奥陶系无机碳同位素地层学综述
|
摘要
近四十年来,化学地层学,如碳同位素地层学,在古生界地层的划分与对比中获得了广泛的应用,特别是在不同岩相、生物相的地区间对比时发挥了极其重要的作用。目前,在欧洲大陆和美洲大陆均已获得了较为详细的奥陶系无机碳同位素数据,建立了较为可靠的区域和全球对比关系,并据此初步绘制出全球奥陶系δ13Ccarb标准化曲线,共识别出16个同位素事件,其中3个为负漂事件。近年来,在中国华南和塔里木地区也先后识别出个别重要的无机碳同位素事件,但总体来看,还需基于连续露头或钻井、高精度采样建立完整的无机碳同位素曲线,从而建立准确的区域和全球对比。碳同位素作为一种重要的地层对比手段,在奥陶系长时间尺度的区域和全球高精度地层对比中正逐渐发挥重要作用。同时,碳同位素记录在地质历史中生物与环境协同演化研究中也具有不可替代的意义。
During the past 40 years, chemostratigraphy, particularly carbon isotope stratigraphy, has been widely used in the classification and correlation of the Paleozoic strata, in order to improve the correlation between regions of different lithofacies or biofacies. Abundant Ordovician inorganic carbon isotope data have been collected in both Europe and America, and reliable regional and global correlations has been established based on these data. Based on the intergration of published data, a global δ13 Ccarb curve has been created, and sixteen carbon isotope events can be recognized, including three negative isotope events. Several important carbon isotope events have been recognized in South China and Tarim. However, more comprehensive inorganic carbon isotope records based on continuous sampling from outcrops or drillcores of China are still necessary for precise regional and global correlations. As a significant method for stratigraphical correlation, carbon isotope chemostratigraphy plays an important role in long-term, high-resolution, regional and global correlation of the Ordovician. It also plays an irreplaceable role in the research on the coevolution of life and the environment during Earth history.
During the past 40 years, chemostratigraphy, particularly carbon isotope stratigraphy, has been widely used in the classification and correlation of the Paleozoic strata, in order to improve the correlation between regions of different lithofacies or biofacies. Abundant Ordovician inorganic carbon isotope data have been collected in both Europe and America, and reliable regional and global correlations has been established based on these data. Based on the intergration of published data, a global δ13 Ccarb curve has been created, and sixteen carbon isotope events can be recognized, including three negative isotope events. Several important carbon isotope events have been recognized in South China and Tarim. However, more comprehensive inorganic carbon isotope records based on continuous sampling from outcrops or drillcores of China are still necessary for precise regional and global correlations. As a significant method for stratigraphical correlation, carbon isotope chemostratigraphy plays an important role in long-term, high-resolution, regional and global correlation of the Ordovician. It also plays an irreplaceable role in the research on the coevolution of life and the environment during Earth history.
引文
陈锦石. 1985.地层学和稳定同位素.地层学杂志, 9(2):142-248.
陈旭,Bergstr?m S M.2008.奥陶系研究百余年:从英国标准到国际标准.地层学杂志,32(1):1-14.
陈旭,樊隽轩,陈清,唐兰,侯旭东.2014.论广西运动的阶段性.中国科学(地球科学),44(5):842-850.
Ainsaar L,Martma T&Meidla T.2000.The Mid-Caradoc carbon isotope event and its expression in Siljan District,Central Sweden-offshore area of the Bálto-Scandian Palaeobasin.Journal of Confenrence Abstracts.5(2):123-124.
Ainsaar L,Meidla T&Tinn O.2004.Middle and Upper Ordovician stable isotope stratigraphy across the facies belts in the East Baltic//Hints O&Ainsaar L eds.WOGOGOB-2004 Conference Materials.Tartu:Tartu University Press.11-12.
Ainsaar L,Meidla T,Tinn O,Martma T&Dronov A.2007.Darriwilian(Middle Ordovician)carbon isotope stratigraphy in Baltoscandia.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,46(Suppl.):1-8.
Ainsaar L,Kaljo D,Martma T,Meidla T,M?nnik P,N?lvak J&Tinn O.2010.Middle and Upper Ordovician carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Baltoscandia:A correlation standard and clues to environmental history.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,294(3/4):189-201.
Albanesi G L,Carrera M G,Ca?as F L&Saltzman M.2006.A proposed Global Boundary Stratotype Sectionand Point for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series:the Niquivil section,Precordillera of San Juan,Argentina.Episodes,29:1-15.
Albanesi G L,Bergstr?m S M,Schmitz B,Serra F,Feltes N A,Voldman G G&Ortega G.2013.Darriwilian(Middle Ordovician)δ13Ccarb chemostratigraphy in the Precordillera of Argentina:Documentation of the middle Darriwilian Isotope Carbon Excursion(MDICE)and its use for intercontinental correlation.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,389(4):48-63.
