-2):59-67.
[35]Speer CA,Clark S,Dubey JP.Ultrastructure of the oocysts,sporocysts,and sporozoites of Toxoplasma gondii[J].J Parasitol,1998,84(3):505-12.
[36]Possenti A,Cherchi S,Bertuccini L,et al.Molecular characterisation of a novel family of cysteine-rich proteins of Toxoplasma gondii and ultrastructural evidence of oocyst wall localisation[J].Int J Parasitol,2010,40(14):1639-49.
[37]Salman D,Okuda LH,Ueno A,et al.Evaluation of novel oocyst wall protein candidates of Toxoplasma gondii[J].Parasitol Int,2017,66(5):643-51.
[38]Fritz HM,Bowyer PW,Bogyo M,et al.Proteomic analysis of fractionated Toxoplasma oocysts reveals clues to their environmental resistance[J].PLoS One,2012,7(1):1-14.
[39]Dumètre A,Aubert D,Puech PH,et al.Interaction forces drive the environmental transmission of pathogenic protozoa[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2012,78(4):905-12.
[40]Radke JR,Gubbels MJ,Jerome ME,et al.Identification of a sporozoite-specific member of the Toxoplasma SAG superfamily via genetic complementation[J].Mol Microbiol,2004,52(1):93-105.
[41]Hill D,Coss C,Dubey JP,et al.Identification of a sporozoitespecific antigen fromToxoplasma gondii[J].J Parasitol,2011,97(2):328-37.
[42]Possenti A,Fratini F,Fantozzi L,et al.Global proteomic analysis of the oocyst/sporozoiteof Toxoplasma gondii reveals commitment to a host-independent lifestyle[J].BMC Genomics,2013,14(183):1-18.
[43]Zhou CX,Zhu XQ,Elsheikha HM,et al.Global iTRAQ-based proteomic profiling of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts during sporulation[J].J Proteomics,2016(148):12-9.
[44]Heh AB,Basso WU,Lippuner C,et al.Asexual expansion of Toxoplasma gondii merozoites is distinct from tachyzoites and entails expression of non-overlapping gene families to attach,invade,and replicate within feline enterocytes[J].BMC Genomics,2015,16(66):1-16.
[45]Behnke MS,Zhang TP,Dubey JP,et al.Toxoplasma gondii merozoite gene expression analysis with comparison to the life cycle discloses a unique expression state during enteric development[J].BMC Genomics,2014,15(350):1-17.