藏族村落地名的空间格局、生成机制与保护策略——以甘南藏族自治州夏河县为例
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摘要
地名是特定空间上自然或人文地理实体的专有名称。村落地名作为文化景观的重要组成部分,记录着多元文化信息,也是集体记忆的重要载体。研究村落地名的空间格局、生成机制与保护策略,对于传承乡土文脉具有深远的价值。以甘南州夏河县藏族村落为例,应用GIS核密度估计法刻画了地名的空间格局,从文化景观视角出发解读了藏族村落地名的类型和生成机制。研究表明:以文化型为主、自然型为辅、复合型补充的地名体系是藏族村落命名的基本范式;映射出深厚的自然性基因、恋地性基因、记述性基因和关系性基因等文化景观特质;环境指向、族源沿袭、信仰认同和区际交融是藏族村落地名生成的源发力量。制定地名保护名录、建立地名标识系统是藏族村落地名保护的当务之急。
Place names refer to proper terms of both physical and human geographic entities in certain spaces. Village names, as an important part of cultural landscape, are carriers of multicultural information and collective memories. The research on the spatial patterns,generative mechanism and protective strategies of village names is of profound significance to inheritance of native culture. Taking villages in Xiahe county, Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture as examples and applying to GIS kernel density estimation, this paper describes the spatial patterns of Tibetan village names and interprets their classification and generative mechanism from the perspective of culture landscape. The research suggests the three categories constitute the basic paradigm of Tibetan village name system, with the names of nature as the major part, the names of culture as the minor part and the names of mixed mode as supplements, which reflects some essential features of cultural landscape such as the feature of nature, the feature of topophilia, the feature of description and the feature of interrelationship. It is also shown that the environment orientation, ethnic inheritance, belief identity and interregional blending are the driving forces for the genesis of Tibetan village names. To protect Tibetan village names, the top priorities are making a dictionary of protection and establishing an identification system of place names.
Place names refer to proper terms of both physical and human geographic entities in certain spaces. Village names, as an important part of cultural landscape, are carriers of multicultural information and collective memories. The research on the spatial patterns,generative mechanism and protective strategies of village names is of profound significance to inheritance of native culture. Taking villages in Xiahe county, Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture as examples and applying to GIS kernel density estimation, this paper describes the spatial patterns of Tibetan village names and interprets their classification and generative mechanism from the perspective of culture landscape. The research suggests the three categories constitute the basic paradigm of Tibetan village name system, with the names of nature as the major part, the names of culture as the minor part and the names of mixed mode as supplements, which reflects some essential features of cultural landscape such as the feature of nature, the feature of topophilia, the feature of description and the feature of interrelationship. It is also shown that the environment orientation, ethnic inheritance, belief identity and interregional blending are the driving forces for the genesis of Tibetan village names. To protect Tibetan village names, the top priorities are making a dictionary of protection and establishing an identification system of place names.
引文
[1]中国大百科全书总编辑委员会《地理学》编辑委员会编.中国大百科全书.地理学·地名条.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1992.[Edited by the Editorial Committee of Geography of the Encyclopedia of China Encyclopedia.Chinese Encyclopedia:Geography:Toponymy.Beijing:China Encyclopedia Publishing House,1992.]
[2]朱蓉,吴尧.城市·记忆·形态:心理学与社会学视维中的历史文化保护与发展.南京:东南大学出版社,2013.[Zhu Rong,Wu Yao.City,Memory,Form:Preservation and Development of History and Culture in the Perspective of Psychology and Sociology.Nanjing:Southeast University Press,2013.]
[3]Wang Fahui,John Hartmann,Wei Luo,et al.GIS-based spatial analysis of Tai place names in southern China:An exploratory study of methodology.Geographic Information Sciences,2006,12(1):1-9.
