库车坳陷克深2气田低渗透砂岩储层裂缝发育特征
|
摘要
综合利用岩心、薄片及成像测井资料,对库车坳陷克深2气田的单井裂缝发育特征进行分析,采用构造应力场数值模拟法对井间裂缝发育特征进行定量预测,并讨论裂缝发育主控因素及裂缝与产能的关系。结果表明:克深2气田主要发育NNW—NW走向的直立和高角度剪切构造裂缝,岩心裂缝开度主要分布在0~0.2 mm,微观裂缝开度一般为0.01~0.06 mm;裂缝充填物多为方解石,平均充填系数约为0.63。断层带裂缝性漏失量高,裂缝线密度和裂缝孔隙度均为高值,是裂缝的最有利发育区;背斜高点的裂缝线密度低,但裂缝开度、裂缝孔隙度和单井产能均为高值,裂缝整体发育程度较高;岩石中钙质组分的增加或泥质组分的减少有利于裂缝的发育;水下分流河道及河口坝微相裂缝发育程度较高,水下分流河道间微相裂缝发育程度相对较低。在裂缝性储层开发过程中,要注意对储层采取保护措施,避免产能下降过快。
Fracture characteristics of individual wells of Keshen-2 gas field were analyzed using data of cores,thin sections and imaging logging,and interwell fractures were predicted quantitatively by stress field numerical simulation. The primary controlling factors of fracture development and the relationship between fracture and gas production were also discussed.The results demonstrate that upright and high angle shearing structural fractures with NNW-NW strike mainly develop in Keshen-2 gas field. Fracture aperture from core data are mainly between 0 and 0.2 mm,while that of microcosmic fractures are generally between 0.01 and 0.06 mm. Fractures are mainly filled by calcite,and the filling coefficient is approximately0.63. Drilling fluid loss in the fractured zone is large,and the fracture linear density and fracture porosity are both high in fault belts which are the most favorable areas for fracture development. Fractures at the top of anticlines have low density but high aperture and porosity,and wells in these areas have high gas production,thus fractures develop well at the top of anticline in general. The increase of calcium content and the decrease of clay content are beneficial to the development of fractures. Fractures in underwater distributary channel or estuary dam develop better than those among interdistributary channels. Within the development process of fractured reservoir,reservoir protective procedures should be taken to avoid the rapid drop of production capacity.
Fracture characteristics of individual wells of Keshen-2 gas field were analyzed using data of cores,thin sections and imaging logging,and interwell fractures were predicted quantitatively by stress field numerical simulation. The primary controlling factors of fracture development and the relationship between fracture and gas production were also discussed.The results demonstrate that upright and high angle shearing structural fractures with NNW-NW strike mainly develop in Keshen-2 gas field. Fracture aperture from core data are mainly between 0 and 0.2 mm,while that of microcosmic fractures are generally between 0.01 and 0.06 mm. Fractures are mainly filled by calcite,and the filling coefficient is approximately0.63. Drilling fluid loss in the fractured zone is large,and the fracture linear density and fracture porosity are both high in fault belts which are the most favorable areas for fracture development. Fractures at the top of anticlines have low density but high aperture and porosity,and wells in these areas have high gas production,thus fractures develop well at the top of anticline in general. The increase of calcium content and the decrease of clay content are beneficial to the development of fractures. Fractures in underwater distributary channel or estuary dam develop better than those among interdistributary channels. Within the development process of fractured reservoir,reservoir protective procedures should be taken to avoid the rapid drop of production capacity.
引文
[1]刘宏,蔡正旗,谭秀成,等.川东高陡构造薄层碳酸盐岩裂缝性储集层预测[J].石油勘探与开发,2008,35(4):431-436.Liu Hong,Cai Zhengqi,Tan Xiucheng,et al.Forecasting of fracture reservoirs in thin carbonate rocks of precipitous structure belt,East Sichuan[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2008,35(4):431-436.
