长三角地区城市O_3和PM_(2.5)污染特征及影响因素分析
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摘要
O_3和PM_(2.5)是影响长三角地区空气质量的主要污染物。利用2016年33个城市大气环境监测站6项污染物的小时浓度及4个省会城市的气象数据进行统计分析,研究了该地区O_3和PM_(2.5)浓度的时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:长三角地区O_3年平均浓度为50～73μg·m~(-3),平均为61μg·m~(-3);除芜湖和宣城外,其余31城市均存在不同程度的超标状况,超标率为0.34%～18.86%,平均为5.68%。O_3在5月和9月达到浓度高值;四季O_3日变化均呈单峰型,峰值出现在15∶00,夏季O_3峰值浓度最高值为157μg·m~(-3)。O_3浓度沿海城市整体高于内陆城市;夏季宿迁—淮安—滁州片区O_3污染较重。O_3与NO_2、CO显著负相关,且与NO_2相关性较强;O_3与气温、日照时数显著正相关,与相对湿度、降水呈负相关。PM_(2.5)年平均浓度在25～62μg·m~(-3)范围内,平均为49μg·m~(-3);各城市均出现PM_(2.5)超标,滁州PM_(2.5)超标率最大,为23.91%。PM_(2.5)在3月和12、1月达到浓度峰值;其日变化呈双峰型,09∶00—10∶00和22∶00—23∶00达到峰值。冬季徐州PM_(2.5)浓度最高,为102μg·m~(-3)。PM_(2.5)与NO_2、CO、SO_2、PM_(10)显著正相关,与气温、风速、降水负相关。
O_3 and PM_(2.5) are the main pollutants that affect the air quality in Yangtze River Delta. To investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of O_3 and PM_(2.5) and its impact factors, the hourly concentrations of six pollutants and meteorological data collected at atmospheric environment monitoring stations in 33 cities and the meteorological data of four provincial cities in Yangtze River Delta in 2016 were analyzed. The results are shown as follows. The annual concentration of O_3 ranged from 50 μg·m~(-3 )to 73 μg·m~(-3) with an average of 61 μg·m~(-3) in Yangtze River Delta. The O_3 concentrations in 31 cites exceeded the standard to different degrees except Wuhu and Xuancheng in the region. The O_3 exceedance rate ranged from 0.34% to 18.86% with an average of 5.68%. The monthly average concentration of O_3 reached high values in May and September. The diurnal variation of O_3 concentration shows a single peak distribution, with the peak value appearing around 15∶00 in all the seasons. The highest peak value was 157 μg·m~(-3) in summer. The O_3 concentrations in coastal cities were generally higher than those in inland cities. Suqian-Huai'an-Chuzhou region was more severely polluted in summer. O_3 was negatively correlated with NO_2 and CO, and the correlation was strong with NO_2. O_3 was positively associated with temperature and sunshine duration while it was negatively correlated with relative humidity and rainfall. The annual concentration of PM_(2.5) ranged from 25 μg·m~(-3) to 62 μg·m~(-3) with an average of 49 μg·m~(-3). The concentrations of PM_(2.5 )in all cites exceeded the standard, with the highest exceedance rate as 23.91% in Chuzhou. The monthly concentration of PM_(2.5) peaked in March and December or January. The diurnal variation of PM_(2.5) showed two peaks in all the seasons at around 09∶00 to 10∶00 and 22∶00 to 23∶00. In winter, the highest concentration of PM_(2.5) was 102 μg·m~(-3) in Xuzhou. PM_(2.5 ) had a significantly positive correlation with NO_2, CO, SO_(2 ) and PM_(10), while it was negatively correlated with temperature, wind speed and rainfall.