Algeo T J,Heckel P H,Maynard J B,Blakey R C&Rowe H.2008.Modern and ancient epeiric seas and the super-estuarine circulation model of marine anoxia.Geological Association of Canada Special Paper,48:7-38.
Allan J R&Matthews R K.1977.Carbon and oxygen isotopes as diagenetic and stratigraphic tools:Surface and subsurface data,Barbados,West Indies.Geology,5(1):16-28.
Azmy K&Lavoie D.2009.High-resolution isotope stratigraphy of the Lower Ordovician St.George Group of western Newfoundland,Canada:implications for global correlation.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,46(6):403-423.
Bergstr?m S M,SaltzmanM R&Schmitz B.2006.Firstrecord of the Hirnantian(Upper Ordovician)δ13C excursion in the North American Midcontinent and itsregional implications.Geological Magazine,143(5):657-678.
Bergstr?m S M,Young S,Schmitz B&Saltzman M R.2007.Upper Ordovician(Katian)δ13C chemostratigraphy:a trans-Atlantic comparison.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,46(Suppl.):37-39.
Bergstr?m S M,Chen Xu,Schmitz B,Young S,Rong Jia-yu&Saltzman M R.2009a.First documentation of the Ordovician Guttenbergδ13C excursion(GICE)in Asia:chemostratigraphy of the Pagoda and Yanwashan formations in southeastern China.Geological Magazine,146(1):1-11.
Bergstr?m S M,Chen Xu,Gutiérrez-Marco J C&Dronov A.2009b.The new chronostratigraphic classification of the Ordovician System and its relations to major regional series and stages and toδ13Cchemostratigraphy.Lethaia,42(1):97-107.
Bergstr?m S M,Young S&Schmitz B.2010.Katian(Upper Ordovician)δ13C chemostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy in the United States and Baltoscandia:A regional comparison.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,296(3/4):217-234.
Bergstr?m S M,Lehnert O,Calner M&Joachimski M M.2012.A new upper Middle Ordovician-Lower Silurian drillcore standard succession from Borenshult in?sterg?tland,southern Sweden:2.Significance ofδ13C chemostratigraphy.Journal of the Geological Society of Sweden,134(1):39-63.
Bergstr?m S M,Eriksson M E,Young S A,Ahlberg P&Schmitz B.2014.Hirnantian(latest Ordovician)δ13C chemostratigraphy in southern Sweden andglobally:a refined integration with the graptoliteand conodont zone successions.Journal of the Geological Society of Sweden,136(2):355-386.
Bergstr?m S M,Saltzman M R,Leslie S A,Ferretti A&Young S A.2015.Trans-Atlantic application of the Baltic Middle and Upper Ordovician carbon isotope zonation.Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences,64(1):8-12.
Bickert T,P?tzold J,Samtleben C&Munnecke A.1997.Paleoenvironmental changes in the Silurian indicated by stable isotopes in brachiopod shells from Gotland,Sweden.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,61(13):2717-2730.
Brenchley P J,Carden G A F&Marshall J D.1994.Environmental changes associated with the“First Strike”of the Late Ordovician mass extinction.Modern Geology,20(1):69-82.
Brenchley P J,Carden G A,Hints L,Kaljo D,Marshall D J,Martma T,Meidla T&N?lvak J.2003.High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician sequences:Constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation.Geological Society of America Bulletin,115(1):89-104.
Buggisch W,Keller M&Lehnert O.2003.Carbon isotope record of Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician carbonates of the Argentine Precordillera.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,195(3):357-373.
Calner M,Lehnert O,Wu Rong-chang,Dahlqvist P&Joachimski M M.2014.δ13C chemostratigraphy in the Lower-Middle Ordovician succession of?land(Sweden)and the global significance of the MDICE.Journal of the Geological Society of Sweden,136(1):48-54.
Compston W.1960.The carbon isotopic compositions of certain marine invertebrates and coals from the Australian Permian.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,18(1-2):1-22.
Cramer B D&Saltzman M R.2007.Fluctuations in epeiric sea carbonate production during Silurian positive carbon isotope excursions:A review of proposed paleoceanographic models.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,245(1/2):37-45.
Edwards C T&Saltzman M R.2014.Carbon isotope(δ13Ccarb)stratigraphy of the Lower-Middle Ordovician(Tremadocian-Darriwilian)in the Great Basin,western United States:Implications for global correlation.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,399:1-20.
Fan Jun-xuan,Peng Ping-an&Melchin M J.2009.Carbon isotopes and event stratigraphy near the Ordovician-Silurian boundary,Yichang,South China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,276(1/4):160-169.
