宽线地震数据采集和处理的数值模拟
|
摘要
宽线地震是一种介于二维与三维之间的方法。本文从理论和数值实验两方面对宽线地震方法进行研究:先给出单频和宽带信号下宽线采集系统对来自地下不同方向地震信号的响应函数,计算得到不同采集参数对响应函数的影响;为模拟宽线地震数据采集及处理过程,针对三维速度模型运用全波方法产生窄方位三维数据,经宽线方法叠加后做二维逆时偏移成像;在模型中设置水平反射面、倾斜反射面及浅部小尺度非均匀层,模拟对侧向反射信号和近地表散射干扰的压制作用;充分利用数值模拟方法的高度灵活性,在很大范围内改变速度结构和宽线采集参数,得到不同采集组合对噪声压制及成像质量的影响;重点剖析了线距、线数、孔径、信号频率等参数增强有效信号、压制侧向干扰及浅部散射噪声的机理。理论及数值模拟结果表明,120～200m孔径、3～5线的宽线接收系统最有利于压制侧向干扰,这为更高效地利用宽线地震方法提供了可靠依据。
The wide-line is a way between 2 D and 3 D seismic survey.In this paper,we investigate the wide-line seismic method with both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.Response functions of a wide-line acquisition system for both monotonic signals and broad band signals are calculated for different parameters commonly used in the acquisition.To numerically simulate the entire process including the acquisition and data processing,we generate synthetic 3 Dnarrow azimuth data using the full-wave finite-difference method,conduct wide-line processing,and finally use the 2 Dreverse time migration to generate the depth image.Horizontal structures,dipping structures,and a nearsurface scattering layer are built into a 3 Dmodel to study the advantages of the wide-line method.Benefitted from the flexibility of the numerical calculation,we can adjust acquisition geometry parameters in a large range and test their effects on the image results.In particular,we investigate the mechanisms how various wide-line parameters,including line spacing,number of lines,aperture,and signal frequency band,will affect the migration image.Based on our analysis,ageometry with 120～200 m aperture and 3～5 receiver lines is most advantageous for suppressing lateral interference.Our study may provide a reliable basis for more efficient use of wide-line seismic method.
The wide-line is a way between 2 D and 3 D seismic survey.In this paper,we investigate the wide-line seismic method with both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.Response functions of a wide-line acquisition system for both monotonic signals and broad band signals are calculated for different parameters commonly used in the acquisition.To numerically simulate the entire process including the acquisition and data processing,we generate synthetic 3 Dnarrow azimuth data using the full-wave finite-difference method,conduct wide-line processing,and finally use the 2 Dreverse time migration to generate the depth image.Horizontal structures,dipping structures,and a nearsurface scattering layer are built into a 3 Dmodel to study the advantages of the wide-line method.Benefitted from the flexibility of the numerical calculation,we can adjust acquisition geometry parameters in a large range and test their effects on the image results.In particular,we investigate the mechanisms how various wide-line parameters,including line spacing,number of lines,aperture,and signal frequency band,will affect the migration image.Based on our analysis,ageometry with 120～200 m aperture and 3～5 receiver lines is most advantageous for suppressing lateral interference.Our study may provide a reliable basis for more efficient use of wide-line seismic method.
引文
[1] Michon D.Wide-line profiling offers advantages[J].Oil and Gas Journal,1972,70(4):117-120.
[2] 神凤殿,杨清波.地震宽线方法的应用和效果[J].石油物探,1983,22(4):1-17.SHEN Fengdian,YANG Qingbo.Application and effect of seismic wide line method[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,1983,22(4):1-17.
[3] 刘广信,李新民.CYBER170-720宽线剖面资料处理及效果[J].石油物探,1984,23(4):41-64.LIU Guangxin,LI Xinmin.CYBER170-720 data processing and effect of wide profile[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,1984,23(4):41-64.
[4] Angeleri G P,Bricchi G,Marfurt K J,et al.3-D noise characterization and suppression in a deepwater carbonate terrane using a wide line profile[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,1993,12:1293-1297.
[5] He Y Q,Tang D L and Tang H Z.A wide line acquisition case for overthrust nappe structure of Kulong mountain in Jiuquan basin[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2003,22:19-21.