O_3 and PM_(2.5) are the main pollutants that affect the air quality in Yangtze River Delta. To investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of O_3 and PM_(2.5) and its impact factors, the hourly concentrations of six pollutants and meteorological data collected at atmospheric environment monitoring stations in 33 cities and the meteorological data of four provincial cities in Yangtze River Delta in 2016 were analyzed. The results are shown as follows. The annual concentration of O_3 ranged from 50 μg·m~(-3 )to 73 μg·m~(-3) with an average of 61 μg·m~(-3) in Yangtze River Delta. The O_3 concentrations in 31 cites exceeded the standard to different degrees except Wuhu and Xuancheng in the region. The O_3 exceedance rate ranged from 0.34% to 18.86% with an average of 5.68%. The monthly average concentration of O_3 reached high values in May and September. The diurnal variation of O_3 concentration shows a single peak distribution, with the peak value appearing around 15∶00 in all the seasons. The highest peak value was 157 μg·m~(-3) in summer. The O_3 concentrations in coastal cities were generally higher than those in inland cities. Suqian-Huai'an-Chuzhou region was more severely polluted in summer. O_3 was negatively correlated with NO_2 and CO, and the correlation was strong with NO_2. O_3 was positively associated with temperature and sunshine duration while it was negatively correlated with relative humidity and rainfall. The annual concentration of PM_(2.5) ranged from 25 μg·m~(-3) to 62 μg·m~(-3) with an average of 49 μg·m~(-3). The concentrations of PM_(2.5 )in all cites exceeded the standard, with the highest exceedance rate as 23.91% in Chuzhou. The monthly concentration of PM_(2.5) peaked in March and December or January. The diurnal variation of PM_(2.5) showed two peaks in all the seasons at around 09∶00 to 10∶00 and 22∶00 to 23∶00. In winter, the highest concentration of PM_(2.5) was 102 μg·m~(-3) in Xuzhou. PM_(2.5 ) had a significantly positive correlation with NO_2, CO, SO_(2 ) and PM_(10), while it was negatively correlated with temperature, wind speed and rainfall.
引文
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[2] DING A J,FU C B,YANG X Q,et al.Ozone and fine particle in the western Yangtze River Delta:an overview of 1 yr.data at the SORPES station.Atmos.Chem.Phys.,2013,13(11):5813-5830.
[3] 杨俊梅,李培仁,李义宇,等.南京北郊O3、NO2和SO2变化特征分析.气象与环境学报,2014,30(3):66-70.YANG Junmei,LI Peiren,LI Yiyu,et al.Characteristics of SO2,NO2 and O3 in the northern suburb of Nanjing.Journal of meteorology and Environment (in Chinese),2014,30(3):66-70.
[4] 张纬,郭胜利,申付振,等.南京地区PM2.5和PM10浓度分布特征及与相关气象条件的关系.科学技术与工程,2016,16(4):124-129.ZHANG Wei,GUO Shengli,SHEN Fuzhen,et al.The relationship between the distribution characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 in Nanjing area and meteorological conditions.Science Technology and Engineering (in Chinese),2016,16(4):124-129.
[5] 易睿,王亚林,张殷俊,等.长江三角洲地区城市臭氧污染特征与影响因素分析.环境科学学报,2015,35(8):2370-2377.YI Rui,WANG Yalin,ZHANG Yinjun,et al.Pollution characteristics and influence factors of ozone in Yangtze River Delta.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae (in Chinese),2015,35(8):2370-2377.
[6] 胡森林,刘红年.合肥市PM2.5对城市辐射和气温的影响.气象科学,2017,37(1):78-85.HU Senlin,LIU Hongnian.Effects of PM2.5 on the urban radiation and air temperature in Hefei.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences (in Chinese),2017,37(1):78-85.
[7] Tai A P K,Mickley L J,Jacob D J.Correlations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and meteorological variables in the United States:implications for the sensitivity of PM2.5 to climate change.Atmos.Environ.,2010,44(32):3976-3984.
[8] 花艳,潘良宝,汤莉莉,等.南京霾天颗粒物数浓度特征及其受气象条件影响分析.气象科学,2017,37(3):385-393.HUA Yan,PAN Liangbao,TANG Lili,et al.Characteristics of the particulate number concentration and association with meteorological conditions during winter haze episode in Nanjing.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences (in Chinese),2017,37(3):385-393.
[9] 安静宇,李莉,黄成,等.2013年1月中国东部地区重污染过程中上海市细颗粒物的来源追踪模拟研究.环境科学学报,2014,34(10):2635-2644.AN Jingyu,LI Li,HUANG Cheng,et al.Source apportionment of the fine particulate matter in Shanghai during the heavy haze episode in eastern China in January 2013.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae (in Chinese),2014,34(10):2635-2644.
[10] 樊曙先,徐建强,郑有飞,等.南京市气溶胶PM2.5一次来源解析.气象科学,2005,25(6):587-593.FAN Shuxian,XU Jianqiang,ZHENG Youfei,et al.A sources apportionment of aerosols PM2.5 over the urban and suburb areas of Nanjing.Scientia Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese),2005,25(6):587-593.
[11] LIN Chuanyao,WANG Zifa,Chou C C K,et al.A numerical study of an autumn high ozone episode over southwestern Taiwan.Atmos.Environ.,2007,41(17):3684-3701.
