砂砾石土的管涌临界渗透坡降预测方法
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摘要
内部结构不稳定的砂砾石土在渗流作用下可能发生细颗粒移动流失现象,从而降低砂砾石土地基的承载力。确定坝基砂砾石土的管涌临界渗透坡降,是砂砾石地基上堤坝设计和防渗安全分析的重要内容。基于砂砾石土在渗流作用下单个颗粒或颗粒群的力平衡理论,推导了砂砾石土发生管涌的临界坡降的预测公式。基于文献中64组垂直向上的砂砾石土管涌试验,采用Kenney-Lau稳定性判别方法结合Kezdi粒径比法分析了土体的内部稳定性,表明该方法是利用颗粒级配曲线判别砂砾石土内部稳定性的有效方法。通过对41组发生管涌的砂砾石土的临界渗透坡降的预测与试验结果比较,表明渗流作用下砂砾石土内部颗粒所受到的渗透力与颗粒表面积成正比的假定合理。提出的基于颗粒群启动模式假定的公式计算值,比文献中其他方法更接近于试验结果。
Fine particles in an internally unstable sand and gravel soil may be washed out under seepage, thus the bearing capacity of a dam foundation with those sand and gravel soil layers reduces. The determination of critical piping permeability gradient of gravel soil on dam foundation is an important step in dam design and seepage prevention safety analysis. In this paper, the prediction of the critical vertical upward hydraulic gradient of piping in sand and gravel soils were developed based on the force balance theory of a single particle or a group of particle under seepage. Based on 64 groups of vertical upward piping tests of gravel soils in literatures,Kenney-Lau stability criterion method and Kezdi particle size ratio method were used to analyze the internal stability of gravel soils.The results show that the proposed method is an effective method to access the internal stability of gravel soils using particle gradation curve. By comparing the predictions of critical permeability gradient with the experimental results of 41 groups of sand-gravel soils, it is a reasonable assumption that the permeability of particles in sand-gravel soils under seepage is proportional to the surface area of particles.
Fine particles in an internally unstable sand and gravel soil may be washed out under seepage, thus the bearing capacity of a dam foundation with those sand and gravel soil layers reduces. The determination of critical piping permeability gradient of gravel soil on dam foundation is an important step in dam design and seepage prevention safety analysis. In this paper, the prediction of the critical vertical upward hydraulic gradient of piping in sand and gravel soils were developed based on the force balance theory of a single particle or a group of particle under seepage. Based on 64 groups of vertical upward piping tests of gravel soils in literatures,Kenney-Lau stability criterion method and Kezdi particle size ratio method were used to analyze the internal stability of gravel soils.The results show that the proposed method is an effective method to access the internal stability of gravel soils using particle gradation curve. By comparing the predictions of critical permeability gradient with the experimental results of 41 groups of sand-gravel soils, it is a reasonable assumption that the permeability of particles in sand-gravel soils under seepage is proportional to the surface area of particles.
引文
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[20]张刚,周健,姚志雄.堤坝管涌的室内试验与颗粒流细观模拟研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2007,34(6):83-86.ZHANG Gang,ZHOU Jian,YAO Zhi-xiong.Study on mesomechanical simulation of piping with model tests and PFC2D[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2007,34(6):83-86.
[21]崔荣方.无黏性土的渗透特性及其管涌破坏机理研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.CUI Rong-fang.Study on permeating characteristie of noncohesive soil and the mechanism of seepagefailure[D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2006.
[22]许波琴,陈建生,梁越.细砂管涌破坏试验及渗透变形分析[J].水电能源科学,2012,30(6):66-69.XU Bo-qin,CHEN Jian-sheng,LIANG Yue.Damage test of fine sand piping and seepage deformation analysis[J].Water Resources and Power,2012,30(6):66-69.
[23]王韦,沈景中.砂砾土渗透变形(管涌)的研究[M].南京:南京水利科学研究院,1964.WANG Wei,SHEN Jing-zhong.Research on seepage deformation of sand and gravel soil(piping)[M].Nanjing:Nanjing Institute of Water Conservancy,1964.
[24]M RZ T,KARLIK E A,KREITER S,et al.An experimental setup for fluid venting in unconsolidated sediments:new insights to fluid mechanics and structures[J].Sedimentary Geology,2007,196(1):251-267.
[25]WANG J Y.Experimental study on seepage failure of uniform and gap-graded soils[D].Taipei:Taiwan University of Science and Technology,2012.
[26]BURENKOVA V.Assessment of suffusion in non-cohesive and graded soils[C]//Proceedings of the 1st International Coorference“Geo-Filters”:Rotterdam:Balkema,1993:357-360.
[27]K ZDIá.Soil physics:selected topics[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1979.
[28]SHERARD J L.Sinkholes in dams of coarse,broadly graded soils[C]//Transactions of 13th International Congress on Large Dams.New Delhi:[s.n.],1979:25-35.
