任务转换对SNARC效应的抑制
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摘要
采用任务转换范式,要求被试判断呈现数字的大小或奇偶性,考察了任务转换对SNARC效应的影响。结果发现:任务重复组被试对小数字用左手反应更快,对大数字用右手反应更快,任务重复组被试在数字认知加工中出现了经典的SNARC效应。相反,任务转换组被试在数字认知加工中未出现SNARC效应。由此可以推测,任务转换对SNARC效应具有抑制作用。
The task switch paradigm was used to investigate the impact effect of task switch on the SNARC effect in this study. In the experiment,the participants were asked to determine whether the numerical magnitude presented in the middle of screen was smaller than five or larger than five,or determine whether the number presented in the middle of screen was odd or even and respond with the left or right key of keyboard fast and accurately. The results showed that the classic SNARC effect was observed in the task repetition group in processing the digital cognition,but the SNARC effect did not occur in the task switch group. It can be inferred from this experiment that task switch has an inhibitory effect on the SNARC effect.
The task switch paradigm was used to investigate the impact effect of task switch on the SNARC effect in this study. In the experiment,the participants were asked to determine whether the numerical magnitude presented in the middle of screen was smaller than five or larger than five,or determine whether the number presented in the middle of screen was odd or even and respond with the left or right key of keyboard fast and accurately. The results showed that the classic SNARC effect was observed in the task repetition group in processing the digital cognition,but the SNARC effect did not occur in the task switch group. It can be inferred from this experiment that task switch has an inhibitory effect on the SNARC effect.
引文
高在峰,水仁德,陈晶,陈雯,田瑛,沈模卫.(2009).负数的空间表征机制.心理学报,41(2),95-102.
王强强,康静梅,兰继军.(2015).顺序信息对注意SNARC效应的影响:基于不同参考系下字母SNARC效应的比较研究.应用心理学,21(4),291-298.
王强强,安宝霞,吴彦文,兰继军.(2016).不同类型材料混合呈现对SNARC效应的影响.应用心理学,22(4),352-363.
Allport,D. A.,Styles,E. A.,&Hsieh,S.(1994).Shifting intentional set:exploring the dynamic control of tasks. Attention&Performance,Vol. XV(5),421-452.
Bchtold D,Baumüller M,Brugger P.(1998). Stimulus-response compatibility in representational space. Neuropsychologia,36(8),731-735.
Cho,Y. S.,Bae,G. Y.,&Proctor,R. W.(2012).Referential Coding Contributes to the Horizontal SMARC Effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,38(3),726-734.
Casarotti,M.,Michielin,M.,Zorzi,M.,&Umiltà,C.(2007). Temporal order judgment reveals how number magnitude affects visuospatial attention.Cognition,102,101-117.
Dehaene,S.,Dupoux,E.,&Mehler,J.(1990). Is numerical comparison digital? Analogical and symbolic effects in two-digit number comparison.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,16(3),626-641.
Dehaene,S.,Bossini S.,&Giraux,P.(1993). The mental representation of parity and numerical magnitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,3,371-396.
Dodd,M. D.,der Stigchel,S. V.,Leghari,M. A.,Fung,G.,&Kingstone,A.(2008). Attentional SNARC:There’s something special about numbers(let us count the ways). Cognition,108,810-818.
Fischer,M. H.,Riello,M.,Giordano,B. L.,&Rusconi,E.(2013). Singing Numbers…in Cognitive Space—A Dual-Task. Topics in Cognitive Science,5,354-366.
Fischer,M. H.,Mills,R. A.,&Shaki,S.(2010).How to cook a SNARC:Number placement in text rapidly changes spatial-numerical associations.Brain and Cognition,72,333-336.
Fias,W.,van Dijck,J.-P.,&Gevers,W.(2011).How number is associated with space? The role of working memory. Space,Time and Number in the Brain:Searching for the Foundations of Mathematical Thought,24,133-148.
Fumarola,A.,Da Pos O.,&Umiltà,C.(2014).Automatic spatial association for luminance. Atten Percept Psychophys,76,759-765.
Fias,W.,Brysbaert,M.,Geypens,F.,&d’Ydewalle,G.(1996). The importance of magnitude information in numerical processing:Evidence from the SNARC effect. Mathematical Cognition,2,95-110.
Gevers,W.,Reynvoet,B.,&Fias,W.(2003). The mental representation of ordinal sequences is spatially organized. Cognition,87,B87-B95.
Ginsburg,V.,Gevers,W.(2015). Spatial coding of ordinal information in short-and long-term memory,Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,9,1-10.
Holmes,K. J.,Lourenco,S. F.(2011). Common spatial organization of number and emotional expression:A mental magnitude line. Brain and Cognition,77,315-323.
Huber S,Klein,E.,Moeller. K.,&Willmes,K.(2016). Spatial–numerical and ordinal positional associations coexist in parallel. Frontiers in Psychology,7,1-13.
