动词、名词的词类特异性损伤
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摘要
名词和动词作为世界上几乎所有语言都具有的词类,二者在语义、语法等诸多方面存在差异,介于名、动之间的词汇(如动名兼类词)又兼具两类词的特性。理论语言学界关于名词和动词的词类划分(尤其是汉语)尚未形成定论;认知神经语言学界虽通过大量的实验探讨了名、动加工的神经机制,也仍未达成统一。文章通过研究语言障碍患者的名词和动词的词类特异性损伤,以期明确名词和动词的关系,进一步探讨词类的本质问题,为汉语、英语等分析语的词类划分提供依据。
Nouns and verbs, the most common word classes in the world, differ in semantics and grammar but still have some something in common, such as nouns and verbs heterosemies which share attributes of this two word classes. In view of the theoretical linguistics, word class division of nouns and verbs(especially in contemporary Chinese) has not yet been conclusive; although a mass of cognitive neuroscientific experiments about the neural mechanisms of nouns and verbs has been conducted, it still has not reached a consensus. Therefore, this paper aims to make certain the relationship between nouns and verbs through studying patients with language disorders, especially verbs specific deficits and nouns spe-cific deficits, explore the nature of word classes as well as providing some suggestions for the word class division of other analytical languages like Chinese and English.
Nouns and verbs, the most common word classes in the world, differ in semantics and grammar but still have some something in common, such as nouns and verbs heterosemies which share attributes of this two word classes. In view of the theoretical linguistics, word class division of nouns and verbs(especially in contemporary Chinese) has not yet been conclusive; although a mass of cognitive neuroscientific experiments about the neural mechanisms of nouns and verbs has been conducted, it still has not reached a consensus. Therefore, this paper aims to make certain the relationship between nouns and verbs through studying patients with language disorders, especially verbs specific deficits and nouns spe-cific deficits, explore the nature of word classes as well as providing some suggestions for the word class division of other analytical languages like Chinese and English.
引文
[1] AGNES Can! o, MIREIA Hernández, IVANOVA I, et al. When one can write SALTO as noun but not as verb:A grammatical category-specific, modality-specific deficit[J]. Brain&Language, 2010, 114(1):26-42.
[2] GAINOTTI G. Category-specific disorders for nouns and verbs:a very old and very new problem[M]. Handbook of Neurolinguistics.Pittsburgh:Academic press, 1998:3-11.
[3] VIGLIOCCO G, VINSON D P, DRUKS J, et al. Nouns and verbs in the brain:a review of behavioural, electrophysiological, neuropsychological and imaging studies[J]. Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews, 2011, 35(3):407-426.
[4] ALYAHYA R S W, HALAI A D, CONROY P,et al. Noun and verb processing in aphasia:behavioural profiles and neural correlates[J]. Neuroimage Clinical, 2018, 18:215-230.
[5]崔刚.神经语言学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2015:136-138.
[6] DAMASIO A R,TRANEL D. Nouns and verbs are retrieved with differently distributed neural systems[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1993, 90(11):4957-4960.
[7] GOODGLASS H, KLEIN B, CAREY P,et al. Specific semantic word categories in aphasia 1[J]. Cortex, 1966, 2(1):74-89.
[8] PULVERMULLER F, LUTZENVERGER W,PREISSL H. Nouns and verbs in the intact brain:evidence from event-related potentials and high-frequency cortical responses[J]. Cerebral Cortex, 1999, 9(5):497.
[9] BLACK M,CHIAT S. Noun-verb dissociations:a multi-faceted phenomenon[J]. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 2003, 16(2):231-250.
[10] LEE C L,FEDERMEIER K D. To mind the mind:an event-related potential study of word class and semantic ambiguity[J]. Brain Research, 2006, 1081(1):191-202.
[11] BEDNY Marina, MCGILL Megan,THOMPSON-SCHILL Sharon L.Semantic adaptation and competition during word comprehension[J].Cerebral Cortex, 2008, 18(11):2574.
[12] TSIGKA S, PAPADELIS C, BRAUN C,et al. Distinguishable neural correlates of verbs and nouns:a meg study on homonyms[J].Neuropsychologia, 2014, 54(1):87-97.
[13] MESULAM M M, WEINTRAUB S. Primary Progressive Aphasia:Sharpening the Focus on a Clinical Syndrome[M]//Heterogeneity of Alzheimer’s Disease. 1992.
[14] HILLIS A E, TUFFIASH E,CARAMAZZA A. Modality-specific deterioration in naming verbs in nonfluent primary progressive aphasia[J]. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2002, 14(7):1099-1108.
[15] HILLIS A E, SANGJIN M D,KEN L. Deterioration of naming nouns versus verbs in primary progressive aphasia[J]. Annals of Neurology, 2004, 55(2):268-275.
[16]李金萍,陈卓铭,罗欣欣.动、名词特异性损伤及康复的研究进展[J].中国康复医学杂志,2018,33(5):611-616.
[17] AGGUJARO S, CREPALDI D, PISTARINI C, et al. Neuro-anatomical correlates of impaired retrieval of verbs and nouns:interaction of grammatical class, imageability and actionality[J]. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 2006, 19(3):0-194.
[18]冯骏.汉语名词和动词理解的神经机制研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2015.
[19] FEDERMEIER K D. Brain responses to nouns, verbs and class-ambiguous words in context[J]. Brain, 2000, 123(12):2552-2566.
[20] KIM M,THOMPSON C K. Verb deficits in alzheimer’s disease and agrammatism:implications for lexical organization[J]. Brain&Language, 2004, 88(1):1-20.
[21]FRAWLEY W. Linguistic semantics[M]. London:Routledge, 2013.
