爆炸与冲击中的非线性岩石力学问题Ⅲ:地下核爆炸诱发工程性地震效应的计算原理及应用
|
摘要
系统分析地下核试验诱发工程性地震场地效应实测数据,通过解析地下核封闭爆炸、浅埋爆炸和触地爆炸时距爆心不同区域的能量辐射特性,构建以特征能量因子定量表征各区变形特征的一致性方法,得到爆炸近区至中远区大尺度范围中,不可逆变形的特征能量因子阈值,发现其大小呈现等级跃减规律,首次构建地下核爆炸诱发工程性地震效应局部不可逆变形大小离爆心比例距离的理论计算方法,结合场地实测数据验证该方法的科学可靠性。在此基础上,通过深入研究爆炸激活岩块变形对深地下工程围岩稳定性影响,提出地下防护工程抗大当量钻地武器打击的安全埋深设计必须考虑诱发工程性地震效应,并给出了其计算方法。
The measured data of the engineering seismic effects induced by underground nuclear explosion were systematically analyzed,and a consistent method for quantitatively representing deformation characteristics with a dimensionless characteristic energy factor was constructed by analyzing the energy radiation characteristics of deep buried nuclear explosion,shallow buried explosion and surface explosion. The threshold value and the gradation decline law of the irreversible deformation energy factor in the range of near area to middle/far area of the explosion were obtained. A theoretical method for calculating the local irreversible deformation of the engineering seismic effects at a certain ratio distance away from the center caused by the underground nuclear explosion was proposed for the first time,and the scientific reliability of the method was verified by the measured data. Based on the in-depth study of the influence of the explosion-activated rock block deformation on the surrounding rock stability of underground engineering,it was pointed out that the design of deep-ground protection engineering resisting large yield earth-penetrating weapons must pay attention to the engineering seismic effect,and its calculation method was given.
The measured data of the engineering seismic effects induced by underground nuclear explosion were systematically analyzed,and a consistent method for quantitatively representing deformation characteristics with a dimensionless characteristic energy factor was constructed by analyzing the energy radiation characteristics of deep buried nuclear explosion,shallow buried explosion and surface explosion. The threshold value and the gradation decline law of the irreversible deformation energy factor in the range of near area to middle/far area of the explosion were obtained. A theoretical method for calculating the local irreversible deformation of the engineering seismic effects at a certain ratio distance away from the center caused by the underground nuclear explosion was proposed for the first time,and the scientific reliability of the method was verified by the measured data. Based on the in-depth study of the influence of the explosion-activated rock block deformation on the surrounding rock stability of underground engineering,it was pointed out that the design of deep-ground protection engineering resisting large yield earth-penetrating weapons must pay attention to the engineering seismic effect,and its calculation method was given.
引文
[1]BERGKVIST N O,FERM R.Nuclear Explosions 1945-1998[R].[S.l.]:Defence Research Establishment,2000:14-15.
[2]钱七虎.战略防护工程面临的核钻地弹威胁及连续介质力学模型的不适用性[J].防护工程,2005,26(5):1-10.(QIAN Qihu.Threat of nuclear missile faced in strategic protection works and inapplicability of continuum mechanical model[J].Protective Engineering,2005,26(5):1-10.(in Chinese))
[3]钱七虎,王明洋.岩土中的冲击爆炸效应[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2010:127-134.(QIAN Qihu,WANG Mingyang.Impact and explosion effects in rock and soil[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2010:127-134.(in Chinese))
[4]钱七虎.岩石爆炸动力学的若干进展[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(10):1 945-1 968.(QIAN Qihu.Some advances in rock blasting dynamics[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(10):1 945-1 968.(in Chinese))
[5]KOCHARYAN G G,SPIVAK A A.Movement of rock blocks during large-scale underground explosions.part I:experimental data[J].Journal of Mining Science,2001,37(1):64-76.
[6]KOCHARYAN G G,SPIVAK A A.Budkov movement of rock blocks during large-scale underground explosion.Part II:Estimates by analytical models,numerical calculations,and comparative analysis of theoretical and experimental data[J].Journal of Mining Science,2001,37(2):149-168.
[7]HAMILTON R M,MCKEOWN F A,HEALY J H.Seismic activity and faulting associated with a large underground nuclear explosion[J].Science,1969,166:601-604.
[8]GLASSTONE S,DOLAN P J.The effects of nuclear weapons[M].3rd ed.[S.l.]:United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration,US Government,1977:231-275.
