刺槐油松混交比对土壤质量的影响
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摘要
为探讨合理的刺槐混交比例,使其既发挥培肥地力作用,又不致过度排挤与之混交的树种,以泰山景区10刺槐、7刺槐3油松、4刺槐6油松、10油松4种林分类型为研究对象,分析土壤微生物数量、酶活性及土壤养分含量,并应用综合指数法(MDS-PCA)对土壤质量进行评估。结果表明:1)土壤养分含量、微生物数量与酶活性随刺槐比例增加而增加。当刺槐混交比例超过40%时,土壤4种微生物数量、硝态氮、有效氮、速效磷含量及过氧化氢酶活性显著高于油松纯林,而土壤酸性磷酸酶与脲酶活性在刺槐比例达到70%时,显著高于油松纯林。2)筛选出土壤p H、硝态氮、酸性磷酸酶、真菌作为最小数据集(MDS),土壤质量指数(SQI)表现为:刺槐纯林(0. 99)> 7刺槐3油松(0. 78)> 4刺槐6油松(0. 67)>油松纯林(0. 10)。综合分析表明,增加刺槐混交比例能显著改善林地的土壤质量,考虑刺槐的入侵性和泰山景区风景林经营,应调控刺槐的比例介于40%～70%之间,既能保持土壤肥力,又能维持生物多样性。
[Background] Robinia pseudoacacia is nitrogen-fixing pioneer tree, which has been extensively naturalized in the temperate regions of North America,Europe,and Asia and can improve soil quality and alter soil microbial community. Due to its root-sucker reproduction,R. pseudoacacia formed specific plant communities,whose herb layer is markedly different from that in forest dominated by native trees,resulting in the ecological risk. It causes both plant richness loss and shifts in species composition.In order to lift the reasonable utilization of R. pseudoacacia and let it play a greater role,the appropriate proportion of R. pseudoacacia was explored in Mount Tai. [Methods] The main soil types are crude brown soil and common brown soil. The elevation range of the sample in this study are 580-700 m and the slope are southeast. The sampling sites were determined based on the mixed proportion of R.pseudoacacia and Pinus tabulaeformis. Four types and three repeats for each type were set: type Ⅰ: pure R. pseudoacia( 100%); type Ⅱ( 70% R. pseudoacia + 30% P. tabulaeformis); type Ⅲ( 40% R.pseudoacia + 60% P. tabulaeformis); type Ⅳ: pure P. tabulaeformis( 100%). The four types presented continuous patch distribution in this scenic spot,and the habitat characteristics were relatively consistent. Soil microorganisms,soil enzyme activities and soil nutrients for four types were analyzed.Soil quality of these forest stands was further assessed with principal component analysis( MDS-PCA).[Results]1) Soil microorganisms,soil enzyme activities and soil nutrients increased with the increasing of proportion of R. pseudoacia. The soil microorganisms,NO_3-N,available N,available P and catalase were significantly higher than type Ⅳ when the proportion of R. pseudoacia reached 40%. Acid phosphatase and urease were significantly higher than type Ⅳ when the proportion of R. pseudoacia reached 70%. 2) The pH,NO_3-N,acid phosphatase and fungi were selected as the minimum data set( MDS). The soil quality index( SQI) of typeⅠ,type Ⅱ,type Ⅲ,type Ⅳ was 0. 99,0. 78,0. 67 and0. 01,respectively. In general,all three types of plantations improved soil quality compared to type Ⅳ.With the increasing of the proportion of R. pseudoacacia,the soil quality was significantly better than that of pure P. tabulaeformis forest. When the proportion of R. pseudoacia reached 40%,the soil quality was improved significantly. But the soil quality was not improved significantly when the proportion of R.pseudoacacia continued to increase. [Conclusions] Comprehensive analysis shows that increasing the proportion of R. pseudoacacia can significantly improve the soil quality. Therefore, adjusting the proportion of R. pseudoacacia and maintaining the proportion at 40%-70% are suggested to improve the general fertility quality of forest stands.