Fan Jun-xuan,Chen Qing,Hou Xu-dong,Miller A I,Melchin M J,Shen Shu-zhong,Wu Shuang-ye,Goldman D,Metchell C E,Yang Qun,Zhang Yuan-dong,Zhan Ren-bin,Wang Jun,Leng Qin,Zhang Hua&Zhang Linna.2013.Geobiodiversity Database:a comprehensive section-based integration of stratigraphic and paleontological data.Newsletters on Stratigraphy,46(2):111-136.
Fan Ru,Bergstr?m S M,Lu Yuan-zheng.Zhang Xue-lei,Zhang Shi-ben,Li Xin&Deng Sheng-hui.2015.Upper Ordovician carbon isotope chemostratigraphy on the Yangtze Platform,Southwestern China:Implications for the correlation of the Guttenbergδ13C excursion(GICE)and paleoceanic change.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,433(1):81-90.
Finney S C,Berry W B N,Cooper J D,Ripperdan R L,Sweet W C,Jacobson S R,Soufiane A,Achab A&Noble P J.1999.Late Ordovician mass extinction:A new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada.Geology,27(3):215-218.
Goerike R&Fry B.1994.Variations of marine plankton 13C with latitude,temperature,and dissolved CO2 in the world ocean.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,8(1):85-90.
Gorjan P,Kaiho K,Fike D A&Chen Xu.2012.Carbon-and sulfur-isotope geochemistry of the Hirnantian(Late Ordovician)Wangjiawan(Riverside)section,South China:Global correlation and environmental event interpretation.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,337-338:14-22.
Hatch J R,Jacobson S R,Witzke B J,Risatti J B,Anders D E,Watney WL,Newell K D&Vuletich A K.1987.Possible late Middle Ordovician organic carbon isotope excursion:evidence from Ordovician oils and hydrocarbon source rocks,Mid-Continent and east-central United States.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,71(11):1342-1354.
Hotinski R M,Kump L R&Arthur M A.2004.The effectiveness of the Paleoproterozoic biological pump:Aδ13C gradient from platform carbonates of the Pethei Group(Great Slave Lake Supergroup,NWT).Geological Society of America Bulletin,116(5):539-554.
Jeffery P M,Compston W,Greengalgh D,Laster J.1955.On the carbon-13 abundance of limestones and coals.Geochimica et Cosmochinica Acta,7(5/6):255-286.
Jeppsson L.1990.An oceanic model for lithological and faunal changes tested on the Silurian record.Journal of the Geological Society,147(4):663-674.
Jones D S,Fike D A,Finnegan S,Fischer W W,Schrag D P&McCay D.2011.Terminal Ordovician carbon isotope stratigraphy and glacioeustatic sea-level change across Anticosti Island(Québec,Canada).Geological Society of America Bulletin,123(7/8):1645-1664.
Kaljo D,Hints L,Martma T&N?lvak J.2001.Carbon isotope stratigraphy in the latest Ordovician of Estonia.Chemical Geology,175:49-59.
Kaljo D,Hints L,Martma T,N?lvak J&Orasp?ld A.2004.Late Ordovician carbon isotope trend in Estonia,its significance in stratigraphy and environmental analysis.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,210(2/4):165-185.
Kaljo D,Martma T&Saadre T.2007.Post-Hunnebergian Ordovician carbon isotope trend in Baltoscandia,its environmental implications and some similarities with that of Nevada.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,245(1/2):138-155.
Keller M.2012.The Argentine Precordillera:A little American carbonate bank//Derby J R,Fritz R D,Longacre S A,Morgan W A,&Sternbach C A eds.The great American carbonate bank:The geology and economic resources of the Cambrian-Ordovician Sauk megasequence of Laurentia.AAPG Memoir 98.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists.985-1000.
Kump L R&Arthur M A.1999.Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions:carbonates and organic matter.Chemical Geology,161(1/3):181-198.
Kump L R,Arthur M A,Patzkowsky M E,Gibbs M T,Pinkus D S&Sheehan P M.1999.A weathering hypothesis for glaciation at high atmospheric p CO2,during the Late Ordovician.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,152(1/2):173-187.
Lehnert O,Meinhold G,Wu Rong-chang,Calner M&Joachimski M M.2014.δ13C chemostratigraphy in the upper Tremadocian through lower Katian(Ordovician)carbonate succession of the Siljan district,central Sweden.Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences,63(4):277-286.
Leslie S A,Saltzman M R,Bergstr?m S M,Repetski J E,Howard A&Seward A M.2011.Conodont biostratigraphy and stable isotope stratigraphy across the Ordovician Knox/Beekmantown unconformity in the central Appalachians//Gutierrez-Marco J C,Rabano I&Garcia-Bellido D eds.Ordovician of the World.Mardrid:Instituto Geológico y Minero de Espa?a.301-308.
Marshall J D&Middleton P D.1990.Changes in marine isotopic composition and the late Ordovician glaciation.Journal of the Geological Society,147(1):1-4.