[2]王长江,汤婕,李珂.裂缝储层综合评价方法——以渤南洼陷沙三段下亚段为例[J].油气地质与采收率,2014,21(6):68-71.Wang Changjiang,Tang Jie,Li Ke.Comprehensive evaluation method on fractured reservoirs-taking the lower Es3in Bonan subsag as an example[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2014,21(6):68-71.
[3]曾联波,柯式镇,刘洋,等.低渗透油气储层裂缝研究方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2010.Zeng Lianbo,Ke Shizhen,Liu Yang,et al.Research method of the fractures in low-permeability reservoir[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2010.
[4]曾联波,漆家福,王永秀.低渗透储层构造裂缝的成因类型及其形成地质条件[J].石油学报,2007,28(4):52-56.Zeng Lianbo,Qi Jiafu,Wang Yongxiu.Origin type of tectonic fractures and geological conditions in low-permeability reservoirs[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2007,28(4):52-56.
[5]Michael R G,Yehuda E.Throughgoing fractures in layered carbonate rocks[J].GSA Bulletin,2007,119(11/12):1 387-1 404.
[6]艾合买提江阿不都热合曼,钟建华,Kurt Bucher,等.塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩裂缝成因研究[J].特种油气藏,2009,16(4):21-24,27.Ahmatjan Abdurahman,Zhong Jianhua,Kurt Bucher,et al.Fracture genesis of Ordovician carbonate rock in Tahe Oilfield[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2009,16(4):21-24,27.
[7]申本科,胡永乐,田昌炳,等.陆相砂砾岩油藏裂缝发育特征分析——以克拉玛依油田八区乌尔禾组油藏为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(3):41-44.Shen Benke,Hu Yongle,Tian Changbing,et al.Fracture development in terrestrial glutinite reservoir-taking the Lower WuerheFormation reservoirs in 8thdistrict of Karmay Oilfield,NW China,as an example[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2005,32(3):41-44.
[8]丁文龙,许长春,久凯,等.泥页岩裂缝研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(2):135-143.Ding Wenlong,Xu Changchun,Jiu Kai,et al.The research progress of shale fractures[J].Advances in Earth Science,2011,26(2):135-143.
[9]戴俊生,汪必峰.综合方法识别和预测储层裂缝[J].油气地质与采收率,2003,10(1):1-2,8.Dai Junsheng,Wang Bifeng.Integrated approach of identifying and predicting fracture in reservoir[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2003,10(1):1-2,8.
[10]周新桂,张林炎,黄臣军,等.鄂尔多斯盆地沿河湾探区低渗储层长61构造裂缝主要形成期应力环境判识[J].现代地质,2009,23(5):843-851.Zhou Xingui,Zhang Linyan,Huang Chenjun,et al.Palaeostress judgement of tectonic fractures in Chang 61low permeable reservoir in Yanhewan area,Ordos Basin in main forming period[J].Geoscience,2009,23(5):843-851.
[11]李志明,张金珠.地应力与油气勘探开发[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1997.Li Zhiming,Zhang Jinzhu.In-situ stress and petroleum exploration&development[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1997.
[12]Nelson R A.Geologic analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs[M].2nd ed.Houston:Gulf Professional Publishing,2001.
[13]王文环,彭缓缓,李光泉,等.长庆特低渗透油藏注水动态裂缝及井网加密调整模式研究[J].石油钻探技术,2015,43(1):106-110.Wang Wenhuan,Peng Huanhuan,Li Guangquan,et al.Research on water flooding dynamic fractures to optimize infill drilling spacing in ultra-low permeability reservoirs,Changqing Oilfield[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2015,43(1):106-110.
[14]杨玲,胡明.东营凹陷太古界储层裂缝发育控制因素及油气勘探方向[J].特种油气藏,2010,17(2):35-38.Yang Ling,Hu Ming.Controlling factors of Archeozoic reservoir fractures development and hydrocarbon prospecting direction in Dongying depression[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2010,17(2):35-38.