[22] GOODGLASS H,HUNT J.Grammatical complexity and aphasic speech[J]. Word Journal of the International Linguistic Association,1958, 14(2-3):197-207.
[23] SILVERI M C, TRAFICANTE D, LO MONACO M R,et al. Word selection processing in parkinson's disease:when nouns are more difficult than verbs[J]. Cortex, 2017, 100:8-20.doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.023.
[24]韩在柱,舒华,张玉梅,等.动词特异性损伤的原发性进行性失语个案[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(4):58-59.
[25]邵爱惠,毕彦超,韩在柱,等.词类信息表征的语法机制:来自一例动词特异性损伤个案的证据[C]//全国心理学学术会议. 2007.
[26]SONIA D T, FRANCESCA B, MONIA C, et al. Selection processing in noun and verb production in left-and right-sided parkinson’s disease patients[J]. Frontiers in Psychology, 2018(9):1241.
[27] MOSELEY R L, PULVERMULLER F. Nouns, verbs, objects, actions, and abstractions:local fMRI activity indexes semantics, not lexical categories[J]. Brain&Language, 2014, 132(1):28-42.
[2] GAINOTTI G. Category-specific disorders for nouns and verbs:a very old and very new problem[M]. Handbook of Neurolinguistics.Pittsburgh:Academic press, 1998:3-11.
[3] VIGLIOCCO G, VINSON D P, DRUKS J, et al. Nouns and verbs in the brain:a review of behavioural, electrophysiological, neuropsychological and imaging studies[J]. Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews, 2011, 35(3):407-426.
[4] ALYAHYA R S W, HALAI A D, CONROY P,et al. Noun and verb processing in aphasia:behavioural profiles and neural correlates[J]. Neuroimage Clinical, 2018, 18:215-230.
[5]崔刚.神经语言学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2015:136-138.
[6] DAMASIO A R,TRANEL D. Nouns and verbs are retrieved with differently distributed neural systems[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1993, 90(11):4957-4960.
[7] GOODGLASS H, KLEIN B, CAREY P,et al. Specific semantic word categories in aphasia 1[J]. Cortex, 1966, 2(1):74-89.
[8] PULVERMULLER F, LUTZENVERGER W,PREISSL H. Nouns and verbs in the intact brain:evidence from event-related potentials and high-frequency cortical responses[J]. Cerebral Cortex, 1999, 9(5):497.
[9] BLACK M,CHIAT S. Noun-verb dissociations:a multi-faceted phenomenon[J]. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 2003, 16(2):231-250.
[10] LEE C L,FEDERMEIER K D. To mind the mind:an event-related potential study of word class and semantic ambiguity[J]. Brain Research, 2006, 1081(1):191-202.
[11] BEDNY Marina, MCGILL Megan,THOMPSON-SCHILL Sharon L.Semantic adaptation and competition during word comprehension[J].Cerebral Cortex, 2008, 18(11):2574.
[12] TSIGKA S, PAPADELIS C, BRAUN C,et al. Distinguishable neural correlates of verbs and nouns:a meg study on homonyms[J].Neuropsychologia, 2014, 54(1):87-97.
[13] MESULAM M M, WEINTRAUB S. Primary Progressive Aphasia:Sharpening the Focus on a Clinical Syndrome[M]//Heterogeneity of Alzheimer’s Disease. 1992.
[14] HILLIS A E, TUFFIASH E,CARAMAZZA A. Modality-specific deterioration in naming verbs in nonfluent primary progressive aphasia[J]. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2002, 14(7):1099-1108.
[15] HILLIS A E, SANGJIN M D,KEN L. Deterioration of naming nouns versus verbs in primary progressive aphasia[J]. Annals of Neurology, 2004, 55(2):268-275.
[16]李金萍,陈卓铭,罗欣欣.动、名词特异性损伤及康复的研究进展[J].中国康复医学杂志,2018,33(5):611-616.
[17] AGGUJARO S, CREPALDI D, PISTARINI C, et al. Neuro-anatomical correlates of impaired retrieval of verbs and nouns:interaction of grammatical class, imageability and actionality[J]. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 2006, 19(3):0-194.
[18]冯骏.汉语名词和动词理解的神经机制研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2015.
[19] FEDERMEIER K D. Brain responses to nouns, verbs and class-ambiguous words in context[J]. Brain, 2000, 123(12):2552-2566.
[20] KIM M,THOMPSON C K. Verb deficits in alzheimer’s disease and agrammatism:implications for lexical organization[J]. Brain&Language, 2004, 88(1):1-20.
[21]FRAWLEY W. Linguistic semantics[M]. London:Routledge, 2013.
[22] GOODGLASS H,HUNT J.Grammatical complexity and aphasic speech[J]. Word Journal of the International Linguistic Association,1958, 14(2-3):197-207.
[23] SILVERI M C, TRAFICANTE D, LO MONACO M R,et al. Word selection processing in parkinson's disease:when nouns are more difficult than verbs[J]. Cortex, 2017, 100:8-20.doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.023.
[24]韩在柱,舒华,张玉梅,等.动词特异性损伤的原发性进行性失语个案[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(4):58-59.
[25]邵爱惠,毕彦超,韩在柱,等.词类信息表征的语法机制:来自一例动词特异性损伤个案的证据[C]//全国心理学学术会议. 2007.
[26]SONIA D T, FRANCESCA B, MONIA C, et al. Selection processing in noun and verb production in left-and right-sided parkinson’s disease patients[J]. Frontiers in Psychology, 2018(9):1241.
[27] MOSELEY R L, PULVERMULLER F. Nouns, verbs, objects, actions, and abstractions:local fMRI activity indexes semantics, not lexical categories[J]. Brain&Language, 2014, 132(1):28-42.