考虑侧阻软化和端阻硬化的群桩沉降简化算法
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摘要
提出一种位于成层土中的单桩和群桩非线性受力性状的简化算法。单桩沉降计算时采用侧阻软化模型模拟桩身位移与单位侧阻间的关系,采用双折线硬化模型模拟桩端位移与单位端阻间的关系。采用上述2种计算模型,提出单桩受力性状的迭代算法。获得单桩沉降后,结合等代墩法建立群桩沉降的简化算法。算例分析表明,本文方法计算值与实测值和其他方法的计算值有较好的一致性。
A simplified approach for nonlinear analysis of the load-displacement response of a single pile and pile groups embedded in multilayered soils is presented.Two models are adopted in the proposed method.One model uses a softening nonlinear relationship to simulate the degradation behavior between pile-soil relative displacement and unit skin friction developed along the pile-soil interface;and the other model adopts a bilinear displacement-unit end resistance relationship to capture pile end response.A highly effective iterative computer program is developed to analyze a single pile response using the proposed two models.Furthermore,based on the settlement of a single pile derived from the proposed computer program and the equivalent pier method,a simplified calculation approach for average settlement of pile groups is presented.Comparisons of the load-settlement responses demonstrate that the proposed method is generally in good agreement with the field-observed behavior and the calculated results derived from other approaches.
A simplified approach for nonlinear analysis of the load-displacement response of a single pile and pile groups embedded in multilayered soils is presented.Two models are adopted in the proposed method.One model uses a softening nonlinear relationship to simulate the degradation behavior between pile-soil relative displacement and unit skin friction developed along the pile-soil interface;and the other model adopts a bilinear displacement-unit end resistance relationship to capture pile end response.A highly effective iterative computer program is developed to analyze a single pile response using the proposed two models.Furthermore,based on the settlement of a single pile derived from the proposed computer program and the equivalent pier method,a simplified calculation approach for average settlement of pile groups is presented.Comparisons of the load-settlement responses demonstrate that the proposed method is generally in good agreement with the field-observed behavior and the calculated results derived from other approaches.
引文
[1]XIAO H B,LUO Q Z,TANG J,et al.Prediction of load-settlementrelationship for large-diameter piles[J].Structural Design of TallBuildings,2002,11(4):285–293.
[2]ZHANG Q Q,ZHANG Z M,HE J Y.A simplified approach forsettlement analysis of single pile and pile groups consideringinteraction between identical piles in multilayered soils[J].Computersand Geotechnics,2010,37(7/8):969–976.
[3]RANDOLPH M F,WROTH C P.An analysis of the verticaldeformation of pile groups[J].Géotechnique,1979,29(4):423–439.
[4]LEE C Y.Settlement of pile group-practical approach[J].Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,1993,119(9):1 449–1 461.
[5]GUO W D,RANDOLPH M F.An efficient approach for settlementprediction of pile groups[J].Géotechnique,1999,49(2):161–179.
[6]SAID I,DE G V,FRANK R.Axisymmetric finite element analysis ofpile loading tests[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2009,36(1/2):6–19.
[7]MENDONCA A V,DE PAIVA J B.A boundary element method forthe static analysis of raft foundations on piles[J].Engineering Analysiswith Boundary Elements,2000,24(3):237–247.
[8]AI Z Y,HAN J.Boundary element analysis of axially loaded pilesembedded in a multi-layered soil[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2009,36(3):427–434.
[9]COMODROMOS E M,PAPADOPOULOU M C,RENTZEPERIS I K.Pile foundation analysis and design using experimental data and 3Dnumerical analysis[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2009,36(5):819–836.
[10]SHEN W Y,CHOW Y K,YONG K Y.Variational solution forvertically loaded pile groups in an elastic half-space[J].Géotechnique,1999,49(2):199–213.
[11]SHEN W Y,CHOW Y K,YONG K Y.A variational approach for theanalysis of pile group-pile cap interaction[J].Géotechnique,2000,50(4):349–357.
[12]张忠苗,贺静漪,张乾青,等.温州323m超高层超长单桩与群桩基础实测沉降分析[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(3):330–337.(ZHANG Zhongmiao,HE Jingyi,ZHANG Qianqing,et al.Measuredsettlements of super-long piles and pile groups for a building of 323 min height in Wenzhou[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(3):330–337.(in Chinese))
[13]张忠苗,张乾青.破坏和非破坏后注浆抗压桩受力性状现场试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(10):1601–1608.(ZHANGZhongmiao,ZHANG Qianqing.Field tests on behavior of destructive and non-destructive base-grouting piles under compression[J].Chinese Journalof Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(10):1 601–1 608.(in Chinese))
[14]ZHANG Z M,ZHANG Q Q,YU F.A destructive field study on thebehavior of piles under tension and compression[J].Journal ofZhejiang University:Science A,2011,12(4):291–300.