[15]宋永东,戴俊生.储层构造裂缝预测研究[J].油气地质与采收率,2007,14(6):9-13.Song Yongdong,Dai Junsheng.Research on the forecast of reservoir structural fractures[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2007,14(6):9-13.
[16]曾联波,李跃纲,王正国,等.邛西构造须二段特低渗透砂岩储层微观裂缝的分布特征[J].天然气工业,2007,27(6):45-47.Zeng Lianbo,Li Yuegang,Wang Zhengguo,et al.Distribution of microfractures in ultralow permeability sandstone reservoirs of the second member of Xujiahe Formation(T3x2)in Qiongxi structure[J].Natural Gas Industry,2007,27(6):45-47.
[17]郭辉,马中远,张黎,等.塔中北坡下志留统柯坪塔格组裂缝发育特征及成藏意义[J].石油实验地质,2015,37(1):22-27.Guo Hui,Ma Zhongyuan,Zhang Li,et al.Development characteristics and hydrocarbon accumulation significance of fractures in Lower Silurian Kalpintag Formation,northern slope of central Tarim Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2015,37(1):22-27.
[18]黄继新,彭仕宓,王小军,等.成像测井资料在裂缝和地应力研究中的应用[J].石油学报,2006,27(6):65-69.Huang Jixin,Peng Shimi,Wang Xiaojun,et al.Applications of imaging logging data in the research of fracture and ground stress[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2006,27(6):65-69.
[19]Lee H,Scott R,Scott H.Causal fracture prediction:Curvature,stress,and geomechanics[J].The Leading Edge,2011,30(11):1 274-1 286.
[20]李虎,秦启荣,王时林,等.大邑构造须二段储层裂缝综合预测[J].特种油气藏,2010,17(6):54-56.Li Hu,Qin Qirong,Wang Shilin,et al.Comprehensive prediction of reservoir fractures in the Xu2 formation of the Dayi structure[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2010,17(6):54-56.
[21]李志军,张瀛,窦煜,等.曲率法致密砂岩储层裂缝预测[J].西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,35(6):57-63.Li Zhijun,Zhang Ying,Dou Yu,et al.Fracture prediction in tight sandstone reservoir with curvature method[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science&Technology Edition,2013,35(6):57-63.
[22]丁中一,钱祥麟,霍红,等.构造裂缝定量预测的一种新方法——二元法[J].石油与天然气地质,1998,19(1):1-7,14.Ding Zhongyi,Qian Xianglin,Huo Hong,et al.A new method for quantitative prediction of tectonic fractures-two-factor method[J].Oil&Gas Geology,1998,19(1):1-7,14.
[23]鞠玮,侯贵廷,黄少英,等.库车坳陷依南-吐孜地区下侏罗统阿合组砂岩构造裂缝分布预测[J].大地构造与成矿学,2013,37(4):592-602.Ju Wei,Hou Guiting,Huang Shaoying,et al.Structural fracture distribution and prediction of the Lower Jurassic Ahe Formation sandstone in the Yinan-Tuzi area,Kuqa Depression[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2013,37(4):592-602.
[24]冯阵东,戴俊生,邓航,等.利用分形几何定量评价克拉2气田裂缝[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(6):928-933.Feng Zhendong,Dai Junsheng,Deng Hang,et al.Quantitative evaluation of fractures with fractal geometry in Kela-2 gas field[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2011,32(6):928-933.
[25]Endres H,Lohr T,Trappe H,et al.Quantitative fracture prediction from seismic data[J].Petroleum Geoscience,2008,14(4):369-377.
[26]季宗镇,戴俊生,汪必峰.地应力与构造裂缝参数间的定量关系[J].石油学报,2010,33(1):68-72.Ji Zongzhen,Dai Junsheng,Wang Bifeng.Quantitative relationship between crustal stress and parameters of tectonic fracture[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2010,33(1):68-72.
[27]关宝文,郭建明,杨燕,等.油气储层裂缝预测方法及发展趋势[J].特种油气藏,2014,21(1):12-17.Guan Baowen,Guo Jianming,Yang Yan,et al.Methods of fracture prediction in oil&gas reservoirs and their development trend[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2014,21(1):12-17.
