青贮饲料中霉菌毒素的产生及对反刍动物健康的影响
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摘要
青贮饲料营养丰富,适口性好,易消化且能够长期保存,是反刍动物日粮中最重要的组成部分之一。青贮饲料在收获、发酵以及取用过程中都有可能受到霉菌毒素的污染,其中主要包括黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马菌素以及其他真菌次级代谢产物。反刍动物摄取发霉青贮饲料,会对其生产性能及健康产生严重影响。加强青贮饲料收获前、青贮过程及饲喂期的管理,对于减少反刍动物饲料中的霉菌毒素污染至关重要。此外,某些霉菌抑制剂或微生物接种剂也可降低毒素的污染水平。本文主要就青贮饲料生产过程中出现的各种霉菌、霉菌毒素以及其对反刍动物健康的影响进行了综述,旨在为控制青贮饲料制作和饲喂过程中霉菌毒素的污染,降低经济损失提供参考。
Silage is nutritious,palatable,easy to digest and can be preserved for a long time,which make it one of the most important components of ruminant diet.In the process of harvesting,fermentation and utilization,the silage is probably to be contaminated by mycotoxins,mainly including aflatoxin B1,zearalenone,deoxynivalenol,ochratoxin A,fumonisin and other fungal secondary metabolites.Moldy silage is consumed by ruminants,which has a serious impact on production performance and health.Strengthening the management of silage before harvest,fermentation process and feeding period is very important for reducing mycotoxin contamination in ruminant diet.In addition,mould inhibitors or microbial inoculants can also reduce the level of mycotoxins contamination.This paper mainly reviewed the various moulds,mycotoxins and their effects on ruminants during silage production.The aim was to provide reference for controlling mycotoxin contamination and reduce economic losses in the process of silage production and feeding.
Silage is nutritious,palatable,easy to digest and can be preserved for a long time,which make it one of the most important components of ruminant diet.In the process of harvesting,fermentation and utilization,the silage is probably to be contaminated by mycotoxins,mainly including aflatoxin B1,zearalenone,deoxynivalenol,ochratoxin A,fumonisin and other fungal secondary metabolites.Moldy silage is consumed by ruminants,which has a serious impact on production performance and health.Strengthening the management of silage before harvest,fermentation process and feeding period is very important for reducing mycotoxin contamination in ruminant diet.In addition,mould inhibitors or microbial inoculants can also reduce the level of mycotoxins contamination.This paper mainly reviewed the various moulds,mycotoxins and their effects on ruminants during silage production.The aim was to provide reference for controlling mycotoxin contamination and reduce economic losses in the process of silage production and feeding.
引文
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[2]张增欣,邵涛.青贮添加剂研究进展[J].草业科学,2006,23(9):56~63.
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[19] Loi M,Fanelli F,Liuzzi V C,et al.Mycotoxin Biotransformation by Native and Commercial Enzymes:Present and Future Perspectives[J].Toxins,2017,9(4):111.
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[25] Munkvold G P.Cultural and genetic approaches to managing mycotoxins in maize[J].Annu Rev Phytopathol,2003,41(4):99~116.
[26] Pereyra M L G,Alonso V A,Sager R,et al.Fungi and selected mycotoxins from pre-and postfermented corn silage[J].J Appl Microbiol 2008,104(4):1034~1041.
[27] Reyneri A.The Role of Climatic Condition on Micotoxin Production in Cereal[J].Vet Res Commun,2006,30(1):87~92.
[28] Richard E,Heutte N,L,Pottier D,et al.Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in mature corn silage[J].Food Chem Toxicol,2007,45(12):2420~2425.
[29] Richard J,Payne G,Desjardins A,et al.Mycotoxins:Risks in plant,animal and human systems[J].AAHE-ERIC/Higher Education Research Report,2003,9(7):48~50.
[30] Scudamore K A,Livesey C T.Occurrence and significance of mycotoxins in forage crops and silage:a review[J].J Sci Food Agr,1998,77(1):1~17.
[31] Storm I D M,So/rensen J L,Rasmussen R R,et al.Mycotoxins in silage[J].Stewart Postharvest Review,2008,4(6):1~12.
[32] Tapiaa M O,Sternb M D,Soracia A L,et al.Patulin-producing molds in corn silage and high moisture corn and effects of patulin on fermentation by ruminal microbes in continuous culture[J].Anim Feed Sci Tech,2015,119(3):247~258.
[33] Teller R S,Schmidt R J,Whitlow L W,et al.Effect of physical damage to ears of corn before harvest and treatment with various additives on the concentration of mycotoxins,silage fermentation,and aerobic stability of corn silage[J].J Dairy Sci,2012,95(3):1428~1436.
[34] Weidenb.orner M.Encyclopedia of Food Mycotoxins[M].Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2001.
[35] Whitlow L W,Hagler W M.Mycotoxins in dairy cattle:Occurrence,toxicity,prevention and treatment[J].2005:124~138.
[36] Zain M E.Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals[J].J Saudi Chem Soc,2011,15(2):129~144.
[2]张增欣,邵涛.青贮添加剂研究进展[J].草业科学,2006,23(9):56~63.
[3]赵雪娇,张立阳,刘帅,等.留茬高度对不同品种全株玉米青贮品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2018:1~8.
[4] Aragon Y A,Rodrigues I,Hofstette U,et al.Mycotoxins in silages:occurrence and prevention[J].Iranian J Appl Anim Sci,2011:1~10.
[5] Bao W,Mi Z,Xu H,et al.Assessing quality of Medicago sativa silage by monitoring bacterial composition with single molecule,real-time sequencing technology and various physiological parameters[J].Sci Rep-Uk,2016,6:1~8.