[9]DICKEY D D,MCKEOWN F A,BUCKNAM R C.Preliminary results of ground deformation measurements near the Cannikin explosion[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1972,62(6):1 505-1 518.
[10]KOZYREV S A,LUKICHEV S V.Characteristic features of the seismic effect of massive blasting in highly stressed block masses[J].Journal of Mining Science,1995,31(1):43-50.
[11]MCKEOWN F A,DICKEY D D.Fault displacements and motion related to nuclear explosions[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,1969,59(6):2 253-2 269.
[12]CLOUD W K,CARDER D S.Ground effects from the boxcar and Benham nuclear explosions[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1969,59(6):2 371-2 381.
[13]ENGDAHL E R.Seismic effects of the milrow and cannikin nuclear explosions[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment.1972;62(6):1 411-1 423.
[14]ADUSHKIN V V,SPIVAK A A.Underground Explosions,Chapter8:The influence of faults,joints,and fractures,on mechanical effects of underground nuclear explosions[M].Translated by ANASTASIA Sand PAUL R.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2015:431-479.
[15]戚承志,钱七虎,王明洋,等.岩体的构造层次及其成因[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(16):2 838-2 846.(QI Chengzhi,QIANQihu,WANG Mingyang,et al.Structural hierarchy of rock massif and mechanism of its formation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(16):2 838-2 846.(in Chinese))
[16]钱七虎.深部地下空间开发中的关键科学问题,钱七虎院士论文选集[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:549-568.(QIAN Qihu.The key problems of underground space development in deep,Selections from Academician Qian Qihu?s Theses[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007:549-568.(in Chinese))
[17]KURLENYA M V,OPARIN V N.Problems of nonlinear geomechanics.Part I[J].Journal of Mining Science,1999,35(3):216-230.
[18]奥尔连科ЛП.爆炸物理学[M].孙承纬译.北京:科学出版社,2011:719-729.(ORILENKOЛП.Explosion physics[M].Translated by SUN Chengwei.Beijing:Science Press,2011:719-729.(in Chinese))
[19]王明洋,李杰,李凯锐.深部岩体非线性力学能量作用原理与应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(4):659-667.(WANGMingyang,LI Jie,LI Kairui.A nonlinear mechanical energy theory in deep rock mass engineering and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(4):659-667.(in Chinese))
[20]WANG M Y,LI J,MA L J,et al.Study on the characteristic energy factor of the deep rock mass under weak disturbance[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2016,49(8):3 165-3 173.
[21]王明洋,李杰,邱艳宇,等.基于能量原理的大规模地下爆炸不可逆位移计算方法[J].爆炸与冲击,2017,37(4):685-691.(WANGMingyang,LI Jie,QIU Yanyu,et al.calculation method for irreversible deformation region radius under large-scale underground explosion based on law of energy[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2017,37(4):685-691.(in Chinese))
[22]李杰,王明洋,卢浩,等.岩体中的摆型波特性在地下核试验核查中的应用[J].现代应用物理,2017,(4):68-75.(LI Jie,WANGMingyang,LU Hao,QIU Yanyu,et al.Propagation characteristics of pendulum-type waves in rock masses and its applications in nuclear reconnaissance[J].Modern Applied Physics,2017,(4):68-75.(in Chinese))
[23]李杰,陈伟,施存程,等.基于块系构造的大规模地下爆炸不可逆位移计算方法[J].爆炸与冲击,2018,38(6):1 271-1 277.(LIJie,CHEN Wei,SHI Cuncheng,et al.Calculation method of irreversible deformation region radius under large-scale underground explosion based on block hierarchical structure[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2018,38(6):1 271-1 277.(in Chinese))
[24]王明洋,陈昊祥,李杰,等.深部巷道分区破裂化计算理论与实测对比研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(10):2 209-2 218.(WANG Mingyang,CHEN Haoxiang,LI Jie,et al.Theoretical research for zonal disintegration of rock mass around deep tunnels and its comparison with in-situ observation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(10):2 209-2 218.(in Chinese))
[25]李杰,蒋海明,王明洋,等.爆炸与冲击中的非线性岩石力学问题(I):一维块系岩体波动特性的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(1):38-50.(LI Jie,JIANG Haiming,WANG Mingyang,et al.Nonlinear mechanics problems in rock explosion and shock.Part I:Experimental research on properties of one-dimensional wave propagation in block rock masses[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(1):38-50.(in Chinese))
[26]李杰,蒋海明,王明洋,等.爆炸与冲击中的非线性岩石力学问题(II):冲击扰动诱发岩块滑移的物理模拟试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(2):291-301.(LI Jie,JIANG Haiming,WANGMingyang,et al.Nonlinear mechanics problems in rock explosion and shock.Part II:Physical model test of triggering sliding of block rock induced by external disturbance[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(2):291-301.(in Chinese))
[27]LI J,DENG S,WANG M,et al.Weak disturbance-triggered seismic events:an experimental and numerical investigation[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2018,(5):1-13.