[15]张忠苗,张乾青,张广兴,等.软土地区大吨位超长试桩试验设计与分析[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(4):535–543.(ZHANGZhongmiao,ZHANG Qianqing,ZHANG Guangxing,et al.Largetonnage tests on super-long piles in soft soil area[J].Chinese Journalof Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(4):535–543.(in Chinese))
[16]赵春风,鲁嘉,孙其超,等.大直径深长钻孔灌注桩分层荷载传递特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与岩土工程学报,2009,28(5):1020–1 026.(ZHAO Chunfeng,LU Jia,SUN Qichao,et al.Research onbearing behavior and size effect of large diameter bored cast-in-situpiles in Changzhou area[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2009,28(5):1 020–1 026.(in Chinese))
[17]POULOS H G.Analysis of the settlement of pile groups[J].Géotechnique,1968,18(4):449–471.
[18]MYLONAKIS G,GAZETAS G.Settlement and additional internalforces of grouped piles in layered soil[J].Géotechnique,1998,48(1):55–72.
[19]石名磊,战高峰.群桩荷载位移特性研究[J].岩土力学,2005,26(10):1 607–1 611.(SHI Minglei,ZHAN Gaofeng.On loaddisplacement characteristics of pile group[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2005,26(10):1 607–1 611.(in Chinese))
[20]POULOS H G.Settlement prediction for bored pile groups[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd International Geotechnical Seminar on DeepFoundations on Bored and Auger Piles.Ghent,Belgium:[s.n.],1993:103–117.
[21]张乾青,张忠苗.群桩沉降简化计算方法[J].岩土力学,2012,33(2):382–388.(ZHANG Qianqing,ZHANG Zhongmiao.Asimplified calculation approach for settlement of pile groups[J].Rockand Soil Mechanics,2012,33(2):382–388.(in Chinese))
[22]刘金砺,黄强,李华,等.竖向荷载下群桩变形性状及沉降计算[J].岩土工程学报,1995,17(6):1–13.(LIU Jinli,HUANGQiang,LI Hua,et al.Deformation behavior and settlement calculationof pile group under vertical load[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,1995,17(6):1–13.(in Chinese))
[23]张乾青,李连祥,李术才,等.成层土中单桩受力性状简化算法[J].岩石力学与岩土工程学报,2012,31(增1):3390–3394.(ZHANGQianqing,LI Lianxiang,LI Shucai,et al.Simplified analytical methodfor response predication of single pile embedded into layered soils[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2012,31(Supp.1):3 390–3 394.(in Chinese))
[24]ZHANG Q Q,ZHANG Z M.A simplified nonlinear approach forsingle pile settlement analysis[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2012,49(11):1 256–1 266.
[25]KULHAWY F H.Limiting tip and side resistance:fact or fallacy[C]//Proceedings of Symposium on Analysis and Design of PileFoundations.San Francisco:[s.n.],1984:80–98.
[26]YANG J,THAM L G,LEE P K K,et al.Behavior of jacked anddriven piles in sandy soil[J].Géotechnique,2006,56(4):245–259.
[27]MILLER G A,LUTENEGGER A J.Influence of pile plugging on skinfriction in overconsolidated clay[J].Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,1997,123(6):525–533.
[28]BARMPOPOULOS I H,HO T Y K,JARDINE R J,ANH–MINH N.The large displacement shear characteristics of granular mediaagainst concrete and steel interface[C]//Proceedings of ResearchSymposium on Characterization and Behavior of Interfaces.Atlanta,USA:[s.n.],2008:16–23.
[29]O NEILL M W,RAINES R D.Load transfer for pipe piles in highlypressured dense sand[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1991,117(8):1 208–1 226.
[30]JARDINE R,CHOW F,OVERY R,et al.ICP design methods fordriven piles in sands and clays[M].London:Thomas Telford,2005:15–22.
[31]刘学增,朱合华.上海典型土层与混凝土接触特性的试验研究[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2004,32(5):601–605.(LIU Xuezeng,ZHU Hehua.Experiment on interaction between typical soils inShanghai and concrete[J].Journal of Tongji University:NaturalScience,2004,32(5):601–605.(in Chinese))
[32]OKOCHI Y,TATSUOKA F.Some factors affecting K0-values of sandmeasured in triaxial cell[J].Soils and Foundations,1984,24(3):52–68.