[12] 张凯杨,许春晓,崔桂香,等.城市热岛成因及其对污染物扩散影响的数值模拟.气象与环境学报,2007,23(3):10-14.ZHANG Kaiyang,XU Chunxiao,CUI Guixiang,et al.Numerical simulation of urban heat island evolution and its effect on pollutant transport.Journal of Meteorology and Environment (in Chinese),2007,23(3):10-14.
[13] 马雁军,王扬锋,刘宁微.辽宁中部城市群主要大气污染物时空分布特征的数值模拟.气象与环境学报,2006,22(2):6-10.MA Yanjun,WANG Yangfeng,LIU Ningwei.Numerical simulation on temporal and spatial distributions of air pollutants over the middle multi-cities of Liaoning.Journal of Meteorology and Environment (in Chinese),2006,22(2):6-10.
[14] TIE Xuexi,GENG Fuhai,PENG Li,et al.Measurement and modeling of O3 variability in Shanghai,China:application of the WRF-Chem model.Atmos.Environ.,2009,43(28):4289-4302.
[15] HE Hui,TIE Xuexi,ZHANG Qiang,et al.Analysis of the causes of heavy aerosol pollution in Beijing,China:a case study with the WRF-Chem model.Particuology,2015,20:32-40.
[16] 崔岩,李彦群.智能电能表测量结果异常值的判别和剔除方法研究.陕西电力,2012,40(10):78-80.CUI Yan,LI Yanqun.Probe into discrimination and elimination method for abnormal values of smart electric energy meter measurement results.Shaanxi Electric Power (in Chinese),2012,40(10):78-80.
[17] 叶川,伍川辉,张嘉怡.计量测试中异常数据剔除方法比较.计量与测试技术,2007,34(7):26-27.YE Chuan,WU Chuanhui,ZHANG Jiayi.Comparision about how to get rid of abnormal data in metrology & measurement.Metrology & Measurement Technique (in Chinese),2007,34(7):26-27.
[18] 杨婧,辛明勇,欧家祥,等.基于拉依达准则的计量自动化系统数据准确性判断方法.电力大数据,2017,20(11):74-78.YANG Jing,XIN Mingyong,OU Jiaxiang,et al.Data accuracy judgment method of metrology automation system based on La Yida criterion.Power Systems and Big Data (in Chinese),2017,20(11):74-78.
[19] 朱海,高胜峰,蔡鹏,等.基于拉依达准则的自适应小波阈值选取方法.海洋技术学报,2016,35(4):50-54.ZHU Hai,GAO Shengfeng,CAI Peng,et al.Study on the self-adaptive wavelet threshold selection method based on the Pauta criterion.Journal of Ocean Technology (in Chinese),2016,35(4):50-54.
[20] 张敏,袁辉.拉依达(PaūTa)准则与异常值剔除.郑州工业大学学报,1997,18(1):84-88.ZHANG Min,YUAN Hui.The PaūTa criterion and rejecting the abnormal value.Journal of Zhengzhou University of Technology (in Chinese),1997,18(1):84-88.
[21] 刘芷君,谢小训,谢旻,等.长江三角洲地区臭氧污染时空分布特征.生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(3):445-450.LIU Zhijun,XIE Xiaoxun,XIE Min,et al.Spatio-temporal distribution of ozone pollution over Yangtze River delta region.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment (in Chinese),2016,32(3):445-450.
[22] 黄成,陈长虹,李莉,等.长江三角洲地区人为源大气污染物排放特征研究.环境科学学报,2011,31(9):1858-1871.HUANG Cheng,CHEN Changhong,LI Li,et al.Anthropogenic air pollutant emission characteristics in the Yangtze River delta region,China.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae (in Chinese),2011,31(9):1858-1871.
[23] 陈优良,陶天慧,丁鹏.长江三角洲城市群空气质量时空分布特征.长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(5):687-697.CHEN Youliang,TAO Tianhui,DING Peng.Spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of air quality in the urban agglomeration of the Yangtze River Delta.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin (in Chinese),2017,26(5):687-697.
[24] 王昂扬,潘岳,童岩冰.长三角主要城市空气污染时空分布特征研究.环境保护科学,2015,41(5):131-136.WANG Angyang,PAN Yue,TONG Yanbing.Research of temporal and spatial distribution of air pollution in the major cities of the Yangtze River Delta.Environmental Protection Science (in Chinese),2015,41(5):131-136.
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