[6] Bennett J W,Klich M.Mycotoxins[J].Clin Microbiol Rev,2003,16(3):497.
[7] Cavallarin L,Tabacco E,Antoniazzi S,et al.Aflatoxin accumulation in whole crop maize silage as a result of aerobic exposure[J].J Sci Food Agr,2011,91(13):2419~2425.
[8] Cotty P J,Jaimegarcia R.Influences of climate on aflatoxin producing fungi and aflatoxin contamination[J].Int J Food Microbiol,2007,119(1):109~115.
[9] Coulombe R A.Biological action of mycotoxins[J].J Dairy Sci,1993,76(3):880~891.
[10] Diaz D E.mycotoxin blue book[M].United Kingdom:Nottingham University Press,2005.
[11] Driehuis F.Silage and the safety and quality of dairy foods:A review[J].Agr Food Sci,2013,22(1):16~34.
[12] Egal S,Hounsa A,Gong Y Y,et al.Dietary exposure to aflatoxin from maize and groundnut in young children from Benin and Togo,West Africa[J].Int J Food Microbiol,2005,104(2):215.
[13] Fink-Gremmels J.The role of mycotoxins in the health and performance of dairy cows[J].Vet J,2008,176(1):84~92.
[14] Finkgremmels J,Diaz D E.Mycotoxins in forages.In:Diaz,D.E.(Ed.),The Mycotoxin Blue Book[M].Nottingham,UK:Nottingham University Press,2007.
[15] Gallo A,Bertuzzi T,Giuberti G,et al.New assessment based on the use of principal factor analysis to investigate corn silage quality from nutritional traits,fermentation end products and mycotoxins[J].J Sci Food Agr,2016,96(2):437~448.
[16] Gallo A,Giuberti G,Frisvad J C,et al.Review on Mycotoxin Issues in Ruminants:Occurrence in Forages,Effects of Mycotoxin Ingestion on Health Status and Animal Performance and Practical Strategies to Counteract Their Negative Effects[J].Toxins,2015,7(8):3057~3111.
[17] Hussein H S,Brasel J M.Toxicity,metabolism,and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals[J].Toxicology,2001,167(2):101~134.
[18] Johansson M,Emmoth E,Salomonsson A C,et al.Potential risks when spreading anaerobic digestion residues on grass silage crops–survival of bacteria,moulds and viruses[J].Grass Forage Sci,2010,60(2):175~185.
[19] Loi M,Fanelli F,Liuzzi V C,et al.Mycotoxin Biotransformation by Native and Commercial Enzymes:Present and Future Perspectives[J].Toxins,2017,9(4):111.
[20] Magan N,Aldred D.Post-harvest control strategies:minimizing mycotoxins in the food chain[J].Int J Food Microbiol,2007,119(2):131~139.
[21] Mansfield M A,De Wolf E D,Kuldau G A.Relationships between weather conditions,agronomic practices,and fermentation characteristics with deoxynivalenol content in fresh and ensiled maize[J].Plant Dis,2007,89(11):1151~1157.
[22] Mansfield M A,Jones A D,Kuldau G A.Contamination of fresh and ensiled maize by multiple penicillium mycotoxins[J].Phytopathology,2008,98(3):330~336.
[23] Mansfield M A,Kuldau G A.Microbiological and molecular determination of mycobiota in fresh and ensiled maize silage[J].Mycologia,2007,99(2):269~278.
[24] Mcdonald P,Henderson A R,Heron S J E.The Biochemistry of Silage[M].Ed Chalcombe Publ,1991.
[25] Munkvold G P.Cultural and genetic approaches to managing mycotoxins in maize[J].Annu Rev Phytopathol,2003,41(4):99~116.
[26] Pereyra M L G,Alonso V A,Sager R,et al.Fungi and selected mycotoxins from pre-and postfermented corn silage[J].J Appl Microbiol 2008,104(4):1034~1041.
[27] Reyneri A.The Role of Climatic Condition on Micotoxin Production in Cereal[J].Vet Res Commun,2006,30(1):87~92.
[28] Richard E,Heutte N,L,Pottier D,et al.Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in mature corn silage[J].Food Chem Toxicol,2007,45(12):2420~2425.
[29] Richard J,Payne G,Desjardins A,et al.Mycotoxins:Risks in plant,animal and human systems[J].AAHE-ERIC/Higher Education Research Report,2003,9(7):48~50.
[30] Scudamore K A,Livesey C T.Occurrence and significance of mycotoxins in forage crops and silage:a review[J].J Sci Food Agr,1998,77(1):1~17.
[31] Storm I D M,So/rensen J L,Rasmussen R R,et al.Mycotoxins in silage[J].Stewart Postharvest Review,2008,4(6):1~12.
[32] Tapiaa M O,Sternb M D,Soracia A L,et al.Patulin-producing molds in corn silage and high moisture corn and effects of patulin on fermentation by ruminal microbes in continuous culture[J].Anim Feed Sci Tech,2015,119(3):247~258.
[33] Teller R S,Schmidt R J,Whitlow L W,et al.Effect of physical damage to ears of corn before harvest and treatment with various additives on the concentration of mycotoxins,silage fermentation,and aerobic stability of corn silage[J].J Dairy Sci,2012,95(3):1428~1436.
[34] Weidenb.orner M.Encyclopedia of Food Mycotoxins[M].Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2001.
[35] Whitlow L W,Hagler W M.Mycotoxins in dairy cattle:Occurrence,toxicity,prevention and treatment[J].2005:124~138.
[36] Zain M E.Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals[J].J Saudi Chem Soc,2011,15(2):129~144.