Marshall J D,Brenchley P J,Mason P,Wolff G A,Astini R A,Hints L&Meidla T.1997.Global carbon isotopic events associated with mass extinction and glaciation in the late Ordovician.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,132(1/4):195-210.
Meidla T,Ainsaar L,Backman J,Dronov A,Holmer L&Sturesson U.2004.Middle-Upper Ordovician carbon isotopic record from V?sterg?tland(Sweden)and East Baltic//Hints O&Ainsaar L eds.WOGOGOB-2004 Conference Materials.Tartu:Tartu University Press.67-68.
Melchin M J&Holmden C.2006.Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Arctic Canada:Sea-level forcing of carbonate platform weathering and implications for Hirnantian global correlation.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,234(2):186-200.
Munnecke A,Zhang Yuan-dong,Liu Xiao&Cheng Jun-feng.2011.Stable carbon isotope stratigraphy in the Ordovician of South China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,307(1/4):17-43.
Neir A O&Gulbransen E A.1939.Variations in the Relative Abundance of the Carbon Isotopes.Journal of the American Chemical Society,61(3):697-698.
Orth C J,Gilmore J S&Quintana L R.1986.Terminal Ordovician extinction:Geochemical analysis of the Ordovician/Silurian boundary,Anticosti Island,Quebec.Geology,14(5):433-436.
Ripperdan R L,Magaritz M&Kirschvink J K.1993.Carbon isotope and magnetic polarity evidence for nondepositionalevents within the Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary section near Dayangcha,Jilin Province,China.Geological Magazine,130(4):443-452.
Ross R J,Adler F J,Amsden T W,Bergstrom D,Bergstr?m S M,Carter C,Churkin M,Cressman E A,Derby J R,Dutro J T,Ethington R L,Finney S C,Fisher D W,Fisher J H,Harris A G,Hintze L F,Ketner KB,Kolata D L,Landing E D,Neuman R B,Sweet W C,Pojeta J,Potter A W,Rader E K,Repetski J E,Shaver R H,Thompson T L&Webers G F.1982.The Ordovician System in the United States.International Union of Geological Sciences Publication,12:1-73.
Saltzman M R&Young S A.2005.Long-lived glaciation in the Late Ordovician?Isotopic and sequence-stratigraphic evidence from western Laurentia.Geology,33(2):109-112.
Schmitz B,Bergstrm S M&Wang Xiao-feng.2010.The middle Darriwilian(Ordovician)δ13C excursion(MDICE)discovered in the Yangtze Platform succession in China:implications of its first recorded occurrences outside Baltoscandia.Journal of the Geological Society,167(2):249-259.
Scholle P A&Arthur M A.1980.Carbon isotope fluctuations in Cretaceous pelagic limestones:potential stratigraphic and petroleum exploration tool.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,64(1):67-87.
Thompson C K&Kah L C.2012.Sulfur isotope evidence for widespread euxinia and a fluctuating oxycline in Early to Middle Ordovician greenhouse oceans.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,313(1):189-214.
Thompson C K,Kah L C,Astini R,Bowring S A&Buchwaldt R.2012.Bentonite geochronology,marine geochemistry,and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event(GOBE).Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,321-322(3):88-101.
Veizer J,Ala D,Azmy K,Bruckschen P,Buhl D,Bruhn F,Carden G A F,Diener A,Ebneth S,Godderis Y,Jasper T,Korte C,Pawellek F,Podlaha O G&Strauss H.1999.87Sr/86Sr,δ13C andδ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater.Chemical Geology,161(1/3):59-88.
Wang Xiao-feng,Stouge S,Erdtmann B D,Chen Xiao-hong,Li Zhi-hong,Wang Chuan-shang,Zeng Qing-luan,Zhou Zhi-qiang&Chen Hui-ming.2005.A proposed GSSP for the base of the Middle Ordovician Serise:the Huanghuachang section,Yichang,China.Episoeds,28(2):105-117.
Wang Kun,Orth C J,Attrep Jr M,Chatterton B D E,Wang Xiao-feng&Li Ji-jin.1993.The great latest Ordovician extinction on the South China Plate:Chemostratigraphic studies of the Ordovician-Silurian boundary interval on the Yangtze platform.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,104(1/4):61-79.
Wang Kun,Chatterton B D E&Wang Yang.1997.An organic carbon isotope record of Late Ordovician to Early Silurian marine sedimentary rocks,Yangtze Sea,South China:Implications for CO2 changes during the Hirnantian glaciation.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,132(1/4):147-158.
Wu Rong-chang,Calner M,Lehnert O,Peterffya O&Joachimski M M.2015.Lower-Middle Ordovicianδ13C chemostratigraphy of westernBaltica(J?mtland,Sweden).Palaeoworld,24(1/2):110-122.