[29]齐俊修,赵晓菊,刘艳,等.不均匀系数Cu≤5的无黏性土的渗透变形类型统计分析研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(12):2554-2562.QI Jun-xiu,ZHAO Xiao-ju,LIU Yan,et al.A statistical analysical analysisi of seepage deformation type of noncohesive soil with uniformity coefficient Cu≤5[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(12):2554-2562.
[30]ANDRIANATREHINA L,SOULI H,FRY J,et al.Internal stability of granular materials in triaxial tests[C]//International Conference on Scour and Erosion.Paris:[s.n.],2012.
[31]R NNQVIST H.Predicting surfacing internal erosion in moraine core dams[D].[S.l.]:[s.n.],2010.
[32]LI M,FANNIN R J.Comparison of two criteria for internal stability of granular soil[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2008,45(9):1303-1309.
[33]WAN C F,FELL R.Experimental investigation of internal instability of soils in embankment dams and their foundations[D].South Wales:School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of New South Wales,2004.
[34]AHLINHAN M,ACHMUS M,HOOG S,et al.Stability of non-cohesive soils with respect to internal erosion[C]//International Conference on Scour and Erosion.Paris:[s.n.],2012
[35]KENNEY T C,LAU D.Internal stability of granular filters:reply[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1986,23(3):420-423.
[36]毛昶熙.管涌与滤层的研究:管涌部分[J].岩土力学,2005,26(2):209-215.MAO Chang-xi.Study on piping and filters:part I of piging[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2005,26(2):209-215.
[37]ZHOU J,BAI Y,YAO Z.A mathematical model for determination of the critical hydraulic gradient in soil piping[C]//Geoenvironmental Engineering and Geotechnics:Progress in Modeling and Applications Geo Shanghai 2010 International Conference.Shanghai:American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE);2010:239-244.
[38]刘杰,谢定松.砾石土渗透稳定特性试验研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(9):2632-2638.LIU Jie,XIE Ding-song.Research on seepage stability experiment of gravelly soil[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(9):2632-2638.
[2]SKEMPTON A W,BROGAN J M.Experiments on piping in sandy gravels[J].Geotechnique,1994,44(3):449-460.
[3]AHLINHAN M,ACHMUS M.Experimental investigation of critical hydraulic gradients for unstable soils[C]//International Conference on Scour and Erosion.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2010.
[4]KE L,TAKAHASHI A.Strength reduction of cohesionless soil due to internal erosion induced by one-dimensional upward seepage flow[J].Soils and Foundations,2012,52(4):698-711.
[5]KENNEY T C,LAU D.Internal stability of granular filters[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1985,22(2):215-225.
[6]TERZAGHI K.Der grundbruch an stauwerken und seine verhuetung(the failure of dams by piping and its prevention)[J].Die Wasserkraft,1922,17(24):445-449.
[7]JANTZER I,KNUTSSON S.Critical gradients for tailings dam design[C]//Proceedings of the First International Seminar on the Reduction of Risk in the Management of Tailings and Mine Waste.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2010:23-32.
[8]LAFLEUR J.Filter testing of broadly graded cohesionless tills[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1984,21(4):634-643.
[9]RICHARDS K S,REDDY K R.True triaxial piping test apparatus for evaluation of piping potential in earth structures[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2010,33(1):83-95.
[10]屈智炯,吴剑明.压实石碴料渗透变形的试验研究[J].成都科技大学学报,1984,2(7):73-82.QU Zhi-jiong,WU Jian-ming.An experimental study of seepage deformation of the compacted rock debris sample[J].Journal of Chengdu Univerisity of Science and Technology,1984,2(7):73-82.
[11]葛祖立.砂砾管涌类型的判别和临界坡降计算[J].水利水电技术,1987(5):36-41.GE Zu-li.Piping type discrimination and critical hydraulic gradient calculation of sand and gravel soils[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,1987(5):36-41.
[12]ISTOMINA V.Filtration stability of soils[M].[S.l.]:[s.n.],1957.
[13]吴良骥.无黏性土管涌临界坡降的计算[J].水利水运科学研究,1980,1(4):90-95.WU Liang-ji.Calculation of critical hydraulic gradient non-cohesive soil[J].Journal of Nanjing Hydraulic Research Insitute,1980,1(4):90-95.
[14]沙金煊.多孔介质中的管涌研究[J].水利水运科学研究,1981(3):89-93.SHA Jin-xuan.Research on piping in porous media[J].Journal of Nanjing Hydraulic Research Insitute,1981(3):89-93.
[15]刘杰.土的渗透稳定与渗流控制[M].北京:水利水电出版社,1992.LIU Jie.Seepage stability and seepage control of soil[M].Beijing:China Water and Power Press,1992.
[16]毛昶熙,段祥宝,吴良骥.砂砾土各级颗粒的管涌临界坡降研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(12):3705-3709.MAO Chang-xi,DUAN Xiang-bao,WU Liang-ji.Study of critical gradient of piping for various grain sizes in sandy gravels[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,30(12):3705-3709.