[28]能源,谢会文,孙太荣,等.克拉苏构造带克深段构造特征及其石油地质意义[J].中国石油勘探,2013,18(2):1-6.Neng Yuan,Xie Huiwen,Sun Tairong,et al.Structural characteristics of Keshen segmentation in Kelasu structural belt and its petroleum geological significance[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2013,18(2):1-6.
[29]曾联波,谭成轩,张明利.塔里木盆地库车坳陷中新生代构造应力场及其油气运聚效应[J].中国科学:D辑地球科学,2004,34(增刊I):98-106.Zeng Lianbo,Tan Chengxuan,Zhang Mingli.Tectonic stress field and its effect on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in Mesozoic and Cenozoic in the Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin[J].Science in China:Series D Earth Sciences,2004,34(Supplement I):98-106.
[30]刘洪涛,曾联波.喜马拉雅运动在塔里木盆地库车坳陷的表现——来自岩石声发射实验的证据[J].地质通报,2004,23(7):676-679.Liu Hongtao,Zeng Lianbo.Expression of the Himalayan orogeny in the Kuqa depression,Tarim basin-evidence from the rock acoustic emission experiment[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2004,23(7):676-679.
[31]张仲培,王清晨.库车坳陷节理和剪切破裂发育特征及其对区域应力场转换的指示[J].中国科学:D辑地球科学,2004,34(增刊I):63-73.Zhang Zhongpei,Wang Qingchen.Development of joints and shear fractures in Kuqa Depression and its implication to regional stress field switching[J].Science in China:Series D Earth Sciences,2004,34(Supplement I):63-73.
[32]张惠良,张荣虎,杨海军,等.超深层裂缝-孔隙型致密砂岩储集层表征与评价——以库车前陆盆地克拉苏构造带白垩系巴什基奇克组为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(2):1-10.Zhang Huiliang,Zhang Ronghu,Yang Haijun,et al.Characteristic and evaluation of ultra-deep fracture-pore tight sandstone reservoirs:A case study of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kelasu Tectonic Zone in Kuqa foreland basin,Tarim,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(2):1-10.
[33]张惠良,张荣虎,杨海军,等.构造裂缝发育型砂岩储层定量评价方法及应用——以库车前陆盆地白垩系为例[J].岩石学报,2012,28(3):827-835.Zhang Huiliang,Zhang Ronghu,Yang Haijun,et al.Quantitative evaluation methods and applications of tectonic fracture developed sand reservoir:A Cretaceous example from Kuqa foreland basin[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2012,28(3):827-835.
[34]王振宇,陶夏妍,范鹏,等.库车坳陷大北气田砂岩气层裂缝分布规律及其对产能的影响[J].油气地质与采收率,2014,21(2):51-56.Wang Zhenyu,Tao Xiayan,Fan Peng,et al.Distribution rule of fractures and their effect on deliverability in sandstone reservoirs,Dabei gas field,Kuqa foreland basin[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2014,21(2):51-56.
[35]张克银.川西孝泉—新场地区须家河组四段裂缝分布特征[J].石油实验地质,2014,36(4):398-404.Zhang Keyin.Fracture distribution characteristics of 4th member of Xujiahe Formation in Xiaoquan-Xinchang area,western Sichuan[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2014,36(4):398-404.
[36]戴俊生,商琳,王彤达,等.富台潜山凤山组现今地应力场数值模拟及有效裂缝分布预测[J].油气地质与采收率,2014,21(6):33-36.Dai Junsheng,Shang Lin,Wang Tongda,et al.Numerical simulation of current in-situ stress field of Fengshan formation and distribution of effective fracture in Futai buried hill[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2014,21(6):33-36.
[37]曾联波.低渗透砂岩油气储层裂缝及其渗流特征[J].地质科学,2004,39(1):11-17.Zeng Lianbo.Fissure and its seepage characteristics in low-permeable sandstone reservoir[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2004,39(1):11-17.