Young S A,Saltzman M R&Bergstr?m S M.2005.Upper Ordovician(Mohawkian)carbon isotope(δ13C)stratigraphy in eastern and central North America:regional expression of a perturbation in the globalcarbon cycle.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,222(1/2):53-76.
Young S A,Saltzman M R,Bergstr?m S M,Leslie S A&Chen Xu.2008.Pairedδ13Ccarb andδ13Corg records of Upper Ordovician(SandbianKatian)carbonates in North America and China:implications for paleoceanographic change.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,270(1):166-178.
Young S A,Saltzman M R,Ausich W I,Desrochers A&Kaljo D.2010.Did changes in atmospheric CO2 coincide with latest Ordovician glacial-interglacial cycles?Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,296(3):376-388.
Young S A,Gill B C,Edwards C T,Saltzman M R&Leslie S A.2016.Middle-Late Ordovician(Darriwilian-Sandbian)decoupling of global sulfur and carbon cycles:Isotopic evidence from eastern and southern Laurentia.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,458:118-132.
Zhang Yuan-dong,Cheng Jun-feng,Munnecke A&Zhou Chuan-ming.2010.Carbon isotope development in the Ordovician of the Yangtze Gorges region(South China)and its implication for stratigraphic correlation and paleoenvironmental change.Journal of Earth Science,21(1):70-74.
Zhang Yuan-dong&Munnecke A.2016.Ordovician stable carbon isotope stratigraphy in the Tarim Basin,NW China.Palaeogeography,Pa-laeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,458:154-175.
陈旭,Bergstr?m S M.2008.奥陶系研究百余年:从英国标准到国际标准.地层学杂志,32(1):1-14.
陈旭,樊隽轩,陈清,唐兰,侯旭东.2014.论广西运动的阶段性.中国科学(地球科学),44(5):842-850.
Ainsaar L,Martma T&Meidla T.2000.The Mid-Caradoc carbon isotope event and its expression in Siljan District,Central Sweden-offshore area of the Bálto-Scandian Palaeobasin.Journal of Confenrence Abstracts.5(2):123-124.
Ainsaar L,Meidla T&Tinn O.2004.Middle and Upper Ordovician stable isotope stratigraphy across the facies belts in the East Baltic//Hints O&Ainsaar L eds.WOGOGOB-2004 Conference Materials.Tartu:Tartu University Press.11-12.
Ainsaar L,Meidla T,Tinn O,Martma T&Dronov A.2007.Darriwilian(Middle Ordovician)carbon isotope stratigraphy in Baltoscandia.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,46(Suppl.):1-8.
Ainsaar L,Kaljo D,Martma T,Meidla T,M?nnik P,N?lvak J&Tinn O.2010.Middle and Upper Ordovician carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Baltoscandia:A correlation standard and clues to environmental history.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,294(3/4):189-201.
Albanesi G L,Carrera M G,Ca?as F L&Saltzman M.2006.A proposed Global Boundary Stratotype Sectionand Point for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series:the Niquivil section,Precordillera of San Juan,Argentina.Episodes,29:1-15.
Albanesi G L,Bergstr?m S M,Schmitz B,Serra F,Feltes N A,Voldman G G&Ortega G.2013.Darriwilian(Middle Ordovician)δ13Ccarb chemostratigraphy in the Precordillera of Argentina:Documentation of the middle Darriwilian Isotope Carbon Excursion(MDICE)and its use for intercontinental correlation.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,389(4):48-63.
Algeo T J,Heckel P H,Maynard J B,Blakey R C&Rowe H.2008.Modern and ancient epeiric seas and the super-estuarine circulation model of marine anoxia.Geological Association of Canada Special Paper,48:7-38.
Allan J R&Matthews R K.1977.Carbon and oxygen isotopes as diagenetic and stratigraphic tools:Surface and subsurface data,Barbados,West Indies.Geology,5(1):16-28.
Azmy K&Lavoie D.2009.High-resolution isotope stratigraphy of the Lower Ordovician St.George Group of western Newfoundland,Canada:implications for global correlation.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,46(6):403-423.
Bergstr?m S M,SaltzmanM R&Schmitz B.2006.Firstrecord of the Hirnantian(Upper Ordovician)δ13C excursion in the North American Midcontinent and itsregional implications.Geological Magazine,143(5):657-678.
Bergstr?m S M,Young S,Schmitz B&Saltzman M R.2007.Upper Ordovician(Katian)δ13C chemostratigraphy:a trans-Atlantic comparison.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,46(Suppl.):37-39.
Bergstr?m S M,Chen Xu,Schmitz B,Young S,Rong Jia-yu&Saltzman M R.2009a.First documentation of the Ordovician Guttenbergδ13C excursion(GICE)in Asia:chemostratigraphy of the Pagoda and Yanwashan formations in southeastern China.Geological Magazine,146(1):1-11.