Ishihara,M.,Keller,P. E.,Rossetti,Y.,&Prinz,W.(2008). Horizontal spatial representations of time:Evidence for the STEARC effect. Cortex,44,454-461.
Jonas,C. N.,Taylor,A. J. G.,Hutton,S.,Weiss,P.H.,&Ward,J.(2011). Visuo-spatial representations of the alphabet in synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes. Journal of Neuropsychology,5,302-322.
Jersild,A. T.(1927). Mental set and shift. Archives of Psychology,89,5-82.
Kirjakovski,A.,Utsuki,N.(2012). From SNARC to SQUARC:Universal Mental Quantity Line?. International Journal of Psychological Studies,4(2),217-227.
Keus I M,Schwarz W.(2005). Searching for the functional locus of the SNARC effect:Evidence for a response-related origin. Memory&Cognition,33,681-695.
Keus I M,Jenks K M,Schwarz W.(2005). Psychophysiological evidence that the SNARC effect has its functional locus in a response selection stage.Cognitive Brain Research,24,48-56.
Lonnemann,J.,Linkersd? rfer,J.,Nagler,T.,Hasselhorn,M.,&Lindberg,S.(2013). Spatial representations of numbers and letters in children.Frontiers in Psychology,4(8),1-5.
Nuerk,H. C.,Moeller,K.,Klein,E.,Willmes,K.,&Fischer,M. H.(2011). Extending the Mental Number Line A Review of Multi-Digit Number Processing. Journal of Psychology,1(219),3-22.
Previtali,P.,de Hevia,M. D.,&Girelli,L.(2010). Placing order in space:the SNARC effect in serial learning. Exp Brain Res,201,599-605.
Pinhas,M,Tzelgov,J.,&Ganor-Stern,D.(2012).Estimating linear effects in ANOVA designs:The easy way. Behaviar Reseach,44,788-794.
Restle,F.(1970). Speed of adding and comparing numbers. Journal of Experimental Psychology,91,191-205.
Shaki,S.,&Fischer,M. H.(2008). Reading space into numbers—A cross-linguistic comparison of the SNARC effect. Cognition,108,590-599.
Shaki,S.,Gevers,W.(2011). Cultural Characteristics Dissociate Magnitude and Ordinal Information Processing. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,42(4),639-650.
Shaki,S.,Fischer,M. H.,&Petrusic,W. M.(2009). Reading habits for both words and numbers contribute to the SNARC effect. Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,16(2),328-331.
Shaki,S.,Petrusic,W. M.,&Leth-Steensen,C.(2012). SNARC Effects With Numerical and Non-Numerical Symbolic Comparative Judgments:Instructional And Cultural Dependencies. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,38(2),515-530.
Tan,S.,Dixon,P.(2011). Repetition and the SNARC Effect With One-and Two-Digit Numbers.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,65(2),84-97.
Tlauka M.(2002). The processing of numbers in choice-reaction tasks. Australian Journal of Psychology,54,94-98.
Van Dijck,J.-P.,&Fias,W.(2011). A working memory account for spatial numerical associations. Cognition,119,114-119.
van Dijck J P,Gevers W,&Fias W.(2009). Numbers are associated with different types of spatial information depending on the task. Cognition,8,1-5.
王强强,康静梅,兰继军.(2015).顺序信息对注意SNARC效应的影响:基于不同参考系下字母SNARC效应的比较研究.应用心理学,21(4),291-298.
王强强,安宝霞,吴彦文,兰继军.(2016).不同类型材料混合呈现对SNARC效应的影响.应用心理学,22(4),352-363.
Allport,D. A.,Styles,E. A.,&Hsieh,S.(1994).Shifting intentional set:exploring the dynamic control of tasks. Attention&Performance,Vol. XV(5),421-452.
Bchtold D,Baumüller M,Brugger P.(1998). Stimulus-response compatibility in representational space. Neuropsychologia,36(8),731-735.
Cho,Y. S.,Bae,G. Y.,&Proctor,R. W.(2012).Referential Coding Contributes to the Horizontal SMARC Effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,38(3),726-734.
Casarotti,M.,Michielin,M.,Zorzi,M.,&Umiltà,C.(2007). Temporal order judgment reveals how number magnitude affects visuospatial attention.Cognition,102,101-117.
Dehaene,S.,Dupoux,E.,&Mehler,J.(1990). Is numerical comparison digital? Analogical and symbolic effects in two-digit number comparison.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,16(3),626-641.
Dehaene,S.,Bossini S.,&Giraux,P.(1993). The mental representation of parity and numerical magnitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,3,371-396.
Dodd,M. D.,der Stigchel,S. V.,Leghari,M. A.,Fung,G.,&Kingstone,A.(2008). Attentional SNARC:There’s something special about numbers(let us count the ways). Cognition,108,810-818.
