两种火蚁与黑头酸臭蚁上颚形态及其超微结构观察
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摘要
应用扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察了红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren、热带火蚁Solenopsis geminata Fabricius和黑头酸臭蚁Tapinoma melanocephalum Fabricius的上颚类型及形态特征。头宽和上颚长度测量结果表明:两种火蚁的头宽和上颚大小具有连续性特征,黑头酸臭蚁工蚁仅1个类型,3种蚂蚁中黑头酸臭蚁的上颚最小,其前端具4个锋利切齿叶,后部有一排小而钝的臼齿叶,上颚内缘较光滑。在形态上,红火蚁的大、中、小型工蚁与热带火蚁工蚁的上颚区别不大,表面纹理光滑,都具4个锋利小齿,上颚内缘也比较光滑;热带火蚁兵蚁上颚仅3个小齿且较钝,其上颚内缘凹面比两种火蚁工蚁的深且纹理粗糙,推测红火蚁工蚁不仅用于筑巢,还用于防御,而热带火蚁兵蚁的强壮上颚可能主要用于磨碎食物,而非保卫蚁巢。
Mandibular shape of two invasive fire ants,Solenopsis invicta,Solenopsis geminata and a native ant Tapinoma melanocephalum were observed by light microscope and scanning electron microscopy( SEM). The head width and mandible size were polymorphism and widened progressively in two invasive species, while no significant difference was found in those parameters among individuals of T. melanocephalum. The T. melanocephalum has the smallest mandibles in the three types of species. It included four sharp incisor lobes,numbers of small and obtuse incisor lobes,smooth texture of ventral regions. There was no morphological difference in major,medium,minor workers of S. invicta and S.geminate mandibles. The mandibles of three sizes of workers included four sharp small teeth,with smooth texture of ventral regions. S. geminata soldier mandibles were different from workers because of blunt small teeth,relatively deep inner concave margin and rough texture of ventral regions. It was speculated that hardness mandibles of S. invicta were evolved in relation to colony founding and defending,while mandibles of S. geminata soldier were mainly related to food grinding,instead of colony defending.
Mandibular shape of two invasive fire ants,Solenopsis invicta,Solenopsis geminata and a native ant Tapinoma melanocephalum were observed by light microscope and scanning electron microscopy( SEM). The head width and mandible size were polymorphism and widened progressively in two invasive species, while no significant difference was found in those parameters among individuals of T. melanocephalum. The T. melanocephalum has the smallest mandibles in the three types of species. It included four sharp incisor lobes,numbers of small and obtuse incisor lobes,smooth texture of ventral regions. There was no morphological difference in major,medium,minor workers of S. invicta and S.geminate mandibles. The mandibles of three sizes of workers included four sharp small teeth,with smooth texture of ventral regions. S. geminata soldier mandibles were different from workers because of blunt small teeth,relatively deep inner concave margin and rough texture of ventral regions. It was speculated that hardness mandibles of S. invicta were evolved in relation to colony founding and defending,while mandibles of S. geminata soldier were mainly related to food grinding,instead of colony defending.
引文
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Zheng JH,Zhang RJ.Interspecific competition between the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren and the ghost ant,Tapinoma melanocephalum(F.)for different food resources[J].Journal of Environmental Entomology,2010,32(3):312-317.[郑基焕,张润杰.红火蚁与黑头酸臭蚁对不同食物资源的竞争[J].环境昆虫学报,2010,32(3):312-317]
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Chou LY,Terayama M.Name list of insects in Taiwan-Hymenoptera:Apocrita:Formicidae[J].Chinese Journal of Entomology,1991,11(1):75-84.
Gao Y,Lv LH,He YR,et al.Interference competition between the red imported fire ant(Solenopsis invicta Buren)and two native ant species(Hymenoptera:Formicidae)[J].Acta Entomologica Sinica,2011,54(5):602-608.[高燕,吕利华,何余容,等.红火蚁与两种本地蚂蚁间的干扰竞争[J].昆虫学报,2011,54(5):602-608]
Holway DA,Lach L,Suarez AV,et al.The causes and consequences of ant invasions[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,2002,33:181-233.