[38]Kajari G,Shankar M.Structural controls of fracture orientations,intensity,and connectivity,Teton anticline,Sawtooth Range,Montana[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(8):995-1 014.
[39]吴胜和.储层表征与建模[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2010.Wu Shenghe.Reservoir characterization and modeling[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2010.
[40]范存辉,郭彤楼,王本强,等.四川盆地元坝中部地区须家河组储层裂缝发育特征及控制因素[J].油气地质与采收率,2013,20(5):52-54.Fan Cunhui,Guo Tonglou,Wang Benqiang,et al.Characteristics and controlling factors of reservoir fractures in Xujiahe formation,central Yuanba of Sichuan basin[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2013,20(5):52-54.
[41]Mohammed S A,Keith M,Maher I A,et al.Diverse fracture properties and their impact on performance in conventional and tightgas reservoirs,Saudi Arabia:The Unayzah,South Haradh case study[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(3):459-492.
[42]王伟.哥伦比亚Ombu区Kc组裂缝描述和地质建模[J].现代地质,2012,26(1):139-144.Wang Wei.Fracture description and geological modeling of Kc Formation in Ombu District,Columbia[J].Geoscience,2012,26(1):139-144.
[43]刘行军,杨双定,谢刚,等.鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长8段裂缝发育特征及其对产油量的影响[J].油气地质与采收率,2014,21(6):57-60.Liu Xingjun,Yang Shuangding,Xie Gang,et al.The study of relationship between fracture characteristic and yield of Chang8 section in Heshui area,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2014,21(6):57-60.
[44]Zeng Lianbo,Li Xiangyang.Fractures in sandstone reservoirs with ultra-low permeability:A case study of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(4):461-477.
[45]Rijken P,Cooke M L.Role of shale thickness on vertical connectivity of fractures:Application of crack-bridging theory to the Austin Chalk,Texas[J].Tectonophysics,2001,337(1-2):117-133.
[2]王长江,汤婕,李珂.裂缝储层综合评价方法——以渤南洼陷沙三段下亚段为例[J].油气地质与采收率,2014,21(6):68-71.Wang Changjiang,Tang Jie,Li Ke.Comprehensive evaluation method on fractured reservoirs-taking the lower Es3in Bonan subsag as an example[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2014,21(6):68-71.
[3]曾联波,柯式镇,刘洋,等.低渗透油气储层裂缝研究方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2010.Zeng Lianbo,Ke Shizhen,Liu Yang,et al.Research method of the fractures in low-permeability reservoir[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2010.
[4]曾联波,漆家福,王永秀.低渗透储层构造裂缝的成因类型及其形成地质条件[J].石油学报,2007,28(4):52-56.Zeng Lianbo,Qi Jiafu,Wang Yongxiu.Origin type of tectonic fractures and geological conditions in low-permeability reservoirs[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2007,28(4):52-56.
[5]Michael R G,Yehuda E.Throughgoing fractures in layered carbonate rocks[J].GSA Bulletin,2007,119(11/12):1 387-1 404.
[6]艾合买提江阿不都热合曼,钟建华,Kurt Bucher,等.塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩裂缝成因研究[J].特种油气藏,2009,16(4):21-24,27.Ahmatjan Abdurahman,Zhong Jianhua,Kurt Bucher,et al.Fracture genesis of Ordovician carbonate rock in Tahe Oilfield[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2009,16(4):21-24,27.
[7]申本科,胡永乐,田昌炳,等.陆相砂砾岩油藏裂缝发育特征分析——以克拉玛依油田八区乌尔禾组油藏为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(3):41-44.Shen Benke,Hu Yongle,Tian Changbing,et al.Fracture development in terrestrial glutinite reservoir-taking the Lower WuerheFormation reservoirs in 8thdistrict of Karmay Oilfield,NW China,as an example[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2005,32(3):41-44.
