中国森林破碎化及其化解研究综述及展望
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摘要
中国森林面积增长举世瞩目,但森林破碎化问题日益凸显。如何化解森林破碎化问题尚未引起国内学术界的充分关注,研究储备难以支撑中国森林整体性和系统性的管理政策实践。文中在综述中国森林破碎化驱动力的基础上从社会经济发展、森林景观恢复、森林治理3个视角综述化解森林破碎化的相关措施,并基于奥斯特罗姆的社会生态系统分析框架提出森林破碎化化解框架,指出中国森林破碎化研究的基本路径和未来展望。现有社会经济发展、森林景观恢复、森林治理等方面的研究在如何解决森林破碎化问题上渐趋融合,认识到单纯从生态系统或者社会系统出发的解决方案收效有限,需要将森林破碎化问题置于社会生态系统中进行考虑,探索化解森林破碎化的综合方法。森林破碎化化解框架为揭示森林破碎化的化解因素、作用机制和效果评估提供了分析工具,需要挖掘和整理中国在化解森林破碎化方面积累的实践经验,识别影响森林破碎化的关键因素,理清它们与森林破碎化之间的作用机制,明晰它们的综合作用如何影响了中国森林破碎化和森林生态系统综合管理的方向。
China has attracted worldwide attention for her forest growth in the past decades, but forest fragmentation is a problem that could not be ignored. How to address forest fragmentation is a field lack of adequate attention from domestic academic community,and thus the current research makes it difficult to support the integrative and systematic management policies for forests in China. Based on the review of drivers of forest fragmentation in China, this paper examined the solutions from three perspectives of social-economic development,forest landscape restoration,and forest governance,and proposed a framework to guide research approach and key issues of forest fragmentation research in China on the basis of Ostrom's framework of socialecological system. The existing studies on forest fragmentation have recognized the limits of the single solution from the social system or ecological system,and suggested exploring the integrated solutions to solve the forest fragmentation under social-ecological system. The framework of social-ecological system provides an analytical tool to identify the factors helping to address forest fragmentation and their casual mechanisms. The further research should focus on reviewing China's practical experiences of addressing forest fragmentation to identify what the factors help to relieve forest fragmentation and explore their causal mechanisms,and evaluating how those factors contribute to resolution of forest fragmentation problem and integrated forest management in China.
China has attracted worldwide attention for her forest growth in the past decades, but forest fragmentation is a problem that could not be ignored. How to address forest fragmentation is a field lack of adequate attention from domestic academic community,and thus the current research makes it difficult to support the integrative and systematic management policies for forests in China. Based on the review of drivers of forest fragmentation in China, this paper examined the solutions from three perspectives of social-economic development,forest landscape restoration,and forest governance,and proposed a framework to guide research approach and key issues of forest fragmentation research in China on the basis of Ostrom's framework of socialecological system. The existing studies on forest fragmentation have recognized the limits of the single solution from the social system or ecological system,and suggested exploring the integrated solutions to solve the forest fragmentation under social-ecological system. The framework of social-ecological system provides an analytical tool to identify the factors helping to address forest fragmentation and their casual mechanisms. The further research should focus on reviewing China's practical experiences of addressing forest fragmentation to identify what the factors help to relieve forest fragmentation and explore their causal mechanisms,and evaluating how those factors contribute to resolution of forest fragmentation problem and integrated forest management in China.
引文
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[25]张煜星,严恩萍,夏朝宗,等.基于多期遥感的三峡库区森林景观破碎化演变研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2013,33(7):1-7.
[26]王璐,邵景安,郭跃,等.社区水平森林景观格局的动态变化与未来情景模拟[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(4):568-581.
[27]HOBBS R J,HIGGS E,HALL C M,et al.Managing the whole landscape:historical,hybrid,and novel ecosystems[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2014,12(10):557-564.
[28]张晓红,黄清麟.森林景观恢复研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2011.
[29]CHAZDON R L.Beyond deforestation:restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands[J].Science,2008,320(5882):1458-1460.
[30]REED J,Van VIANEN J,DEAKIN E L,et al.Integrated landscape approaches to managing social and environmental issues in the tropics:learning from the past to guide the future[J].Global Change Biology,2016,22(7):2540-2554.
[31]NEWTON A C,Del CASTILLO R F,ECHEVERRA C,et al.Forest landscape restoration in the drylands of Latin America[J].Ecology and Society,2012,17(1).DOI.org/10.5751/ES-04572-170121.
[32]APPNANAH S.Forest landscape restoration in Asia-Pacific forests[R].Bangkok,Thailand:FAO,2016.
[33]李月辉,吴文,李娜娜,等.森林所有制对景观格局和动物生境的影响研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(7):2056-2062.
[34]AGRAWAL A,WOLLENBERG E,PERSHAL.Governing agriculture-forest landscapes to achieve climate change mitigation[J].Global Environmental Change,2014,29:270-280.
[35]WUNDER S.Payments for environmental services:some nuts and bolts[R].Bogor,Indonesia:Center for International Forestry Research,2005.
[36]CHARNEY S,POEM R.Community forestry in theory and practice:where are we now?[J].The Annual Review of Anthropology,2007,36(1):301-336
[37]NAGENDRA H,OSTROM E.Polycentric governance of multifunctional forested landscapes[J].International Journal of the Commons,2012,6(2):104-133.
[38]OSTROM E.Adiagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(39):15181-15187.
[39]OSTROM E.A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems[J].Science,2009,325(5939):419-422.
[2]LI M,MAO L,ZHOU C,et al.Comparing forest fragmentation and its drivers in China and the USA with Globcover v2.2[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2010,91(12):2572-2580.