Jetter KM,Sausageilton J,Klotz JH.Eradication costs calculated:Red imported fire ants threaten agriculture,wildlife and homes[J].California Agriculture,2002,56(1):26-34.
Lu YY,Zeng L.10 years after red imported fire ant found to invade China:History,current situation and trend of its infestation[J].Plant Quarantine,2015,29(2):1-6.[陆永跃,曾玲.发现红火蚁入侵中国10年:发生历史、现状与趋势[J].植物检疫,2015,29(2):1-6]
Lv LH,Feng X,Chen HY,et al.A technique for field collecting and laboratory rearing red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta[J].Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,2006,43(2):265-267.[吕利华,冯夏,陈焕瑜,等.介绍红火蚁的野外采集和实验室饲养的方法[J].昆虫知识,2006,43(2):265-267]
Manting MME,Torres MAJ,Demayo CG.Describing variability in mandible shapes in selected workers of the ant Diacamma rugosum(LeG uillou)1842(Hymenoptera:Formicidae:Ponerinae)[J].International Research Journal of Biological Sciences,2013,2(6):8-15.
Morrison LW,Gilbert LE.Parasitoid-host relationships when host size varies:The case of Pseudacteon flies and Solenopsis fire ants[J].Ecological Entomology,1998,23(4):409-416.
Tang QY,Feng MG.DPS Data Processing System for Practical Statistics[M].Beijing:Science Press,2002:418-430.[唐启义,冯明光.实用统计分析及其DPS数据处理系统[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:418-430]
Tomalski MD,Blum MS,Jones TH,et al.Chemistry and functions of exocrine secretions of the ants Tapinoma melanocephalum and T.erraticum[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,1987,13(2):253-263.
Trager JC.A revision of the fire ants,Solenopsis geminata group(Hymenoptera:Formicidae:Myrmicinae)[J].Journal of the New York Entomological Society,1991,99(2):141-198.
Wilson EO.Division of labor in fire ants based on physical castes(Hymenoptera:Formicidae:Solenopsis)[J].Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society,1978,51(4):615-636.
Wu BQ,Lu YY,Zeng L,et al.Influence of the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren(Hymenoptera:Formiciddae)on the diversity of ant communities in a newly infested longan orchard and grass areas nearby[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,19(1):151-156.[吴碧球,陆永跃,曾玲,等.红火蚁入侵对广东多种生境中蚂蚁类群的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(1):151-156]
Wu J,Wang CL.The Ants of China[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1995:19.[吴坚,王常禄.中国蚂蚁[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1995:19]
Zeng L,Lu YY,He XF,et al.Identification of red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta to invade mainland China and infestation in Wuchuan,Guangdong[J].Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,2005,42(2):144-150.[曾玲,陆永跃,何晓芳,等.入侵中国大陆的红火蚁的鉴定及发生为害调查[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(2):144-150]
Zhang RZ,Ren L,Liu N.An introduction and strict precautions against red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta,for its potential invasion to the mainland of China[J].Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,2005,42(1):6-10.[张润志,任立,刘宁.严防危险性害虫红火蚁入侵[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(1):6-10]
Zheng JH,Zhang RJ.Interspecific competition between the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren and the ghost ant,Tapinoma melanocephalum(F.)for different food resources[J].Journal of Environmental Entomology,2010,32(3):312-317.[郑基焕,张润杰.红火蚁与黑头酸臭蚁对不同食物资源的竞争[J].环境昆虫学报,2010,32(3):312-317]
Zhou SY.The Ants of Guangxi,China[M].Guilin:Guangxi Normal University Press,2001:88.[周善义.广西蚂蚁[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2001:88]