Bergstr?m S M,Chen Xu,Gutiérrez-Marco J C&Dronov A.2009b.The new chronostratigraphic classification of the Ordovician System and its relations to major regional series and stages and toδ13Cchemostratigraphy.Lethaia,42(1):97-107.
Bergstr?m S M,Young S&Schmitz B.2010.Katian(Upper Ordovician)δ13C chemostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy in the United States and Baltoscandia:A regional comparison.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,296(3/4):217-234.
Bergstr?m S M,Lehnert O,Calner M&Joachimski M M.2012.A new upper Middle Ordovician-Lower Silurian drillcore standard succession from Borenshult in?sterg?tland,southern Sweden:2.Significance ofδ13C chemostratigraphy.Journal of the Geological Society of Sweden,134(1):39-63.
Bergstr?m S M,Eriksson M E,Young S A,Ahlberg P&Schmitz B.2014.Hirnantian(latest Ordovician)δ13C chemostratigraphy in southern Sweden andglobally:a refined integration with the graptoliteand conodont zone successions.Journal of the Geological Society of Sweden,136(2):355-386.
Bergstr?m S M,Saltzman M R,Leslie S A,Ferretti A&Young S A.2015.Trans-Atlantic application of the Baltic Middle and Upper Ordovician carbon isotope zonation.Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences,64(1):8-12.
Bickert T,P?tzold J,Samtleben C&Munnecke A.1997.Paleoenvironmental changes in the Silurian indicated by stable isotopes in brachiopod shells from Gotland,Sweden.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,61(13):2717-2730.
Brenchley P J,Carden G A F&Marshall J D.1994.Environmental changes associated with the“First Strike”of the Late Ordovician mass extinction.Modern Geology,20(1):69-82.
Brenchley P J,Carden G A,Hints L,Kaljo D,Marshall D J,Martma T,Meidla T&N?lvak J.2003.High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician sequences:Constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation.Geological Society of America Bulletin,115(1):89-104.
Buggisch W,Keller M&Lehnert O.2003.Carbon isotope record of Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician carbonates of the Argentine Precordillera.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,195(3):357-373.
Calner M,Lehnert O,Wu Rong-chang,Dahlqvist P&Joachimski M M.2014.δ13C chemostratigraphy in the Lower-Middle Ordovician succession of?land(Sweden)and the global significance of the MDICE.Journal of the Geological Society of Sweden,136(1):48-54.
Compston W.1960.The carbon isotopic compositions of certain marine invertebrates and coals from the Australian Permian.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,18(1-2):1-22.
Cramer B D&Saltzman M R.2007.Fluctuations in epeiric sea carbonate production during Silurian positive carbon isotope excursions:A review of proposed paleoceanographic models.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,245(1/2):37-45.
Edwards C T&Saltzman M R.2014.Carbon isotope(δ13Ccarb)stratigraphy of the Lower-Middle Ordovician(Tremadocian-Darriwilian)in the Great Basin,western United States:Implications for global correlation.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,399:1-20.
Fan Jun-xuan,Peng Ping-an&Melchin M J.2009.Carbon isotopes and event stratigraphy near the Ordovician-Silurian boundary,Yichang,South China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,276(1/4):160-169.
Fan Jun-xuan,Chen Qing,Hou Xu-dong,Miller A I,Melchin M J,Shen Shu-zhong,Wu Shuang-ye,Goldman D,Metchell C E,Yang Qun,Zhang Yuan-dong,Zhan Ren-bin,Wang Jun,Leng Qin,Zhang Hua&Zhang Linna.2013.Geobiodiversity Database:a comprehensive section-based integration of stratigraphic and paleontological data.Newsletters on Stratigraphy,46(2):111-136.
Fan Ru,Bergstr?m S M,Lu Yuan-zheng.Zhang Xue-lei,Zhang Shi-ben,Li Xin&Deng Sheng-hui.2015.Upper Ordovician carbon isotope chemostratigraphy on the Yangtze Platform,Southwestern China:Implications for the correlation of the Guttenbergδ13C excursion(GICE)and paleoceanic change.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,433(1):81-90.
Finney S C,Berry W B N,Cooper J D,Ripperdan R L,Sweet W C,Jacobson S R,Soufiane A,Achab A&Noble P J.1999.Late Ordovician mass extinction:A new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada.Geology,27(3):215-218.
Goerike R&Fry B.1994.Variations of marine plankton 13C with latitude,temperature,and dissolved CO2 in the world ocean.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,8(1):85-90.
Gorjan P,Kaiho K,Fike D A&Chen Xu.2012.Carbon-and sulfur-isotope geochemistry of the Hirnantian(Late Ordovician)Wangjiawan(Riverside)section,South China:Global correlation and environmental event interpretation.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,337-338:14-22.