[28]DENG S,LI J,JIANG H,et al.Experimental and theoretical study of the fault slip events of rock masses around underground tunnels induced by external disturbances[J].Engineering Geology,2018,233:191-199.
[29]杨秀敏.爆炸冲击现象数值模拟[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2010:139-145.(YANG Xiumin.Numerical simulation for explosion and impact phenomena[M].Hefei:China Science and Technology Press,2012:139-145.(in Chinese))
[30]李夕海.核爆炸侦察技术及应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2016:15-60.(LI Xihai.Nuclear explosion reconnaissance technology and applications[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2016:15-60.(in Chinese))
[31]冯德益.地震波理论与应用[M].北京:地震出版社,1988:182-300.(FENG Deyi.Theory and applications of seismic waves[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1988:182-300.(in Chinese))
[32]HASKELL N A.Analytic approximation for the elastic radiation from a contained underground explosion[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1967,72(10):2 583-2 587.
[33]SHISHKIN N I.Seismic efficiency of a contact explosion and a high-velocity impact[J].Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics,2007,48(2):145-152.
[34]ADUSHKIN V V,OPARIN V N.From the alternating-sign explosion response of rocks to the pendulum waves in stressed geomedia.Part I[J].Journal of Mining Science,2012,48(2):203-222.
[35]李杰,王明洋,李新平,等.微扰动诱发断裂滑移型岩爆的力学机制与条件[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(增1):3 205-3 214(LI Jie,WANG Mingyang,LI Xinping,et al.The mechanics mechanism and occurrence conditions of sliding type rockbursts triggered by weak disturbance[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(Supp.1):3 205-3 214.(in Chinese))
[36]LANDAU L D,LIFSHITZ E M,DONNELLY R J.Mechanics,Vol.I of course on theoretical physics[J].American Journal of Physics,1972,(1):51-70.
[37]LI J,WANG M,QIAN Q.Calculation of the irreversible deformation region under a large-scale underground explosion based on block hierarchical structure[C]//Rock Dynamics:From Research to Engineering.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2016:327-334.
[38]WANG T,SHI Q,NIKKHOO M,et al.The rise,collapse,and compaction of Mt.Mantap from the 3 September 2017 North Korean nuclear test[J].Science,2018,361(6398):166-170.
[39]邓国强.钻地弹聚集爆炸效应的试验研究[博士学位论文][D].南京:解放军理工大学,2001.(DENG Guoqiang.Experiment study on congregated blast effect of EPW[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Nanjing:PLAUniversity of Science and Technology,2001.(in Chinese))
[40]王明洋,唐廷,周泽平.断裂构造对爆炸地震波传播规律的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(增1):659-667.(WANG Mingyang,TANG Ting,ZHOU Zeping.Effect of geological structural faults on blasting seismic wave propagation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(Supp.1):659-667.(in Chinese))
[41]王明洋,赵跃堂,钱七虎.缓倾角断裂隔震效应的机理及定量研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1999,18(1):60-64.(WANG Mingyang,ZHAO Yuetang,QIAN Qihu.Studies on mechanism and quantization of isolation effect of slow angle fault[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1999,18(1):60-64.(in Chinese))
[2]钱七虎.战略防护工程面临的核钻地弹威胁及连续介质力学模型的不适用性[J].防护工程,2005,26(5):1-10.(QIAN Qihu.Threat of nuclear missile faced in strategic protection works and inapplicability of continuum mechanical model[J].Protective Engineering,2005,26(5):1-10.(in Chinese))
[3]钱七虎,王明洋.岩土中的冲击爆炸效应[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2010:127-134.(QIAN Qihu,WANG Mingyang.Impact and explosion effects in rock and soil[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2010:127-134.(in Chinese))
[4]钱七虎.岩石爆炸动力学的若干进展[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(10):1 945-1 968.(QIAN Qihu.Some advances in rock blasting dynamics[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(10):1 945-1 968.(in Chinese))
[5]KOCHARYAN G G,SPIVAK A A.Movement of rock blocks during large-scale underground explosions.part I:experimental data[J].Journal of Mining Science,2001,37(1):64-76.