[6] 施继承,和冠慧,张中民,等.巴基斯坦复杂地表区地震采集技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(增刊2):11-14.SHI Jicheng,HE Guanhui,ZHANG Zhongmin,et al.Seismic acquisition technology in Pakistan complicated surface area[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2008,43(S2):11-14.
[7] 殷军,徐峰,杨举勇,等.库车地区宽线采集技术应用与效果[J].天然气工业,2008,28(6):49-51.YIN Jun,XU Feng,YANG Juyong,et al.Application and effects of wide line acquisition technique in Kuqa region[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(6):49-51.
[8] 罗仁泽,梁黎明,吴希光,等.宽线大组合理论及其在黄土塬地震采集中的应用[J].天然气工业,2009,29(3):54-56.LUO Renze,LIANG Liming,WU Xiguang,et al.The theory of wide line array and its application in loess plateau seismic survey[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(3):54-56.
[9] Wu Y G,Ning H X,Wang H L,et al.Application of a wide line and geophone continuous array seismic acquisition technique in the mountainous Yingxiongling area of the Qaidam basin[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2012,31:1-5.
[10] 李忠雄,卫红伟,马龙,等.羌塘盆地可控震源采集试验分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2017,52(2):199-208.LI Zhongxiong,WEI Hongwei,MA Long,et al.Vibroseis acquisition tests in Qiangtang Basin[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2017,52(2):199-208.
[11] 李文建,韩春瑞,安燕燕,等.柴达木盆地高陡构造地震勘探技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2016,51(增刊1):17-26.LI Wenjian,HAN Chunrui,AN Yanyan,et al.Seismic data acquisition for high-steep structures in Qaidam Basin[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016,51(S1):17-26.
[12] Utitsan S,Tongpet T,Thanatit S,et al.Wide line seismic acquisition technique in a hilly terrain of onshore Myanmar[C].ASEG 24th International Geophysical Conference and Exhibition Extended Abstracts,2015,1-3.
[13] Su Q,Wang X W,Yilmaz O,et al.Acquisition and processing of swath-line seismic data:A case study from northwest China[C].Istanbul International Geo-physical Conference and Oil & Gas Exhibition,Turkey,2012,1-4.
[14] 张春贺,李世臻,姚根顺,等.基于宽线+折线采集与拟三维处理配套的碳酸盐岩裸露区地震勘探技术[J].地球物理学报,2014,57(1):229-240.ZHANG Chunhe,LI Shizhen,YAO Genshun,et al.Seismic exploration technology integrated with the wide-line & crooked-line acquisition and the corresponding pseudo-3D processing in the carbonate outcrop areas in South China[J].Chinese Journal Geophysics,2014,57(1):229-240.
[15] Lu L X,Xia Y,Ding T Z,et al.Application of crooked wide line acquisition technique in complex mountai-nous region[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2016,35:265-269.
[16] 姚雪峰,仲宏伟,刘建红.应用GeoEast系统进行二维弯曲宽线地震资料处理[J].石油地球物理勘探,2014,49(增刊1):99-104.YAO Xuefeng,ZHONG Hongwei,LIU Jianhong.Crooked wide line seismic data processing with GeoEast[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2014,49(S1):99-104.
[17] 包吉山.宽线剖面[J].石油物探,1978,17(2):70-78.BAO Jishan.Wide line profile[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,1978,17(2):70-78.
[18] 梁世华,王世库.苏北唐港地区地震宽线试验和效果[J].石油物探,1981,20(3):12-22.LIANG Shihua,WANG Shiku.Experiment and effect of seismic wide line in Tanggang of Subei[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,1981,20(3):12-22.
[19] 吕公河.宽线地震勘探观测系统参数对信噪比的影响作用分析探讨[J].石油物探,2013,52(5):495-501.LYU Gonghe.Discussion on the influence of geometry parameters of wide line seismic survey on S/N[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2013,52(5):495-501.
[20] 陈茂根,牛华伟,赵秀莲.海洋宽线地震成像方法及效果分析[J].海洋石油,2015,35(1):1-8.CHEN Maogen,NIU Huawei,ZHAO Xiulian.Analysis on the effects of imaging methods with offshore wide line seismic data[J].Offshore Oil,2015,35(1):1-8.
[21] 陆基孟,王永刚.地震勘探原理[M].山东青岛:中国石油大学出版社,2009,102-117.LU Jimeng,WANG Yonggang.Principle of Seismic Exploration[M].China University of Petroleum Press,Qingdao,Shandong,2009,102-117.