[33]MAYNE P W,HARRIS D E.Axial load-displacement behavior ofdrilled shaft foundation in Piedmont residuum[C]//Federal HighwayAdministration.Washington D C.:[s.n.],1993,Technical ReportNo.41–30–2175.
[34]PAIK K H,SALGADO R,LEE J,et al.Behavior of open and closedended piles driven into sands[J].Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,2003,129(4):296–306.
[35]O NEILL M W,HAWKINS R A,MAHAR L J.Load transfermechanisms in piles and pile groups[J].Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,1982,108(12):1 605–1 623.
[36]CASTELLI F,MAUGERI M.Simplified nonlinear analysis forsettlement prediction of pile groups[J].Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,2002,128(1):76–84.
[37]BRIAUD J L,TUCKER L M.Axially loaded 5 pile groups and singlepile in sand[C]//Proceedings of the International Conference on SoilMechanics and Foundation Engineering.Rio de Janeiro,Brazil:[s.n.],1989:1 121–1 124.
[2]ZHANG Q Q,ZHANG Z M,HE J Y.A simplified approach forsettlement analysis of single pile and pile groups consideringinteraction between identical piles in multilayered soils[J].Computersand Geotechnics,2010,37(7/8):969–976.
[3]RANDOLPH M F,WROTH C P.An analysis of the verticaldeformation of pile groups[J].Géotechnique,1979,29(4):423–439.
[4]LEE C Y.Settlement of pile group-practical approach[J].Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,1993,119(9):1 449–1 461.
[5]GUO W D,RANDOLPH M F.An efficient approach for settlementprediction of pile groups[J].Géotechnique,1999,49(2):161–179.
[6]SAID I,DE G V,FRANK R.Axisymmetric finite element analysis ofpile loading tests[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2009,36(1/2):6–19.
[7]MENDONCA A V,DE PAIVA J B.A boundary element method forthe static analysis of raft foundations on piles[J].Engineering Analysiswith Boundary Elements,2000,24(3):237–247.
[8]AI Z Y,HAN J.Boundary element analysis of axially loaded pilesembedded in a multi-layered soil[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2009,36(3):427–434.
[9]COMODROMOS E M,PAPADOPOULOU M C,RENTZEPERIS I K.Pile foundation analysis and design using experimental data and 3Dnumerical analysis[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2009,36(5):819–836.
[10]SHEN W Y,CHOW Y K,YONG K Y.Variational solution forvertically loaded pile groups in an elastic half-space[J].Géotechnique,1999,49(2):199–213.
[11]SHEN W Y,CHOW Y K,YONG K Y.A variational approach for theanalysis of pile group-pile cap interaction[J].Géotechnique,2000,50(4):349–357.
[12]张忠苗,贺静漪,张乾青,等.温州323m超高层超长单桩与群桩基础实测沉降分析[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(3):330–337.(ZHANG Zhongmiao,HE Jingyi,ZHANG Qianqing,et al.Measuredsettlements of super-long piles and pile groups for a building of 323 min height in Wenzhou[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(3):330–337.(in Chinese))
[13]张忠苗,张乾青.破坏和非破坏后注浆抗压桩受力性状现场试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(10):1601–1608.(ZHANGZhongmiao,ZHANG Qianqing.Field tests on behavior of destructive and non-destructive base-grouting piles under compression[J].Chinese Journalof Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(10):1 601–1 608.(in Chinese))
[14]ZHANG Z M,ZHANG Q Q,YU F.A destructive field study on thebehavior of piles under tension and compression[J].Journal ofZhejiang University:Science A,2011,12(4):291–300.
[15]张忠苗,张乾青,张广兴,等.软土地区大吨位超长试桩试验设计与分析[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(4):535–543.(ZHANGZhongmiao,ZHANG Qianqing,ZHANG Guangxing,et al.Largetonnage tests on super-long piles in soft soil area[J].Chinese Journalof Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(4):535–543.(in Chinese))
[16]赵春风,鲁嘉,孙其超,等.大直径深长钻孔灌注桩分层荷载传递特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与岩土工程学报,2009,28(5):1020–1 026.(ZHAO Chunfeng,LU Jia,SUN Qichao,et al.Research onbearing behavior and size effect of large diameter bored cast-in-situpiles in Changzhou area[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2009,28(5):1 020–1 026.(in Chinese))
[17]POULOS H G.Analysis of the settlement of pile groups[J].Géotechnique,1968,18(4):449–471.