[17]戴双庆,陈建生,陈亮,等.管涌发生后临界水力梯度研究[OL].北京:中国科技论文在线,http://www.paper.edu.cn;2007.DAI Shuang-qing,CHEN Jian-heng,CHEN Liang,et al.Research in critical hydraulic gradient after piping started[OL].Science Paper Online,http://www.paper.edu.cn;2007.
[18]姚志雄,周健,张刚.砂土管涌机理的细观试验研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(6):1604-1610.YAO Zhi-xiong,ZHOU Jian,ZHANG Gang.Meso-experimental research on piping mechanism in sandy soils[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,30(6):1604-1610.
[19]张刚.管涌现象细观机理的模型试验与颗粒流数值模拟研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.ZHANG Gang.Research on meso-scale mechanism of piping failure by means of model test and PFC mumerical simulation[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2007.
[20]张刚,周健,姚志雄.堤坝管涌的室内试验与颗粒流细观模拟研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2007,34(6):83-86.ZHANG Gang,ZHOU Jian,YAO Zhi-xiong.Study on mesomechanical simulation of piping with model tests and PFC2D[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2007,34(6):83-86.
[21]崔荣方.无黏性土的渗透特性及其管涌破坏机理研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.CUI Rong-fang.Study on permeating characteristie of noncohesive soil and the mechanism of seepagefailure[D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2006.
[22]许波琴,陈建生,梁越.细砂管涌破坏试验及渗透变形分析[J].水电能源科学,2012,30(6):66-69.XU Bo-qin,CHEN Jian-sheng,LIANG Yue.Damage test of fine sand piping and seepage deformation analysis[J].Water Resources and Power,2012,30(6):66-69.
[23]王韦,沈景中.砂砾土渗透变形(管涌)的研究[M].南京:南京水利科学研究院,1964.WANG Wei,SHEN Jing-zhong.Research on seepage deformation of sand and gravel soil(piping)[M].Nanjing:Nanjing Institute of Water Conservancy,1964.
[24]M RZ T,KARLIK E A,KREITER S,et al.An experimental setup for fluid venting in unconsolidated sediments:new insights to fluid mechanics and structures[J].Sedimentary Geology,2007,196(1):251-267.
[25]WANG J Y.Experimental study on seepage failure of uniform and gap-graded soils[D].Taipei:Taiwan University of Science and Technology,2012.
[26]BURENKOVA V.Assessment of suffusion in non-cohesive and graded soils[C]//Proceedings of the 1st International Coorference“Geo-Filters”:Rotterdam:Balkema,1993:357-360.
[27]K ZDIá.Soil physics:selected topics[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1979.
[28]SHERARD J L.Sinkholes in dams of coarse,broadly graded soils[C]//Transactions of 13th International Congress on Large Dams.New Delhi:[s.n.],1979:25-35.
[29]齐俊修,赵晓菊,刘艳,等.不均匀系数Cu≤5的无黏性土的渗透变形类型统计分析研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(12):2554-2562.QI Jun-xiu,ZHAO Xiao-ju,LIU Yan,et al.A statistical analysical analysisi of seepage deformation type of noncohesive soil with uniformity coefficient Cu≤5[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(12):2554-2562.
[30]ANDRIANATREHINA L,SOULI H,FRY J,et al.Internal stability of granular materials in triaxial tests[C]//International Conference on Scour and Erosion.Paris:[s.n.],2012.
[31]R NNQVIST H.Predicting surfacing internal erosion in moraine core dams[D].[S.l.]:[s.n.],2010.
[32]LI M,FANNIN R J.Comparison of two criteria for internal stability of granular soil[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2008,45(9):1303-1309.
[33]WAN C F,FELL R.Experimental investigation of internal instability of soils in embankment dams and their foundations[D].South Wales:School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of New South Wales,2004.
[34]AHLINHAN M,ACHMUS M,HOOG S,et al.Stability of non-cohesive soils with respect to internal erosion[C]//International Conference on Scour and Erosion.Paris:[s.n.],2012
[35]KENNEY T C,LAU D.Internal stability of granular filters:reply[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1986,23(3):420-423.
[36]毛昶熙.管涌与滤层的研究:管涌部分[J].岩土力学,2005,26(2):209-215.MAO Chang-xi.Study on piping and filters:part I of piging[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2005,26(2):209-215.
[37]ZHOU J,BAI Y,YAO Z.A mathematical model for determination of the critical hydraulic gradient in soil piping[C]//Geoenvironmental Engineering and Geotechnics:Progress in Modeling and Applications Geo Shanghai 2010 International Conference.Shanghai:American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE);2010:239-244.
[38]刘杰,谢定松.砾石土渗透稳定特性试验研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(9):2632-2638.LIU Jie,XIE Ding-song.Research on seepage stability experiment of gravelly soil[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(9):2632-2638.