[4]王法辉,王冠雄,李小娟.广西壮语地名分布与演化的GIS分析.地理研究,2013,32(3):487-496.[Wang Fahui,Wang Guanxiong,Li Xiaojuan.GIS-based spatial analysis of Zhuang place names in Guangxi,China.Geographical Research,2013,32(3):487-496.]
[5]王彬,司徒尚纪.基于GIS的广东地名景观分析.地理研究,2007,26(2):238-248.[Wang Bin,Situ shangji.Analysis of spatial characteristics of place names landscape based on GIS technology in Guangdong province.Geographical Research,2007,26(2):238-248.]
[6]郑佳佳.通往文化空间消费的地名:云南红河哈尼梯田核心区地名标识的人类学考察.北方民族大学学报,2017,29(3):49-54.[Zheng Jiajia.Leading to cultural space consumption of place names:An anthropological study of the place names in the core area of red river Hani terrace.Journal of Beifang University of Nationalities,2017,29(3):49-54.]
[7]陈荣泽.藏语方言的分布格局及其形成的历史地理人文背景.中央民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2016,43(2):128-134.[Cheng Rongze.The distribution pattern of Tibetan dialect and its historical and cultural background.Journal of Minzu University of China:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition,2016,43(2):128-134.]
[8]叶拉太.敦煌古藏文吐蕃地名由来及对藏族地名的影响.青海民族大学学报:社会科学版,2014,40(4):58-65.[Ye Latai.The origin of Tubo topongm of Dunhuang ancient Tibetan literature and its influence on Tibetan topongm.Journal of Qinghai Nationalities Institute:Social Sciences,2014,40(4):58-65.]
[9]仁增.藏语地名汉译规范化研究.中国藏学,2015,28(4):158-168.[Ren Zeng.A study on the standardization of Chinese translation of Tibetan geographical names.China Tibetology,2015,28(4):158-168.]
[10]刘铁程.甘松芳草的地名记录及汉、藏文化交流.中国历史地理论丛,2016,31(4):143-152.[Liu Tiecheng.A land full of fragrance:Place names of fragrance and cultural exchange in Sino-Tibetan borderland.Journal of Chinese Historical Geography,2016,31(4):143-152.]
[11]王长松,陈喜波,韩光辉.城镇地名规划研究:以北京通州、大兴和平谷新城为例.城市发展研究,2013,21(8):26-29.[Wang Changsong,Cheng Xibo,Han Guanghui.Research on the urban toponym planning:A case study on Beijing new cities of Tongzhou,Daxing and Pinggu.Urban Development Studies,2013,21(8):26-29.]
[12]Wraith M J.Topophilia:A study of environmental perception,attitudes and values.Leonardo,1974,9(2):313.
[13]曹帅强,邓运员.非物质文化遗产景观基因的挖掘及其意象特征:以湖南省为例.经济地理,2014,34(11):185-192.[Cao Shuaiqiang,Deng Yunyuan.Imagery pattern of intangible cultural heritage landscape gene mining:In Hunan province.Economic Geography,2014,34(11):185-192.]
[14]胡最,刘沛林.中国传统聚落景观基因组图谱特征.地理学报,2015,70(10):1592-1605.[Hu Zhui,Liu Peilin.The conceptual model and characterizations of landscape genome maps of traditional settlements in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(10):1592-1605.]
[15]黄奋生.藏族史略.北京:民族出版社,1985.[Huang Fensheng.Brief History of Tibetan.Beijing:National Press,1985.]
[16]严永孝.甘南藏区藏传佛教的寺院文化研究.兰州:西北民族大学硕士学位论文,2007.[Yan Yongxiao.Research of the temple cultural of Tibetan Buddhism in Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture.Lanzhou:Master Dissertation of Northwest University,2007.]
[17]张旭辉.甘南藏区回族产生与发展的历史沿革.鸡西大学学报:综合版,2014,14(3):59-61.[Zhang Xuhui.History of the Hui nationality in Gannan Tibetan areas.Journal of Jixi University:Comprehensive Edition,2014,14(3):59-61.]