Hatch J R,Jacobson S R,Witzke B J,Risatti J B,Anders D E,Watney WL,Newell K D&Vuletich A K.1987.Possible late Middle Ordovician organic carbon isotope excursion:evidence from Ordovician oils and hydrocarbon source rocks,Mid-Continent and east-central United States.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,71(11):1342-1354.
Hotinski R M,Kump L R&Arthur M A.2004.The effectiveness of the Paleoproterozoic biological pump:Aδ13C gradient from platform carbonates of the Pethei Group(Great Slave Lake Supergroup,NWT).Geological Society of America Bulletin,116(5):539-554.
Jeffery P M,Compston W,Greengalgh D,Laster J.1955.On the carbon-13 abundance of limestones and coals.Geochimica et Cosmochinica Acta,7(5/6):255-286.
Jeppsson L.1990.An oceanic model for lithological and faunal changes tested on the Silurian record.Journal of the Geological Society,147(4):663-674.
Jones D S,Fike D A,Finnegan S,Fischer W W,Schrag D P&McCay D.2011.Terminal Ordovician carbon isotope stratigraphy and glacioeustatic sea-level change across Anticosti Island(Québec,Canada).Geological Society of America Bulletin,123(7/8):1645-1664.
Kaljo D,Hints L,Martma T&N?lvak J.2001.Carbon isotope stratigraphy in the latest Ordovician of Estonia.Chemical Geology,175:49-59.
Kaljo D,Hints L,Martma T,N?lvak J&Orasp?ld A.2004.Late Ordovician carbon isotope trend in Estonia,its significance in stratigraphy and environmental analysis.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,210(2/4):165-185.
Kaljo D,Martma T&Saadre T.2007.Post-Hunnebergian Ordovician carbon isotope trend in Baltoscandia,its environmental implications and some similarities with that of Nevada.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,245(1/2):138-155.
Keller M.2012.The Argentine Precordillera:A little American carbonate bank//Derby J R,Fritz R D,Longacre S A,Morgan W A,&Sternbach C A eds.The great American carbonate bank:The geology and economic resources of the Cambrian-Ordovician Sauk megasequence of Laurentia.AAPG Memoir 98.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists.985-1000.
Kump L R&Arthur M A.1999.Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions:carbonates and organic matter.Chemical Geology,161(1/3):181-198.
Kump L R,Arthur M A,Patzkowsky M E,Gibbs M T,Pinkus D S&Sheehan P M.1999.A weathering hypothesis for glaciation at high atmospheric p CO2,during the Late Ordovician.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,152(1/2):173-187.
Lehnert O,Meinhold G,Wu Rong-chang,Calner M&Joachimski M M.2014.δ13C chemostratigraphy in the upper Tremadocian through lower Katian(Ordovician)carbonate succession of the Siljan district,central Sweden.Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences,63(4):277-286.
Leslie S A,Saltzman M R,Bergstr?m S M,Repetski J E,Howard A&Seward A M.2011.Conodont biostratigraphy and stable isotope stratigraphy across the Ordovician Knox/Beekmantown unconformity in the central Appalachians//Gutierrez-Marco J C,Rabano I&Garcia-Bellido D eds.Ordovician of the World.Mardrid:Instituto Geológico y Minero de Espa?a.301-308.
Marshall J D&Middleton P D.1990.Changes in marine isotopic composition and the late Ordovician glaciation.Journal of the Geological Society,147(1):1-4.
Marshall J D,Brenchley P J,Mason P,Wolff G A,Astini R A,Hints L&Meidla T.1997.Global carbon isotopic events associated with mass extinction and glaciation in the late Ordovician.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,132(1/4):195-210.
Meidla T,Ainsaar L,Backman J,Dronov A,Holmer L&Sturesson U.2004.Middle-Upper Ordovician carbon isotopic record from V?sterg?tland(Sweden)and East Baltic//Hints O&Ainsaar L eds.WOGOGOB-2004 Conference Materials.Tartu:Tartu University Press.67-68.
Melchin M J&Holmden C.2006.Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Arctic Canada:Sea-level forcing of carbonate platform weathering and implications for Hirnantian global correlation.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,234(2):186-200.
Munnecke A,Zhang Yuan-dong,Liu Xiao&Cheng Jun-feng.2011.Stable carbon isotope stratigraphy in the Ordovician of South China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,307(1/4):17-43.
Neir A O&Gulbransen E A.1939.Variations in the Relative Abundance of the Carbon Isotopes.Journal of the American Chemical Society,61(3):697-698.
Orth C J,Gilmore J S&Quintana L R.1986.Terminal Ordovician extinction:Geochemical analysis of the Ordovician/Silurian boundary,Anticosti Island,Quebec.Geology,14(5):433-436.
Ripperdan R L,Magaritz M&Kirschvink J K.1993.Carbon isotope and magnetic polarity evidence for nondepositionalevents within the Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary section near Dayangcha,Jilin Province,China.Geological Magazine,130(4):443-452.