[18]MYLONAKIS G,GAZETAS G.Settlement and additional internalforces of grouped piles in layered soil[J].Géotechnique,1998,48(1):55–72.
[19]石名磊,战高峰.群桩荷载位移特性研究[J].岩土力学,2005,26(10):1 607–1 611.(SHI Minglei,ZHAN Gaofeng.On loaddisplacement characteristics of pile group[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2005,26(10):1 607–1 611.(in Chinese))
[20]POULOS H G.Settlement prediction for bored pile groups[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd International Geotechnical Seminar on DeepFoundations on Bored and Auger Piles.Ghent,Belgium:[s.n.],1993:103–117.
[21]张乾青,张忠苗.群桩沉降简化计算方法[J].岩土力学,2012,33(2):382–388.(ZHANG Qianqing,ZHANG Zhongmiao.Asimplified calculation approach for settlement of pile groups[J].Rockand Soil Mechanics,2012,33(2):382–388.(in Chinese))
[22]刘金砺,黄强,李华,等.竖向荷载下群桩变形性状及沉降计算[J].岩土工程学报,1995,17(6):1–13.(LIU Jinli,HUANGQiang,LI Hua,et al.Deformation behavior and settlement calculationof pile group under vertical load[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,1995,17(6):1–13.(in Chinese))
[23]张乾青,李连祥,李术才,等.成层土中单桩受力性状简化算法[J].岩石力学与岩土工程学报,2012,31(增1):3390–3394.(ZHANGQianqing,LI Lianxiang,LI Shucai,et al.Simplified analytical methodfor response predication of single pile embedded into layered soils[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2012,31(Supp.1):3 390–3 394.(in Chinese))
[24]ZHANG Q Q,ZHANG Z M.A simplified nonlinear approach forsingle pile settlement analysis[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2012,49(11):1 256–1 266.
[25]KULHAWY F H.Limiting tip and side resistance:fact or fallacy[C]//Proceedings of Symposium on Analysis and Design of PileFoundations.San Francisco:[s.n.],1984:80–98.
[26]YANG J,THAM L G,LEE P K K,et al.Behavior of jacked anddriven piles in sandy soil[J].Géotechnique,2006,56(4):245–259.
[27]MILLER G A,LUTENEGGER A J.Influence of pile plugging on skinfriction in overconsolidated clay[J].Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,1997,123(6):525–533.
[28]BARMPOPOULOS I H,HO T Y K,JARDINE R J,ANH–MINH N.The large displacement shear characteristics of granular mediaagainst concrete and steel interface[C]//Proceedings of ResearchSymposium on Characterization and Behavior of Interfaces.Atlanta,USA:[s.n.],2008:16–23.
[29]O NEILL M W,RAINES R D.Load transfer for pipe piles in highlypressured dense sand[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1991,117(8):1 208–1 226.
[30]JARDINE R,CHOW F,OVERY R,et al.ICP design methods fordriven piles in sands and clays[M].London:Thomas Telford,2005:15–22.
[31]刘学增,朱合华.上海典型土层与混凝土接触特性的试验研究[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2004,32(5):601–605.(LIU Xuezeng,ZHU Hehua.Experiment on interaction between typical soils inShanghai and concrete[J].Journal of Tongji University:NaturalScience,2004,32(5):601–605.(in Chinese))
[32]OKOCHI Y,TATSUOKA F.Some factors affecting K0-values of sandmeasured in triaxial cell[J].Soils and Foundations,1984,24(3):52–68.
[33]MAYNE P W,HARRIS D E.Axial load-displacement behavior ofdrilled shaft foundation in Piedmont residuum[C]//Federal HighwayAdministration.Washington D C.:[s.n.],1993,Technical ReportNo.41–30–2175.
[34]PAIK K H,SALGADO R,LEE J,et al.Behavior of open and closedended piles driven into sands[J].Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,2003,129(4):296–306.
[35]O NEILL M W,HAWKINS R A,MAHAR L J.Load transfermechanisms in piles and pile groups[J].Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,1982,108(12):1 605–1 623.
[36]CASTELLI F,MAUGERI M.Simplified nonlinear analysis forsettlement prediction of pile groups[J].Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,2002,128(1):76–84.
[37]BRIAUD J L,TUCKER L M.Axially loaded 5 pile groups and singlepile in sand[C]//Proceedings of the International Conference on SoilMechanics and Foundation Engineering.Rio de Janeiro,Brazil:[s.n.],1989:1 121–1 124.