[18]索代.夏河县志.兰州:甘肃文化出版社,1999.[Suo Dai.Xiahe County.Lanzhou:Gansu Culture Press,1999.]
[19]王录仓,李巍.藏族部落-寺院-村落“共生”效应研究:以甘南州碌曲县为例.经济地理,2015,35(4):135-141.[Wang Lucang,Li Wei."Symbiotic"effect of tibetan tribe-tibetan buddhist temples-rural settlement:A case study in Luqu,Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture.Economic Geography,2015,35(4):135-141.]
[20]王长松,马千里.基于地名变迁的北京村落时空分布研究.干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(7):18-23.[Wang Changsong,Ma Qianli.Temporal-spatial distribution of villages in Beijing based on toponym change.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(7):18-23.]
[21]更敦阿错.云南藏区藏语地名与地域文化.西藏研究,2017,37(2):97-102.[Gengdun A-cuo.Place names and its regional culture of Tibetan regions in Yunnan.Tibetan Studies,2017,37(2):97-102.]
[22]华侃.藏族地名的文化历史背景及其与语言学有关的问题.西北民族研究,2001,15(3):104-112.[Hua Kan.The historical and cultural background of the names of Tibetan locations and some problems related to them.Northwestern Journal of Ethnology,2001,15(3):104-112.]
(1)赛赤为藏传佛教寺院神职,意为宗喀巴金座的继承人。
(2)塔哇原意为寺院倒灰的人,可引申为寺院倒灰的人居住的村庄或寺院周边的村庄。
(3)加尔高原意为寺院周边的商贩,可引申为院周边的商贩居住的村庄。
[2]朱蓉,吴尧.城市·记忆·形态:心理学与社会学视维中的历史文化保护与发展.南京:东南大学出版社,2013.[Zhu Rong,Wu Yao.City,Memory,Form:Preservation and Development of History and Culture in the Perspective of Psychology and Sociology.Nanjing:Southeast University Press,2013.]
[3]Wang Fahui,John Hartmann,Wei Luo,et al.GIS-based spatial analysis of Tai place names in southern China:An exploratory study of methodology.Geographic Information Sciences,2006,12(1):1-9.
[4]王法辉,王冠雄,李小娟.广西壮语地名分布与演化的GIS分析.地理研究,2013,32(3):487-496.[Wang Fahui,Wang Guanxiong,Li Xiaojuan.GIS-based spatial analysis of Zhuang place names in Guangxi,China.Geographical Research,2013,32(3):487-496.]
[5]王彬,司徒尚纪.基于GIS的广东地名景观分析.地理研究,2007,26(2):238-248.[Wang Bin,Situ shangji.Analysis of spatial characteristics of place names landscape based on GIS technology in Guangdong province.Geographical Research,2007,26(2):238-248.]
[6]郑佳佳.通往文化空间消费的地名:云南红河哈尼梯田核心区地名标识的人类学考察.北方民族大学学报,2017,29(3):49-54.[Zheng Jiajia.Leading to cultural space consumption of place names:An anthropological study of the place names in the core area of red river Hani terrace.Journal of Beifang University of Nationalities,2017,29(3):49-54.]
[7]陈荣泽.藏语方言的分布格局及其形成的历史地理人文背景.中央民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2016,43(2):128-134.[Cheng Rongze.The distribution pattern of Tibetan dialect and its historical and cultural background.Journal of Minzu University of China:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition,2016,43(2):128-134.]
[8]叶拉太.敦煌古藏文吐蕃地名由来及对藏族地名的影响.青海民族大学学报:社会科学版,2014,40(4):58-65.[Ye Latai.The origin of Tubo topongm of Dunhuang ancient Tibetan literature and its influence on Tibetan topongm.Journal of Qinghai Nationalities Institute:Social Sciences,2014,40(4):58-65.]
