地面核磁共振方法在石质文物保护中的应用
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摘要
石质文物破坏问题不仅在于人为破坏和表面污染,更多来自自然因素对文物的破坏,例如,日晒雨淋、风沙吹蚀、地表水的冲刷、地震、地下水的侵蚀溶蚀。为对第六批全国重点文物保护单位阳华岩摩崖石刻露天石质文物病害进行探查,采用无损探测的地面核磁共振方法和探地雷达方法,直接找水的地面核磁共振方法成功探测出摩崖石刻依附岩体地层含水分布状况。探地雷达方法探测出依附岩山体内岩溶、裂隙的发育状况。两种方法探测结果发现,石刻依附岩体内岩溶、裂隙发育,部分区域岩溶裂隙带已成为地下水汇聚场所或流通通道,对阳华岩摩崖石刻构成了极为严峻的侵蚀威胁。两种方法解释结果互为验证,研究结果为阳华岩摩崖石刻的病害治理和保护提供了宝贵的基础资料。
Chinese culture has a long history and has left us a lot of stone relics with historical,artistic and cultural values. In recent years,the Chinese Government has established requirements for the protection and utilization of cultural relics and also for the protection and inheritance of cultural heritages. Therefore,more and more attention is also being paid to protection issues of stone relics. Besides human destruction and surface contamination,more damage to stone relics is caused by natural weathering,erosion and corrosion due to factors such as sunlight,rain,wind,sand,surface water,underground water and earthquake,etc. We studied the diseases of the outdoor stone cultural relics,Yanghuayan Lithoglyphs( one of the 6th batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units)using two nondestructive methods,namely surface nuclear magnetic resonance( SNMR) and ground penetrating radar( GPR). The SNMR method successfully detected distribution of water in the rock mass where the lithoglyphs are attached. The development of karst and fractures of the rock mass was detected by the GPR method. The results indicate the development of karst and rock mass fractures and also show that the karst and fracture zones of some parts have become a gathering place or circulation channel for underground water,which results in severe threats to the lithoglyphs. The results of these two methods are mutually verified and thus provide reliable data for the protection and disease management of the Yanghuayan Lithoglyphs.
Chinese culture has a long history and has left us a lot of stone relics with historical,artistic and cultural values. In recent years,the Chinese Government has established requirements for the protection and utilization of cultural relics and also for the protection and inheritance of cultural heritages. Therefore,more and more attention is also being paid to protection issues of stone relics. Besides human destruction and surface contamination,more damage to stone relics is caused by natural weathering,erosion and corrosion due to factors such as sunlight,rain,wind,sand,surface water,underground water and earthquake,etc. We studied the diseases of the outdoor stone cultural relics,Yanghuayan Lithoglyphs( one of the 6th batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units)using two nondestructive methods,namely surface nuclear magnetic resonance( SNMR) and ground penetrating radar( GPR). The SNMR method successfully detected distribution of water in the rock mass where the lithoglyphs are attached. The development of karst and fractures of the rock mass was detected by the GPR method. The results indicate the development of karst and rock mass fractures and also show that the karst and fracture zones of some parts have become a gathering place or circulation channel for underground water,which results in severe threats to the lithoglyphs. The results of these two methods are mutually verified and thus provide reliable data for the protection and disease management of the Yanghuayan Lithoglyphs.
引文
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[13]袁照令,万乐,潘玉玲,等.核磁共振法寻找岩溶裂隙水的地质效果[J].水利水电科技进展,2001,21(2):41-42.YUAN Zhao-ling,WAN Le,PAN Yu-ling,et al.Geological effect of nuclear magnetic resonance method in finding fissure water from basement rock[J].Advances in Science&Technology of Water Resources,2001,21(2):41-42.
[14]万乐,潘玉玲.利用核磁共振方法探查岩溶水[J].CT理论与应用研究,1999(3):15-19.WAN Le,PAN Yu-ling.Detecting of karst water in China with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)method[J].Computerized Tomography Theory&Applications,1999(3):15-19.
[15]甘斌.地面核磁共振方法在水文地质勘查中的应用研究[D].北京:中国地质大学,2013.GAN BIN.Ground magnetic resonance method Application of the hydrogeological survey[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2013.