[3]LORD J M,NORTON D A.Scale and the spatial concept of fragmentation[J].Conversation Biology,1990,4(2):197-202.
[4]MEHMOOD S R,ZHANG D.Forestparcelization in the United States:a study of contributing factors[J].Journal of Forestry,2001,99(4):30-34.
[5]朱烈夫,林文声,柯水发.林地细碎化的测度、成因与影响:综述与展望[J].林业经济问题,2017,37(2):1-8.
[6]国家林业局.中国森林可持续经营国家报告[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2013.
[7]LI M,ZHU Z,VOGELMANN J E,et al.Characterizing fragmentation of the collective forests in southern China from multitemporal Landsat imagery:a case study from Kecheng district of Zhejiang province[J].Applied Geography,2011,31(3):1026-1035.
[8]廖芳均,赵东升.南岭国家级自然保护区森林景观格局变化与动态模拟[J].地理科学,2014,34(9):1099-1106.
[9]刘建锋,肖文发,江泽平,等.景观破碎化对生物多样性的影响[J].林业科学研究,2005,18(2):222-226.
[10]孙飞,陈敏学,毛丽君,等.中国大陆省级尺度森林破碎化特征评价[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(1):43-51.
[11]史京京,夏朝宗,严恩萍,等.基于多期遥感的云阳县域森林景观破碎化演变与驱动力研究[J].林业资源管理,2015(4):59-68.
[12]沈文娟,徐婷,李明诗.中国三大林区森林破碎化及干扰模式变动分析[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2013,37(4):75-79.
[13]李月辉,胡远满,常禹,等.大兴安岭呼中林业局森林景观格局变化及其驱动力彭保发[J].生态学报,2006,26(10):3347-3357.
[14]刘佳妮,李伟强,包志毅.道路网络理论在景观破碎化效应研究中的运用:以浙江省公路网络为例[J].生态学报,2008,28(9):4351-4362.
[15]郭宗锋,马友鑫,李红梅,等.人类活动对流域森林景观的影响[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(1):8-12.
[16]任引,王大睿.厦门城市森林景观破碎化时空演变特征分析[J].福建林学院学报,2012,32(3):213-219.
[17]戎慧,李明诗,沈文娟,等.急剧城市化背景下森林破碎化模式分析:以浙江余杭区为例[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(1):173-178.
[18]陈宏伟,胡远满,常禹,等.森林采伐方式对森林景观的影响模拟:以大兴安岭呼中林区为例[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(7):1888-1895.
[19]赵福强,代力民,于大炮,等.长白山露水河林业局森林景观格局动态[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(5):1180-1184.
[20]匡文慧,张树文,张养贞,等.吉林省东部山区近50年森林景观变化及驱动机制研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(3):38-45.
[21]唐利,邵景安,郭跃,等.社区水平森林景观格局动态特征与驱动因素[J].生态学报,2017,37(6):2101-2117.
[22]RUDEL T K,COOMES O T,MORAN E,et al.Forest transitions:towards a global understanding of land use change[J].Global Environmental Change,2005,15(1):23-31.
[23]DEFRIES R,PANDEY D,RUDEL T K,et al.Urbanization,the energy ladder and forest transitions in India’s emerging economy[J].Land Use Policy,2010,27(2):130-138.
[24]MATHER A S,NEEDLE C L.The forest transition:a theoretical basis[J].Area,1998,30(2):117-124.
[25]张煜星,严恩萍,夏朝宗,等.基于多期遥感的三峡库区森林景观破碎化演变研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2013,33(7):1-7.
[26]王璐,邵景安,郭跃,等.社区水平森林景观格局的动态变化与未来情景模拟[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(4):568-581.
[27]HOBBS R J,HIGGS E,HALL C M,et al.Managing the whole landscape:historical,hybrid,and novel ecosystems[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2014,12(10):557-564.
[28]张晓红,黄清麟.森林景观恢复研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2011.
[29]CHAZDON R L.Beyond deforestation:restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands[J].Science,2008,320(5882):1458-1460.
[30]REED J,Van VIANEN J,DEAKIN E L,et al.Integrated landscape approaches to managing social and environmental issues in the tropics:learning from the past to guide the future[J].Global Change Biology,2016,22(7):2540-2554.
[31]NEWTON A C,Del CASTILLO R F,ECHEVERRA C,et al.Forest landscape restoration in the drylands of Latin America[J].Ecology and Society,2012,17(1).DOI.org/10.5751/ES-04572-170121.
[32]APPNANAH S.Forest landscape restoration in Asia-Pacific forests[R].Bangkok,Thailand:FAO,2016.
[33]李月辉,吴文,李娜娜,等.森林所有制对景观格局和动物生境的影响研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(7):2056-2062.
[34]AGRAWAL A,WOLLENBERG E,PERSHAL.Governing agriculture-forest landscapes to achieve climate change mitigation[J].Global Environmental Change,2014,29:270-280.
[35]WUNDER S.Payments for environmental services:some nuts and bolts[R].Bogor,Indonesia:Center for International Forestry Research,2005.
[36]CHARNEY S,POEM R.Community forestry in theory and practice:where are we now?[J].The Annual Review of Anthropology,2007,36(1):301-336
[37]NAGENDRA H,OSTROM E.Polycentric governance of multifunctional forested landscapes[J].International Journal of the Commons,2012,6(2):104-133.
[38]OSTROM E.Adiagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(39):15181-15187.
[39]OSTROM E.A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems[J].Science,2009,325(5939):419-422.