[22] Rost S,Thomas C.Array seismology:Methods and applications[J].Review of Geophysics,2002,40(3):2-1-2-27.
[23] Xie X B.Seismic wave scattering in 3D random media:A finite-difference simulation and slowness domain analysis[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2013,32:3428-3431.
[24] Xie X B,Ge Z,Lay T.Investigating explosion source energy partitioning and Lg-wave excitation using a finite difference plus slowness analysis method[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2005,95(6):2412-2427.
[25] 陈波,宁宏晓,谢小碧.通过地震成像分辨率研究近地表复杂介质散射对成像质量的影响[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(5):1762-1775.CHEN Bo,NING Hongxiao,XIE Xiaobi.Investigating the effect of shallow scatterings from small scale near surface heterogeneities on seismic imaging:A resolution analysis based method[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2016,59(5):1762-1775.
[26] Frankel A,Clayton R W.Finite difference simula-tions of seismic scattering implications for the propagation of short-period seismic waves in the crust and models of crustal heterogeneity[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1986,91(6):6465-6489.
[27] Bohlen T.Parallel 3-D viscoelastic finite-difference seismic modelling[J].Computers & Geosciences,2002,28(8):887-899.
[28] 赵虎,武泗海,尹成,等.基于OpenACC编程模型的逆时偏移多级并行的设计与优化[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(6):1307-1313,1325.ZHAO Hu,WU Sihai,YIN Cheng,et al.Multi-level parallel design and optimization for reverse time migration based on OpenACC programming model[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2018,53(6):1307-1313,1325.
[2] 神凤殿,杨清波.地震宽线方法的应用和效果[J].石油物探,1983,22(4):1-17.SHEN Fengdian,YANG Qingbo.Application and effect of seismic wide line method[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,1983,22(4):1-17.
[3] 刘广信,李新民.CYBER170-720宽线剖面资料处理及效果[J].石油物探,1984,23(4):41-64.LIU Guangxin,LI Xinmin.CYBER170-720 data processing and effect of wide profile[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,1984,23(4):41-64.
[4] Angeleri G P,Bricchi G,Marfurt K J,et al.3-D noise characterization and suppression in a deepwater carbonate terrane using a wide line profile[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,1993,12:1293-1297.
[5] He Y Q,Tang D L and Tang H Z.A wide line acquisition case for overthrust nappe structure of Kulong mountain in Jiuquan basin[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2003,22:19-21.
[6] 施继承,和冠慧,张中民,等.巴基斯坦复杂地表区地震采集技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(增刊2):11-14.SHI Jicheng,HE Guanhui,ZHANG Zhongmin,et al.Seismic acquisition technology in Pakistan complicated surface area[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2008,43(S2):11-14.
[7] 殷军,徐峰,杨举勇,等.库车地区宽线采集技术应用与效果[J].天然气工业,2008,28(6):49-51.YIN Jun,XU Feng,YANG Juyong,et al.Application and effects of wide line acquisition technique in Kuqa region[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(6):49-51.
[8] 罗仁泽,梁黎明,吴希光,等.宽线大组合理论及其在黄土塬地震采集中的应用[J].天然气工业,2009,29(3):54-56.LUO Renze,LIANG Liming,WU Xiguang,et al.The theory of wide line array and its application in loess plateau seismic survey[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(3):54-56.
[9] Wu Y G,Ning H X,Wang H L,et al.Application of a wide line and geophone continuous array seismic acquisition technique in the mountainous Yingxiongling area of the Qaidam basin[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2012,31:1-5.
[10] 李忠雄,卫红伟,马龙,等.羌塘盆地可控震源采集试验分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2017,52(2):199-208.LI Zhongxiong,WEI Hongwei,MA Long,et al.Vibroseis acquisition tests in Qiangtang Basin[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2017,52(2):199-208.
[11] 李文建,韩春瑞,安燕燕,等.柴达木盆地高陡构造地震勘探技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2016,51(增刊1):17-26.LI Wenjian,HAN Chunrui,AN Yanyan,et al.Seismic data acquisition for high-steep structures in Qaidam Basin[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016,51(S1):17-26.
