小议石片石器加工程度的测量方法
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摘要
旧石器考古学中石片石器的研究涉及诸多方面,石片石器加工程度的测量则是其中十分重要的组成部分,目前,已有诸多西方学者提出了不同的测量方法。本文试图在介绍这些方法的同时,对其进行对比和归类分析,提出石片石器加工程度的测量方法目前可分为以"减核率"为核心的测量方法和不以"减核率"为核心的测量方法两大类。针对石器加工程度测量方法目前存在的问题,提出应该在统一的测量标准下,以石器的类型、生产过程和使用过程为基础对石片石器加工程度进行定量测量。
Research on flake tools in Paleolithic archeology involves many aspects, and the measurement of the degree of retouch is one of the most important. At present, many Western scholars have proposed different measurement methods. This paper attempts not only to introduce these methods but also to compare and classify them. According to the utility of the "reduction rate of the raw-material", these measurement methods can be divided into two different groups,the methods using the reduction rate and the methods do not. According to the existing problems in the measurement of degree of retouch on flake tools, it is proposed that this attribute should be measured quantitatively on the basis of the type of retouch, its production process, and the intended use of the tool.
Research on flake tools in Paleolithic archeology involves many aspects, and the measurement of the degree of retouch is one of the most important. At present, many Western scholars have proposed different measurement methods. This paper attempts not only to introduce these methods but also to compare and classify them. According to the utility of the "reduction rate of the raw-material", these measurement methods can be divided into two different groups,the methods using the reduction rate and the methods do not. According to the existing problems in the measurement of degree of retouch on flake tools, it is proposed that this attribute should be measured quantitatively on the basis of the type of retouch, its production process, and the intended use of the tool.
引文
[1]王幼平.石器研究-旧石器考古方法初探[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006:105
[2]Andrefsky W.Lithics-Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005:31-32
[3]George HO.Lithic Analysis(Manuals in Archaeological Method,Theory,and Technique)[M].New York:Springer Science+Business Media,Inc,2004:64-65
[4]Inizian M-L.Roche H.Tixer J.Technology of Knapped Stone[M].Meudon:CREP,1992:67
[5]Andrefsky W.An Introduction to Stone Tool Life History and Technological Organization[A].In:Lithic Technology:Measures of Production,Use and Curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:4-5
[6]Michael JS.An exegesis of the curation concept[J].Journal of Anthropological Research,1996,52(259):80
[7]Binford LR.Organization and formation processes:Looking at curated technologies[J].Journal of Anthropological Research,1979,35(3):255-27
[8]Bamforth,Douglas B.Technological efficiency and tool curation[J].American Antiquity,1986,51(1):38-50
[9]Nelson,Margaret C.The study of technology organization[J].Archaeological Method and Theory,1991,3:57-100
[10]Colin PQ,Andrefsky W.Perforation with Stone Tools and Retouch Intensity:A Neolithic Case Study[A].In:Lithic Technology:measures of production,use and curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:151
[11]Hiscock P.Technological responses to risk in Holocene Australia[J].Journal of World Prehistory,1994,8:267-292
[12]Kuhn S.“Unpacking”reduction:Lithic raw material economy in the Mousterian of West-Central Italy[J].Journal of Anthropological Research,1991,10:76-106
[13]Andrefsky W.Experimental and archaeological verification of an index of retouch for hafted bifaces[J].American Antiquity,2006,71(4):743-757
[14]Robert JK.Hunter-gatherer mobility strategies[J].Journal of Anthropological Research,1983,39:277-306
[15]Robert JK.The three sides of a biface[J].American Antiquity,1988,53:717-734
[16]Robert JK.The Life ways of Hunter-Gatherers:the Foraging Spectrum[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013
[17]Michael JS,Margaret CN.Lithic reduction,its measurement,and implications:comments on the volume[A].In:Lithic Technology:measures of production,use and curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:25
[18]Bordes F.The Old Stone Age[M].New York:McGraw Hill,1968:1-255
[19]Dibble HL.The interpretation of Middle Paleolithic scraper morphology[J].American Antiquity,1987,52:109-117
[20]Hiscock P,Clarkson.C.The construction of morphological diversity:A study of Mousterian implication retouching at CombeGrenal[A].In:Lithic Technology:measures of production,use and curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:106-135
[21]高星.周口店第15地点石器原料开发方略与经济形态研究[J].人类学学报,2001,20(3):186-200
[22]裴树文,侯亚梅.东谷陀遗址石制品原料利用浅析[J].人类学学报,2001,20(4):271-281
[23]王春雪,陈全家.试析吉林和龙石人沟旧石器时代晚期遗址古人类的技术与行为[J].边疆考古研究,2007,6:39-55
[24]Frison GC.A functional analysis of certain chipped stone tools[J].American Antiquity,1968,33(2):149-155
[25]Deetz J.Invitation to Archaeology[M].New York:Natural History Press,1967
[26]Kuhn SL.A geometric index of reduction for unifacial stone tools[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,1990,17:585-593
[27]Eren M,Dominguez RM,Steven LK.Defining and measuring reduction in unifacial stone tools[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2005,32:1190-1206
[28]Eren M,Mary E.Comparing and synthesizing unifacial stone tool reduction indices[A].In:Lithic Technology:Measures of production,use and curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:49-85
[29]Colin PQ,Andrefsky W.Perforation with Stone Tools and Retouch Intensity:A Neolithic Case Study[A].In:Lithic Technology:measures of production,use and curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:150-174
[30]Clarkson C.An index of invasiveness for the measurement of unifacial and bifacial retouch:A theoretical,experimental and archaeological verification[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2002,29:65-75