[6]KOCHARYAN G G,SPIVAK A A.Budkov movement of rock blocks during large-scale underground explosion.Part II:Estimates by analytical models,numerical calculations,and comparative analysis of theoretical and experimental data[J].Journal of Mining Science,2001,37(2):149-168.
[7]HAMILTON R M,MCKEOWN F A,HEALY J H.Seismic activity and faulting associated with a large underground nuclear explosion[J].Science,1969,166:601-604.
[8]GLASSTONE S,DOLAN P J.The effects of nuclear weapons[M].3rd ed.[S.l.]:United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration,US Government,1977:231-275.
[9]DICKEY D D,MCKEOWN F A,BUCKNAM R C.Preliminary results of ground deformation measurements near the Cannikin explosion[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1972,62(6):1 505-1 518.
[10]KOZYREV S A,LUKICHEV S V.Characteristic features of the seismic effect of massive blasting in highly stressed block masses[J].Journal of Mining Science,1995,31(1):43-50.
[11]MCKEOWN F A,DICKEY D D.Fault displacements and motion related to nuclear explosions[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,1969,59(6):2 253-2 269.
[12]CLOUD W K,CARDER D S.Ground effects from the boxcar and Benham nuclear explosions[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1969,59(6):2 371-2 381.
[13]ENGDAHL E R.Seismic effects of the milrow and cannikin nuclear explosions[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment.1972;62(6):1 411-1 423.
[14]ADUSHKIN V V,SPIVAK A A.Underground Explosions,Chapter8:The influence of faults,joints,and fractures,on mechanical effects of underground nuclear explosions[M].Translated by ANASTASIA Sand PAUL R.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2015:431-479.
[15]戚承志,钱七虎,王明洋,等.岩体的构造层次及其成因[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(16):2 838-2 846.(QI Chengzhi,QIANQihu,WANG Mingyang,et al.Structural hierarchy of rock massif and mechanism of its formation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(16):2 838-2 846.(in Chinese))
[16]钱七虎.深部地下空间开发中的关键科学问题,钱七虎院士论文选集[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:549-568.(QIAN Qihu.The key problems of underground space development in deep,Selections from Academician Qian Qihu?s Theses[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007:549-568.(in Chinese))
[17]KURLENYA M V,OPARIN V N.Problems of nonlinear geomechanics.Part I[J].Journal of Mining Science,1999,35(3):216-230.
[18]奥尔连科ЛП.爆炸物理学[M].孙承纬译.北京:科学出版社,2011:719-729.(ORILENKOЛП.Explosion physics[M].Translated by SUN Chengwei.Beijing:Science Press,2011:719-729.(in Chinese))
[19]王明洋,李杰,李凯锐.深部岩体非线性力学能量作用原理与应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(4):659-667.(WANGMingyang,LI Jie,LI Kairui.A nonlinear mechanical energy theory in deep rock mass engineering and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(4):659-667.(in Chinese))
[20]WANG M Y,LI J,MA L J,et al.Study on the characteristic energy factor of the deep rock mass under weak disturbance[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2016,49(8):3 165-3 173.