[8]丁文龙,许长春,久凯,等.泥页岩裂缝研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(2):135-143.Ding Wenlong,Xu Changchun,Jiu Kai,et al.The research progress of shale fractures[J].Advances in Earth Science,2011,26(2):135-143.
[9]戴俊生,汪必峰.综合方法识别和预测储层裂缝[J].油气地质与采收率,2003,10(1):1-2,8.Dai Junsheng,Wang Bifeng.Integrated approach of identifying and predicting fracture in reservoir[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2003,10(1):1-2,8.
[10]周新桂,张林炎,黄臣军,等.鄂尔多斯盆地沿河湾探区低渗储层长61构造裂缝主要形成期应力环境判识[J].现代地质,2009,23(5):843-851.Zhou Xingui,Zhang Linyan,Huang Chenjun,et al.Palaeostress judgement of tectonic fractures in Chang 61low permeable reservoir in Yanhewan area,Ordos Basin in main forming period[J].Geoscience,2009,23(5):843-851.
[11]李志明,张金珠.地应力与油气勘探开发[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1997.Li Zhiming,Zhang Jinzhu.In-situ stress and petroleum exploration&development[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1997.
[12]Nelson R A.Geologic analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs[M].2nd ed.Houston:Gulf Professional Publishing,2001.
[13]王文环,彭缓缓,李光泉,等.长庆特低渗透油藏注水动态裂缝及井网加密调整模式研究[J].石油钻探技术,2015,43(1):106-110.Wang Wenhuan,Peng Huanhuan,Li Guangquan,et al.Research on water flooding dynamic fractures to optimize infill drilling spacing in ultra-low permeability reservoirs,Changqing Oilfield[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2015,43(1):106-110.
[14]杨玲,胡明.东营凹陷太古界储层裂缝发育控制因素及油气勘探方向[J].特种油气藏,2010,17(2):35-38.Yang Ling,Hu Ming.Controlling factors of Archeozoic reservoir fractures development and hydrocarbon prospecting direction in Dongying depression[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2010,17(2):35-38.
[15]宋永东,戴俊生.储层构造裂缝预测研究[J].油气地质与采收率,2007,14(6):9-13.Song Yongdong,Dai Junsheng.Research on the forecast of reservoir structural fractures[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2007,14(6):9-13.
[16]曾联波,李跃纲,王正国,等.邛西构造须二段特低渗透砂岩储层微观裂缝的分布特征[J].天然气工业,2007,27(6):45-47.Zeng Lianbo,Li Yuegang,Wang Zhengguo,et al.Distribution of microfractures in ultralow permeability sandstone reservoirs of the second member of Xujiahe Formation(T3x2)in Qiongxi structure[J].Natural Gas Industry,2007,27(6):45-47.
[17]郭辉,马中远,张黎,等.塔中北坡下志留统柯坪塔格组裂缝发育特征及成藏意义[J].石油实验地质,2015,37(1):22-27.Guo Hui,Ma Zhongyuan,Zhang Li,et al.Development characteristics and hydrocarbon accumulation significance of fractures in Lower Silurian Kalpintag Formation,northern slope of central Tarim Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2015,37(1):22-27.
[18]黄继新,彭仕宓,王小军,等.成像测井资料在裂缝和地应力研究中的应用[J].石油学报,2006,27(6):65-69.Huang Jixin,Peng Shimi,Wang Xiaojun,et al.Applications of imaging logging data in the research of fracture and ground stress[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2006,27(6):65-69.
[19]Lee H,Scott R,Scott H.Causal fracture prediction:Curvature,stress,and geomechanics[J].The Leading Edge,2011,30(11):1 274-1 286.
[20]李虎,秦启荣,王时林,等.大邑构造须二段储层裂缝综合预测[J].特种油气藏,2010,17(6):54-56.Li Hu,Qin Qirong,Wang Shilin,et al.Comprehensive prediction of reservoir fractures in the Xu2 formation of the Dayi structure[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2010,17(6):54-56.