[2]黄克忠.云岗石窟砂岩石雕的风化问题[J].水文地质工程地质,1984(3):36-55.HUANG Ke-zhong.The weathering problem of sandstone stone carving in Yungang Grottoes[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1984(3):36-55.
[3]潘别桐,黄克忠.文物保护与环境地质[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1992.PAN Bie-tong,HUANG Ke-zhong.Preservation of cultural relics and environmental geology[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences press,1992.
[4]徐瑞红,武发思,贺东鹏,等.利用探地雷达技术对河西杨根系影响甘肃高台明长城遗址的研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2015,27(1):15-20.XU Rui-hong,WU Fa-si,HE Dong-peng,et al.A study of the impact of Populus gansuensis roots on ruins of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall at Gaotai,Gansu province using ground penetrating radar[J].Sciences of Conservation&Archaeology,2015,27(1):15-20.
[5]朱军昌.物探方法在石质文物保护中的应用研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2013.ZHU Jun-chang.Application of geophysical prospecting methods in the protection of stone relics[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2013.
[6]GARAMBOIS S,LEGCHENKO A,VINCENT C,et al.Groundpenetrating radar and surface nuclear magnetic resonance monitoring of an englacial water-filled cavity in the polythermal glacier of Tête Rousse[J].Geophysics,2016,81(1):WA131-WA146.
[7]李振宇,潘玉玲,张兵,等.利用核磁共振方法研究水文地质问题及应用实例[J].水文地质工程地质,2003,30(4):50-54.LI Zhen-yu,PAN Yu-ling,ZHANG Bing,et al.Using NMRmethod research the hydrogeology problems and practical examples[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2003,30(4):50-54.
[8]张荣,胡祥云,杨迪琨,等.地面核磁共振技术发展述评[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(1):284-289.ZHANG Rong,HU Xiang-yun,YANG Di-kun,et al.Review of development of surface nuclear magnetic resonance[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(1):284-289.
[9]林君,张洋.地面磁共振探水技术的研究现状与展望[J].仪器仪表学报,2016,37(12):2657-2670.LIN Jun,ZHANG Yang.Research status and expectation of surface nuclear magnetic resonance technique for groundwater detection[J].Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument,2016,37(12):2657-2670.
[10]刘剑,邓世坤,彭涛,等.探地雷达在石质文物渗水病害探测中的应用[J].工程勘察,2017(8):74-78.LIU Jian,DENG Shi-kun,PENG Tao,et al.Application of geological radar to investigate seepage disease of stone heritage[J].Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,2017(8):74-78.
[11]潘玉玲,李振宇,万乐.利用核磁共振方法探查基岩裂隙水[J].CT理论与应用研究,2000,9(1):22-25.PAN Yu-ling,LI Zhen-yu,WAN Le.Detecting bedrock fissure water with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)method[J].Computerized Tomography Theory&Applications,2000,9(1):22-25.
[12]潘玉玲,李振宇,张兵,等.核磁共振技术在秦皇陵考古中的应用效果[J].工程地球物理学报,2004,1(4):299-303.PAN Yu-ling,LI Zhen-yu,ZANG Bing,et al.Application effectiveness of neuclear magnetic resonance technology in archeology of Qin imperator mausoleum[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2004,1(4):299-303.
[13]袁照令,万乐,潘玉玲,等.核磁共振法寻找岩溶裂隙水的地质效果[J].水利水电科技进展,2001,21(2):41-42.YUAN Zhao-ling,WAN Le,PAN Yu-ling,et al.Geological effect of nuclear magnetic resonance method in finding fissure water from basement rock[J].Advances in Science&Technology of Water Resources,2001,21(2):41-42.
[14]万乐,潘玉玲.利用核磁共振方法探查岩溶水[J].CT理论与应用研究,1999(3):15-19.WAN Le,PAN Yu-ling.Detecting of karst water in China with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)method[J].Computerized Tomography Theory&Applications,1999(3):15-19.
[15]甘斌.地面核磁共振方法在水文地质勘查中的应用研究[D].北京:中国地质大学,2013.GAN BIN.Ground magnetic resonance method Application of the hydrogeological survey[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2013.