[21]王明洋,李杰,邱艳宇,等.基于能量原理的大规模地下爆炸不可逆位移计算方法[J].爆炸与冲击,2017,37(4):685-691.(WANGMingyang,LI Jie,QIU Yanyu,et al.calculation method for irreversible deformation region radius under large-scale underground explosion based on law of energy[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2017,37(4):685-691.(in Chinese))
[22]李杰,王明洋,卢浩,等.岩体中的摆型波特性在地下核试验核查中的应用[J].现代应用物理,2017,(4):68-75.(LI Jie,WANGMingyang,LU Hao,QIU Yanyu,et al.Propagation characteristics of pendulum-type waves in rock masses and its applications in nuclear reconnaissance[J].Modern Applied Physics,2017,(4):68-75.(in Chinese))
[23]李杰,陈伟,施存程,等.基于块系构造的大规模地下爆炸不可逆位移计算方法[J].爆炸与冲击,2018,38(6):1 271-1 277.(LIJie,CHEN Wei,SHI Cuncheng,et al.Calculation method of irreversible deformation region radius under large-scale underground explosion based on block hierarchical structure[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2018,38(6):1 271-1 277.(in Chinese))
[24]王明洋,陈昊祥,李杰,等.深部巷道分区破裂化计算理论与实测对比研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(10):2 209-2 218.(WANG Mingyang,CHEN Haoxiang,LI Jie,et al.Theoretical research for zonal disintegration of rock mass around deep tunnels and its comparison with in-situ observation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(10):2 209-2 218.(in Chinese))
[25]李杰,蒋海明,王明洋,等.爆炸与冲击中的非线性岩石力学问题(I):一维块系岩体波动特性的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(1):38-50.(LI Jie,JIANG Haiming,WANG Mingyang,et al.Nonlinear mechanics problems in rock explosion and shock.Part I:Experimental research on properties of one-dimensional wave propagation in block rock masses[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(1):38-50.(in Chinese))
[26]李杰,蒋海明,王明洋,等.爆炸与冲击中的非线性岩石力学问题(II):冲击扰动诱发岩块滑移的物理模拟试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(2):291-301.(LI Jie,JIANG Haiming,WANGMingyang,et al.Nonlinear mechanics problems in rock explosion and shock.Part II:Physical model test of triggering sliding of block rock induced by external disturbance[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(2):291-301.(in Chinese))
[27]LI J,DENG S,WANG M,et al.Weak disturbance-triggered seismic events:an experimental and numerical investigation[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2018,(5):1-13.
[28]DENG S,LI J,JIANG H,et al.Experimental and theoretical study of the fault slip events of rock masses around underground tunnels induced by external disturbances[J].Engineering Geology,2018,233:191-199.
[29]杨秀敏.爆炸冲击现象数值模拟[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2010:139-145.(YANG Xiumin.Numerical simulation for explosion and impact phenomena[M].Hefei:China Science and Technology Press,2012:139-145.(in Chinese))
[30]李夕海.核爆炸侦察技术及应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2016:15-60.(LI Xihai.Nuclear explosion reconnaissance technology and applications[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2016:15-60.(in Chinese))
[31]冯德益.地震波理论与应用[M].北京:地震出版社,1988:182-300.(FENG Deyi.Theory and applications of seismic waves[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1988:182-300.(in Chinese))
[32]HASKELL N A.Analytic approximation for the elastic radiation from a contained underground explosion[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1967,72(10):2 583-2 587.
[33]SHISHKIN N I.Seismic efficiency of a contact explosion and a high-velocity impact[J].Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics,2007,48(2):145-152.
[34]ADUSHKIN V V,OPARIN V N.From the alternating-sign explosion response of rocks to the pendulum waves in stressed geomedia.Part I[J].Journal of Mining Science,2012,48(2):203-222.
[35]李杰,王明洋,李新平,等.微扰动诱发断裂滑移型岩爆的力学机制与条件[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(增1):3 205-3 214(LI Jie,WANG Mingyang,LI Xinping,et al.The mechanics mechanism and occurrence conditions of sliding type rockbursts triggered by weak disturbance[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(Supp.1):3 205-3 214.(in Chinese))
[36]LANDAU L D,LIFSHITZ E M,DONNELLY R J.Mechanics,Vol.I of course on theoretical physics[J].American Journal of Physics,1972,(1):51-70.
[37]LI J,WANG M,QIAN Q.Calculation of the irreversible deformation region under a large-scale underground explosion based on block hierarchical structure[C]//Rock Dynamics:From Research to Engineering.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2016:327-334.
[38]WANG T,SHI Q,NIKKHOO M,et al.The rise,collapse,and compaction of Mt.Mantap from the 3 September 2017 North Korean nuclear test[J].Science,2018,361(6398):166-170.
[39]邓国强.钻地弹聚集爆炸效应的试验研究[博士学位论文][D].南京:解放军理工大学,2001.(DENG Guoqiang.Experiment study on congregated blast effect of EPW[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Nanjing:PLAUniversity of Science and Technology,2001.(in Chinese))
[40]王明洋,唐廷,周泽平.断裂构造对爆炸地震波传播规律的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(增1):659-667.(WANG Mingyang,TANG Ting,ZHOU Zeping.Effect of geological structural faults on blasting seismic wave propagation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(Supp.1):659-667.(in Chinese))
[41]王明洋,赵跃堂,钱七虎.缓倾角断裂隔震效应的机理及定量研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1999,18(1):60-64.(WANG Mingyang,ZHAO Yuetang,QIAN Qihu.Studies on mechanism and quantization of isolation effect of slow angle fault[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1999,18(1):60-64.(in Chinese))