[21]李志军,张瀛,窦煜,等.曲率法致密砂岩储层裂缝预测[J].西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,35(6):57-63.Li Zhijun,Zhang Ying,Dou Yu,et al.Fracture prediction in tight sandstone reservoir with curvature method[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science&Technology Edition,2013,35(6):57-63.
[22]丁中一,钱祥麟,霍红,等.构造裂缝定量预测的一种新方法——二元法[J].石油与天然气地质,1998,19(1):1-7,14.Ding Zhongyi,Qian Xianglin,Huo Hong,et al.A new method for quantitative prediction of tectonic fractures-two-factor method[J].Oil&Gas Geology,1998,19(1):1-7,14.
[23]鞠玮,侯贵廷,黄少英,等.库车坳陷依南-吐孜地区下侏罗统阿合组砂岩构造裂缝分布预测[J].大地构造与成矿学,2013,37(4):592-602.Ju Wei,Hou Guiting,Huang Shaoying,et al.Structural fracture distribution and prediction of the Lower Jurassic Ahe Formation sandstone in the Yinan-Tuzi area,Kuqa Depression[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2013,37(4):592-602.
[24]冯阵东,戴俊生,邓航,等.利用分形几何定量评价克拉2气田裂缝[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(6):928-933.Feng Zhendong,Dai Junsheng,Deng Hang,et al.Quantitative evaluation of fractures with fractal geometry in Kela-2 gas field[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2011,32(6):928-933.
[25]Endres H,Lohr T,Trappe H,et al.Quantitative fracture prediction from seismic data[J].Petroleum Geoscience,2008,14(4):369-377.
[26]季宗镇,戴俊生,汪必峰.地应力与构造裂缝参数间的定量关系[J].石油学报,2010,33(1):68-72.Ji Zongzhen,Dai Junsheng,Wang Bifeng.Quantitative relationship between crustal stress and parameters of tectonic fracture[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2010,33(1):68-72.
[27]关宝文,郭建明,杨燕,等.油气储层裂缝预测方法及发展趋势[J].特种油气藏,2014,21(1):12-17.Guan Baowen,Guo Jianming,Yang Yan,et al.Methods of fracture prediction in oil&gas reservoirs and their development trend[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2014,21(1):12-17.
[28]能源,谢会文,孙太荣,等.克拉苏构造带克深段构造特征及其石油地质意义[J].中国石油勘探,2013,18(2):1-6.Neng Yuan,Xie Huiwen,Sun Tairong,et al.Structural characteristics of Keshen segmentation in Kelasu structural belt and its petroleum geological significance[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2013,18(2):1-6.
[29]曾联波,谭成轩,张明利.塔里木盆地库车坳陷中新生代构造应力场及其油气运聚效应[J].中国科学:D辑地球科学,2004,34(增刊I):98-106.Zeng Lianbo,Tan Chengxuan,Zhang Mingli.Tectonic stress field and its effect on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in Mesozoic and Cenozoic in the Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin[J].Science in China:Series D Earth Sciences,2004,34(Supplement I):98-106.
[30]刘洪涛,曾联波.喜马拉雅运动在塔里木盆地库车坳陷的表现——来自岩石声发射实验的证据[J].地质通报,2004,23(7):676-679.Liu Hongtao,Zeng Lianbo.Expression of the Himalayan orogeny in the Kuqa depression,Tarim basin-evidence from the rock acoustic emission experiment[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2004,23(7):676-679.
[31]张仲培,王清晨.库车坳陷节理和剪切破裂发育特征及其对区域应力场转换的指示[J].中国科学:D辑地球科学,2004,34(增刊I):63-73.Zhang Zhongpei,Wang Qingchen.Development of joints and shear fractures in Kuqa Depression and its implication to regional stress field switching[J].Science in China:Series D Earth Sciences,2004,34(Supplement I):63-73.
[32]张惠良,张荣虎,杨海军,等.超深层裂缝-孔隙型致密砂岩储集层表征与评价——以库车前陆盆地克拉苏构造带白垩系巴什基奇克组为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(2):1-10.Zhang Huiliang,Zhang Ronghu,Yang Haijun,et al.Characteristic and evaluation of ultra-deep fracture-pore tight sandstone reservoirs:A case study of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kelasu Tectonic Zone in Kuqa foreland basin,Tarim,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(2):1-10.