Ross R J,Adler F J,Amsden T W,Bergstrom D,Bergstr?m S M,Carter C,Churkin M,Cressman E A,Derby J R,Dutro J T,Ethington R L,Finney S C,Fisher D W,Fisher J H,Harris A G,Hintze L F,Ketner KB,Kolata D L,Landing E D,Neuman R B,Sweet W C,Pojeta J,Potter A W,Rader E K,Repetski J E,Shaver R H,Thompson T L&Webers G F.1982.The Ordovician System in the United States.International Union of Geological Sciences Publication,12:1-73.
Saltzman M R&Young S A.2005.Long-lived glaciation in the Late Ordovician?Isotopic and sequence-stratigraphic evidence from western Laurentia.Geology,33(2):109-112.
Schmitz B,Bergstrm S M&Wang Xiao-feng.2010.The middle Darriwilian(Ordovician)δ13C excursion(MDICE)discovered in the Yangtze Platform succession in China:implications of its first recorded occurrences outside Baltoscandia.Journal of the Geological Society,167(2):249-259.
Scholle P A&Arthur M A.1980.Carbon isotope fluctuations in Cretaceous pelagic limestones:potential stratigraphic and petroleum exploration tool.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,64(1):67-87.
Thompson C K&Kah L C.2012.Sulfur isotope evidence for widespread euxinia and a fluctuating oxycline in Early to Middle Ordovician greenhouse oceans.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,313(1):189-214.
Thompson C K,Kah L C,Astini R,Bowring S A&Buchwaldt R.2012.Bentonite geochronology,marine geochemistry,and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event(GOBE).Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,321-322(3):88-101.
Veizer J,Ala D,Azmy K,Bruckschen P,Buhl D,Bruhn F,Carden G A F,Diener A,Ebneth S,Godderis Y,Jasper T,Korte C,Pawellek F,Podlaha O G&Strauss H.1999.87Sr/86Sr,δ13C andδ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater.Chemical Geology,161(1/3):59-88.
Wang Xiao-feng,Stouge S,Erdtmann B D,Chen Xiao-hong,Li Zhi-hong,Wang Chuan-shang,Zeng Qing-luan,Zhou Zhi-qiang&Chen Hui-ming.2005.A proposed GSSP for the base of the Middle Ordovician Serise:the Huanghuachang section,Yichang,China.Episoeds,28(2):105-117.
Wang Kun,Orth C J,Attrep Jr M,Chatterton B D E,Wang Xiao-feng&Li Ji-jin.1993.The great latest Ordovician extinction on the South China Plate:Chemostratigraphic studies of the Ordovician-Silurian boundary interval on the Yangtze platform.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,104(1/4):61-79.
Wang Kun,Chatterton B D E&Wang Yang.1997.An organic carbon isotope record of Late Ordovician to Early Silurian marine sedimentary rocks,Yangtze Sea,South China:Implications for CO2 changes during the Hirnantian glaciation.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,132(1/4):147-158.
Wu Rong-chang,Calner M,Lehnert O,Peterffya O&Joachimski M M.2015.Lower-Middle Ordovicianδ13C chemostratigraphy of westernBaltica(J?mtland,Sweden).Palaeoworld,24(1/2):110-122.
Young S A,Saltzman M R&Bergstr?m S M.2005.Upper Ordovician(Mohawkian)carbon isotope(δ13C)stratigraphy in eastern and central North America:regional expression of a perturbation in the globalcarbon cycle.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,222(1/2):53-76.
Young S A,Saltzman M R,Bergstr?m S M,Leslie S A&Chen Xu.2008.Pairedδ13Ccarb andδ13Corg records of Upper Ordovician(SandbianKatian)carbonates in North America and China:implications for paleoceanographic change.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,270(1):166-178.
Young S A,Saltzman M R,Ausich W I,Desrochers A&Kaljo D.2010.Did changes in atmospheric CO2 coincide with latest Ordovician glacial-interglacial cycles?Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,296(3):376-388.
Young S A,Gill B C,Edwards C T,Saltzman M R&Leslie S A.2016.Middle-Late Ordovician(Darriwilian-Sandbian)decoupling of global sulfur and carbon cycles:Isotopic evidence from eastern and southern Laurentia.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,458:118-132.
Zhang Yuan-dong,Cheng Jun-feng,Munnecke A&Zhou Chuan-ming.2010.Carbon isotope development in the Ordovician of the Yangtze Gorges region(South China)and its implication for stratigraphic correlation and paleoenvironmental change.Journal of Earth Science,21(1):70-74.
Zhang Yuan-dong&Munnecke A.2016.Ordovician stable carbon isotope stratigraphy in the Tarim Basin,NW China.Palaeogeography,Pa-laeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,458:154-175.