[31]Harold LD,Pelcin A.The effect of hammer mass and velocity on flake mass[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,1995,22:429-439
[32]Shott MJ,Andrew PB.Flake size from platform attributes:predictive and empirical approaches.Journal of Archaeological Science,2000,27:877-894
[33]Peter H,Clarkson C.Experimental evaluation of Kuhn’s geometric index of reduction and the flat-flake problem.Journal of Archaeological Science,2005,32:1015-1022
[34]Peter H,Amy T.Generalization,inference and the quantification of lithic reduction[J].World Archaeology,2010,42(4):545-561
[35]Clarkson C.An index of invasiveness for the measurement of unifacial and bifacial retouch:a theoretical,experimental and archaeological verification[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2002,29:65-75
[36]Michael JS,Margaret CN.Lithic reduction,its measurement,and implications:Comments on the volume[A].In:Lithic Technology:measures of production,use and curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:37-40
[2]Andrefsky W.Lithics-Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005:31-32
[3]George HO.Lithic Analysis(Manuals in Archaeological Method,Theory,and Technique)[M].New York:Springer Science+Business Media,Inc,2004:64-65
[4]Inizian M-L.Roche H.Tixer J.Technology of Knapped Stone[M].Meudon:CREP,1992:67
[5]Andrefsky W.An Introduction to Stone Tool Life History and Technological Organization[A].In:Lithic Technology:Measures of Production,Use and Curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:4-5
[6]Michael JS.An exegesis of the curation concept[J].Journal of Anthropological Research,1996,52(259):80
[7]Binford LR.Organization and formation processes:Looking at curated technologies[J].Journal of Anthropological Research,1979,35(3):255-27
[8]Bamforth,Douglas B.Technological efficiency and tool curation[J].American Antiquity,1986,51(1):38-50
[9]Nelson,Margaret C.The study of technology organization[J].Archaeological Method and Theory,1991,3:57-100
[10]Colin PQ,Andrefsky W.Perforation with Stone Tools and Retouch Intensity:A Neolithic Case Study[A].In:Lithic Technology:measures of production,use and curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:151
[11]Hiscock P.Technological responses to risk in Holocene Australia[J].Journal of World Prehistory,1994,8:267-292
[12]Kuhn S.“Unpacking”reduction:Lithic raw material economy in the Mousterian of West-Central Italy[J].Journal of Anthropological Research,1991,10:76-106
[13]Andrefsky W.Experimental and archaeological verification of an index of retouch for hafted bifaces[J].American Antiquity,2006,71(4):743-757
[14]Robert JK.Hunter-gatherer mobility strategies[J].Journal of Anthropological Research,1983,39:277-306
[15]Robert JK.The three sides of a biface[J].American Antiquity,1988,53:717-734
[16]Robert JK.The Life ways of Hunter-Gatherers:the Foraging Spectrum[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013
[17]Michael JS,Margaret CN.Lithic reduction,its measurement,and implications:comments on the volume[A].In:Lithic Technology:measures of production,use and curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:25
[18]Bordes F.The Old Stone Age[M].New York:McGraw Hill,1968:1-255
[19]Dibble HL.The interpretation of Middle Paleolithic scraper morphology[J].American Antiquity,1987,52:109-117
[20]Hiscock P,Clarkson.C.The construction of morphological diversity:A study of Mousterian implication retouching at CombeGrenal[A].In:Lithic Technology:measures of production,use and curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:106-135
[21]高星.周口店第15地点石器原料开发方略与经济形态研究[J].人类学学报,2001,20(3):186-200
[22]裴树文,侯亚梅.东谷陀遗址石制品原料利用浅析[J].人类学学报,2001,20(4):271-281
[23]王春雪,陈全家.试析吉林和龙石人沟旧石器时代晚期遗址古人类的技术与行为[J].边疆考古研究,2007,6:39-55
[24]Frison GC.A functional analysis of certain chipped stone tools[J].American Antiquity,1968,33(2):149-155
[25]Deetz J.Invitation to Archaeology[M].New York:Natural History Press,1967
[26]Kuhn SL.A geometric index of reduction for unifacial stone tools[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,1990,17:585-593
[27]Eren M,Dominguez RM,Steven LK.Defining and measuring reduction in unifacial stone tools[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2005,32:1190-1206
[28]Eren M,Mary E.Comparing and synthesizing unifacial stone tool reduction indices[A].In:Lithic Technology:Measures of production,use and curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:49-85
[29]Colin PQ,Andrefsky W.Perforation with Stone Tools and Retouch Intensity:A Neolithic Case Study[A].In:Lithic Technology:measures of production,use and curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:150-174
[30]Clarkson C.An index of invasiveness for the measurement of unifacial and bifacial retouch:A theoretical,experimental and archaeological verification[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2002,29:65-75
[31]Harold LD,Pelcin A.The effect of hammer mass and velocity on flake mass[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,1995,22:429-439
[32]Shott MJ,Andrew PB.Flake size from platform attributes:predictive and empirical approaches.Journal of Archaeological Science,2000,27:877-894
[33]Peter H,Clarkson C.Experimental evaluation of Kuhn’s geometric index of reduction and the flat-flake problem.Journal of Archaeological Science,2005,32:1015-1022
[34]Peter H,Amy T.Generalization,inference and the quantification of lithic reduction[J].World Archaeology,2010,42(4):545-561
[35]Clarkson C.An index of invasiveness for the measurement of unifacial and bifacial retouch:a theoretical,experimental and archaeological verification[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2002,29:65-75
[36]Michael JS,Margaret CN.Lithic reduction,its measurement,and implications:Comments on the volume[A].In:Lithic Technology:measures of production,use and curation[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:37-40