[33]张惠良,张荣虎,杨海军,等.构造裂缝发育型砂岩储层定量评价方法及应用——以库车前陆盆地白垩系为例[J].岩石学报,2012,28(3):827-835.Zhang Huiliang,Zhang Ronghu,Yang Haijun,et al.Quantitative evaluation methods and applications of tectonic fracture developed sand reservoir:A Cretaceous example from Kuqa foreland basin[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2012,28(3):827-835.
[34]王振宇,陶夏妍,范鹏,等.库车坳陷大北气田砂岩气层裂缝分布规律及其对产能的影响[J].油气地质与采收率,2014,21(2):51-56.Wang Zhenyu,Tao Xiayan,Fan Peng,et al.Distribution rule of fractures and their effect on deliverability in sandstone reservoirs,Dabei gas field,Kuqa foreland basin[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2014,21(2):51-56.
[35]张克银.川西孝泉—新场地区须家河组四段裂缝分布特征[J].石油实验地质,2014,36(4):398-404.Zhang Keyin.Fracture distribution characteristics of 4th member of Xujiahe Formation in Xiaoquan-Xinchang area,western Sichuan[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2014,36(4):398-404.
[36]戴俊生,商琳,王彤达,等.富台潜山凤山组现今地应力场数值模拟及有效裂缝分布预测[J].油气地质与采收率,2014,21(6):33-36.Dai Junsheng,Shang Lin,Wang Tongda,et al.Numerical simulation of current in-situ stress field of Fengshan formation and distribution of effective fracture in Futai buried hill[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2014,21(6):33-36.
[37]曾联波.低渗透砂岩油气储层裂缝及其渗流特征[J].地质科学,2004,39(1):11-17.Zeng Lianbo.Fissure and its seepage characteristics in low-permeable sandstone reservoir[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2004,39(1):11-17.
[38]Kajari G,Shankar M.Structural controls of fracture orientations,intensity,and connectivity,Teton anticline,Sawtooth Range,Montana[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(8):995-1 014.
[39]吴胜和.储层表征与建模[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2010.Wu Shenghe.Reservoir characterization and modeling[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2010.
[40]范存辉,郭彤楼,王本强,等.四川盆地元坝中部地区须家河组储层裂缝发育特征及控制因素[J].油气地质与采收率,2013,20(5):52-54.Fan Cunhui,Guo Tonglou,Wang Benqiang,et al.Characteristics and controlling factors of reservoir fractures in Xujiahe formation,central Yuanba of Sichuan basin[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2013,20(5):52-54.
[41]Mohammed S A,Keith M,Maher I A,et al.Diverse fracture properties and their impact on performance in conventional and tightgas reservoirs,Saudi Arabia:The Unayzah,South Haradh case study[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(3):459-492.
[42]王伟.哥伦比亚Ombu区Kc组裂缝描述和地质建模[J].现代地质,2012,26(1):139-144.Wang Wei.Fracture description and geological modeling of Kc Formation in Ombu District,Columbia[J].Geoscience,2012,26(1):139-144.
[43]刘行军,杨双定,谢刚,等.鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长8段裂缝发育特征及其对产油量的影响[J].油气地质与采收率,2014,21(6):57-60.Liu Xingjun,Yang Shuangding,Xie Gang,et al.The study of relationship between fracture characteristic and yield of Chang8 section in Heshui area,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2014,21(6):57-60.
[44]Zeng Lianbo,Li Xiangyang.Fractures in sandstone reservoirs with ultra-low permeability:A case study of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(4):461-477.
[45]Rijken P,Cooke M L.Role of shale thickness on vertical connectivity of fractures:Application of crack-bridging theory to the Austin Chalk,Texas[J].Tectonophysics,2001,337(1-2):117-133.