[9]仁增.藏语地名汉译规范化研究.中国藏学,2015,28(4):158-168.[Ren Zeng.A study on the standardization of Chinese translation of Tibetan geographical names.China Tibetology,2015,28(4):158-168.]
[10]刘铁程.甘松芳草的地名记录及汉、藏文化交流.中国历史地理论丛,2016,31(4):143-152.[Liu Tiecheng.A land full of fragrance:Place names of fragrance and cultural exchange in Sino-Tibetan borderland.Journal of Chinese Historical Geography,2016,31(4):143-152.]
[11]王长松,陈喜波,韩光辉.城镇地名规划研究:以北京通州、大兴和平谷新城为例.城市发展研究,2013,21(8):26-29.[Wang Changsong,Cheng Xibo,Han Guanghui.Research on the urban toponym planning:A case study on Beijing new cities of Tongzhou,Daxing and Pinggu.Urban Development Studies,2013,21(8):26-29.]
[12]Wraith M J.Topophilia:A study of environmental perception,attitudes and values.Leonardo,1974,9(2):313.
[13]曹帅强,邓运员.非物质文化遗产景观基因的挖掘及其意象特征:以湖南省为例.经济地理,2014,34(11):185-192.[Cao Shuaiqiang,Deng Yunyuan.Imagery pattern of intangible cultural heritage landscape gene mining:In Hunan province.Economic Geography,2014,34(11):185-192.]
[14]胡最,刘沛林.中国传统聚落景观基因组图谱特征.地理学报,2015,70(10):1592-1605.[Hu Zhui,Liu Peilin.The conceptual model and characterizations of landscape genome maps of traditional settlements in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(10):1592-1605.]
[15]黄奋生.藏族史略.北京:民族出版社,1985.[Huang Fensheng.Brief History of Tibetan.Beijing:National Press,1985.]
[16]严永孝.甘南藏区藏传佛教的寺院文化研究.兰州:西北民族大学硕士学位论文,2007.[Yan Yongxiao.Research of the temple cultural of Tibetan Buddhism in Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture.Lanzhou:Master Dissertation of Northwest University,2007.]
[17]张旭辉.甘南藏区回族产生与发展的历史沿革.鸡西大学学报:综合版,2014,14(3):59-61.[Zhang Xuhui.History of the Hui nationality in Gannan Tibetan areas.Journal of Jixi University:Comprehensive Edition,2014,14(3):59-61.]
[18]索代.夏河县志.兰州:甘肃文化出版社,1999.[Suo Dai.Xiahe County.Lanzhou:Gansu Culture Press,1999.]
[19]王录仓,李巍.藏族部落-寺院-村落“共生”效应研究:以甘南州碌曲县为例.经济地理,2015,35(4):135-141.[Wang Lucang,Li Wei."Symbiotic"effect of tibetan tribe-tibetan buddhist temples-rural settlement:A case study in Luqu,Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture.Economic Geography,2015,35(4):135-141.]
[20]王长松,马千里.基于地名变迁的北京村落时空分布研究.干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(7):18-23.[Wang Changsong,Ma Qianli.Temporal-spatial distribution of villages in Beijing based on toponym change.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(7):18-23.]
[21]更敦阿错.云南藏区藏语地名与地域文化.西藏研究,2017,37(2):97-102.[Gengdun A-cuo.Place names and its regional culture of Tibetan regions in Yunnan.Tibetan Studies,2017,37(2):97-102.]
[22]华侃.藏族地名的文化历史背景及其与语言学有关的问题.西北民族研究,2001,15(3):104-112.[Hua Kan.The historical and cultural background of the names of Tibetan locations and some problems related to them.Northwestern Journal of Ethnology,2001,15(3):104-112.]
(1)赛赤为藏传佛教寺院神职,意为宗喀巴金座的继承人。
(2)塔哇原意为寺院倒灰的人,可引申为寺院倒灰的人居住的村庄或寺院周边的村庄。
(3)加尔高原意为寺院周边的商贩,可引申为院周边的商贩居住的村庄。