Fischer,M. H.,Riello,M.,Giordano,B. L.,&Rusconi,E.(2013). Singing Numbers…in Cognitive Space—A Dual-Task. Topics in Cognitive Science,5,354-366.
Fischer,M. H.,Mills,R. A.,&Shaki,S.(2010).How to cook a SNARC:Number placement in text rapidly changes spatial-numerical associations.Brain and Cognition,72,333-336.
Fias,W.,van Dijck,J.-P.,&Gevers,W.(2011).How number is associated with space? The role of working memory. Space,Time and Number in the Brain:Searching for the Foundations of Mathematical Thought,24,133-148.
Fumarola,A.,Da Pos O.,&Umiltà,C.(2014).Automatic spatial association for luminance. Atten Percept Psychophys,76,759-765.
Fias,W.,Brysbaert,M.,Geypens,F.,&d’Ydewalle,G.(1996). The importance of magnitude information in numerical processing:Evidence from the SNARC effect. Mathematical Cognition,2,95-110.
Gevers,W.,Reynvoet,B.,&Fias,W.(2003). The mental representation of ordinal sequences is spatially organized. Cognition,87,B87-B95.
Ginsburg,V.,Gevers,W.(2015). Spatial coding of ordinal information in short-and long-term memory,Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,9,1-10.
Holmes,K. J.,Lourenco,S. F.(2011). Common spatial organization of number and emotional expression:A mental magnitude line. Brain and Cognition,77,315-323.
Huber S,Klein,E.,Moeller. K.,&Willmes,K.(2016). Spatial–numerical and ordinal positional associations coexist in parallel. Frontiers in Psychology,7,1-13.
Ishihara,M.,Keller,P. E.,Rossetti,Y.,&Prinz,W.(2008). Horizontal spatial representations of time:Evidence for the STEARC effect. Cortex,44,454-461.
Jonas,C. N.,Taylor,A. J. G.,Hutton,S.,Weiss,P.H.,&Ward,J.(2011). Visuo-spatial representations of the alphabet in synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes. Journal of Neuropsychology,5,302-322.
Jersild,A. T.(1927). Mental set and shift. Archives of Psychology,89,5-82.
Kirjakovski,A.,Utsuki,N.(2012). From SNARC to SQUARC:Universal Mental Quantity Line?. International Journal of Psychological Studies,4(2),217-227.
Keus I M,Schwarz W.(2005). Searching for the functional locus of the SNARC effect:Evidence for a response-related origin. Memory&Cognition,33,681-695.
Keus I M,Jenks K M,Schwarz W.(2005). Psychophysiological evidence that the SNARC effect has its functional locus in a response selection stage.Cognitive Brain Research,24,48-56.
Lonnemann,J.,Linkersd? rfer,J.,Nagler,T.,Hasselhorn,M.,&Lindberg,S.(2013). Spatial representations of numbers and letters in children.Frontiers in Psychology,4(8),1-5.
Nuerk,H. C.,Moeller,K.,Klein,E.,Willmes,K.,&Fischer,M. H.(2011). Extending the Mental Number Line A Review of Multi-Digit Number Processing. Journal of Psychology,1(219),3-22.
Previtali,P.,de Hevia,M. D.,&Girelli,L.(2010). Placing order in space:the SNARC effect in serial learning. Exp Brain Res,201,599-605.
Pinhas,M,Tzelgov,J.,&Ganor-Stern,D.(2012).Estimating linear effects in ANOVA designs:The easy way. Behaviar Reseach,44,788-794.
Restle,F.(1970). Speed of adding and comparing numbers. Journal of Experimental Psychology,91,191-205.
Shaki,S.,&Fischer,M. H.(2008). Reading space into numbers—A cross-linguistic comparison of the SNARC effect. Cognition,108,590-599.
Shaki,S.,Gevers,W.(2011). Cultural Characteristics Dissociate Magnitude and Ordinal Information Processing. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,42(4),639-650.
Shaki,S.,Fischer,M. H.,&Petrusic,W. M.(2009). Reading habits for both words and numbers contribute to the SNARC effect. Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,16(2),328-331.
Shaki,S.,Petrusic,W. M.,&Leth-Steensen,C.(2012). SNARC Effects With Numerical and Non-Numerical Symbolic Comparative Judgments:Instructional And Cultural Dependencies. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,38(2),515-530.
Tan,S.,Dixon,P.(2011). Repetition and the SNARC Effect With One-and Two-Digit Numbers.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,65(2),84-97.
Tlauka M.(2002). The processing of numbers in choice-reaction tasks. Australian Journal of Psychology,54,94-98.
Van Dijck,J.-P.,&Fias,W.(2011). A working memory account for spatial numerical associations. Cognition,119,114-119.
van Dijck J P,Gevers W,&Fias W.(2009). Numbers are associated with different types of spatial information depending on the task. Cognition,8,1-5.