[12] Utitsan S,Tongpet T,Thanatit S,et al.Wide line seismic acquisition technique in a hilly terrain of onshore Myanmar[C].ASEG 24th International Geophysical Conference and Exhibition Extended Abstracts,2015,1-3.
[13] Su Q,Wang X W,Yilmaz O,et al.Acquisition and processing of swath-line seismic data:A case study from northwest China[C].Istanbul International Geo-physical Conference and Oil & Gas Exhibition,Turkey,2012,1-4.
[14] 张春贺,李世臻,姚根顺,等.基于宽线+折线采集与拟三维处理配套的碳酸盐岩裸露区地震勘探技术[J].地球物理学报,2014,57(1):229-240.ZHANG Chunhe,LI Shizhen,YAO Genshun,et al.Seismic exploration technology integrated with the wide-line & crooked-line acquisition and the corresponding pseudo-3D processing in the carbonate outcrop areas in South China[J].Chinese Journal Geophysics,2014,57(1):229-240.
[15] Lu L X,Xia Y,Ding T Z,et al.Application of crooked wide line acquisition technique in complex mountai-nous region[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2016,35:265-269.
[16] 姚雪峰,仲宏伟,刘建红.应用GeoEast系统进行二维弯曲宽线地震资料处理[J].石油地球物理勘探,2014,49(增刊1):99-104.YAO Xuefeng,ZHONG Hongwei,LIU Jianhong.Crooked wide line seismic data processing with GeoEast[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2014,49(S1):99-104.
[17] 包吉山.宽线剖面[J].石油物探,1978,17(2):70-78.BAO Jishan.Wide line profile[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,1978,17(2):70-78.
[18] 梁世华,王世库.苏北唐港地区地震宽线试验和效果[J].石油物探,1981,20(3):12-22.LIANG Shihua,WANG Shiku.Experiment and effect of seismic wide line in Tanggang of Subei[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,1981,20(3):12-22.
[19] 吕公河.宽线地震勘探观测系统参数对信噪比的影响作用分析探讨[J].石油物探,2013,52(5):495-501.LYU Gonghe.Discussion on the influence of geometry parameters of wide line seismic survey on S/N[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2013,52(5):495-501.
[20] 陈茂根,牛华伟,赵秀莲.海洋宽线地震成像方法及效果分析[J].海洋石油,2015,35(1):1-8.CHEN Maogen,NIU Huawei,ZHAO Xiulian.Analysis on the effects of imaging methods with offshore wide line seismic data[J].Offshore Oil,2015,35(1):1-8.
[21] 陆基孟,王永刚.地震勘探原理[M].山东青岛:中国石油大学出版社,2009,102-117.LU Jimeng,WANG Yonggang.Principle of Seismic Exploration[M].China University of Petroleum Press,Qingdao,Shandong,2009,102-117.
[22] Rost S,Thomas C.Array seismology:Methods and applications[J].Review of Geophysics,2002,40(3):2-1-2-27.
[23] Xie X B.Seismic wave scattering in 3D random media:A finite-difference simulation and slowness domain analysis[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2013,32:3428-3431.
[24] Xie X B,Ge Z,Lay T.Investigating explosion source energy partitioning and Lg-wave excitation using a finite difference plus slowness analysis method[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2005,95(6):2412-2427.
[25] 陈波,宁宏晓,谢小碧.通过地震成像分辨率研究近地表复杂介质散射对成像质量的影响[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(5):1762-1775.CHEN Bo,NING Hongxiao,XIE Xiaobi.Investigating the effect of shallow scatterings from small scale near surface heterogeneities on seismic imaging:A resolution analysis based method[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2016,59(5):1762-1775.
[26] Frankel A,Clayton R W.Finite difference simula-tions of seismic scattering implications for the propagation of short-period seismic waves in the crust and models of crustal heterogeneity[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1986,91(6):6465-6489.
[27] Bohlen T.Parallel 3-D viscoelastic finite-difference seismic modelling[J].Computers & Geosciences,2002,28(8):887-899.
[28] 赵虎,武泗海,尹成,等.基于OpenACC编程模型的逆时偏移多级并行的设计与优化[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(6):1307-1313,1325.ZHAO Hu,WU Sihai,YIN Cheng,et al.Multi-level parallel design and optimization for reverse time migration based on OpenACC programming model[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2018,53(6):1307-1313,1325.