[Background] Robinia pseudoacacia is nitrogen-fixing pioneer tree, which has been extensively naturalized in the temperate regions of North America,Europe,and Asia and can improve soil quality and alter soil microbial community. Due to its root-sucker reproduction,R. pseudoacacia formed specific plant communities,whose herb layer is markedly different from that in forest dominated by native trees,resulting in the ecological risk. It causes both plant richness loss and shifts in species composition.In order to lift the reasonable utilization of R. pseudoacacia and let it play a greater role,the appropriate proportion of R. pseudoacacia was explored in Mount Tai. [Methods] The main soil types are crude brown soil and common brown soil. The elevation range of the sample in this study are 580-700 m and the slope are southeast. The sampling sites were determined based on the mixed proportion of R.pseudoacacia and Pinus tabulaeformis. Four types and three repeats for each type were set: type Ⅰ: pure R. pseudoacia( 100%); type Ⅱ( 70% R. pseudoacia + 30% P. tabulaeformis); type Ⅲ( 40% R.pseudoacia + 60% P. tabulaeformis); type Ⅳ: pure P. tabulaeformis( 100%). The four types presented continuous patch distribution in this scenic spot,and the habitat characteristics were relatively consistent. Soil microorganisms,soil enzyme activities and soil nutrients for four types were analyzed.Soil quality of these forest stands was further assessed with principal component analysis( MDS-PCA).[Results]1) Soil microorganisms,soil enzyme activities and soil nutrients increased with the increasing of proportion of R. pseudoacia. The soil microorganisms,NO_3-N,available N,available P and catalase were significantly higher than type Ⅳ when the proportion of R. pseudoacia reached 40%. Acid phosphatase and urease were significantly higher than type Ⅳ when the proportion of R. pseudoacia reached 70%. 2) The pH,NO_3-N,acid phosphatase and fungi were selected as the minimum data set( MDS). The soil quality index( SQI) of typeⅠ,type Ⅱ,type Ⅲ,type Ⅳ was 0. 99,0. 78,0. 67 and0. 01,respectively. In general,all three types of plantations improved soil quality compared to type Ⅳ.With the increasing of the proportion of R. pseudoacacia,the soil quality was significantly better than that of pure P. tabulaeformis forest. When the proportion of R. pseudoacia reached 40%,the soil quality was improved significantly. But the soil quality was not improved significantly when the proportion of R.pseudoacacia continued to increase. [Conclusions] Comprehensive analysis shows that increasing the proportion of R. pseudoacacia can significantly improve the soil quality. Therefore, adjusting the proportion of R. pseudoacacia and maintaining the proportion at 40%-70% are suggested to improve the general fertility quality of forest stands.
引文
[1]钟熙敏,宫渊波,陈林武,等.岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带不同植被恢复模式对根际土壤微生物量碳氮及固氮菌群落结构的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(1):208.ZHONG Ximin,GONG Yuanbo,CHEN Linwu,et al.Effect of different revegetation patterns in mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone in the upper reaches of Minjiang river on rhizosphere soil microbial biomass C,N and the structure of nitrogen-fixing bacteria community[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(1):208.
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[4]茹豪,张建军,黄明,等.晋西黄土区不同地类土壤抗冲性分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(4):6.RU Hao,ZHANG Jianjun,HUANG Ming,et al.Soil erosion resistance of different land uses in Loess Plateau area in western Shanxi province[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(4):6.
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[6]田宁宁,张建军,茹豪,等.晋西黄土区水土保持林地的土壤水分和养分特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(6):61.TIAN Ningning,ZHANG Jianjun,RU Hao,et al.Soil moisture and nutrient characteristics of soil and water conservation forests in Loess Plateau of western Shanxi province[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(6):61.
[7]马建业,李占斌,马波,等.黄土高原丘陵区不同植被恢复方式下土壤水分特征:以桥子沟流域为例[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(4):8.MA Jianye,LI Zhanbin,MA Bo,et al.Soil water characteristics under different vegetation recovery modes in hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(4):8.
[8]张建军,李慧敏,徐佳佳.黄土高原水土保持林对土壤水分的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(23):71.ZHANG Jianjun,LI Huimin,XU Jiajia.Soil moisture dynamics of water and soil conservation forest on the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(23):71.
[9]耿兵,王华田,王延平,等.刺槐萌生林与实生林的生长比较[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(2):59.GENG Bing,WANG Huatian,WANG Yanping,et al.Comparative study of coppice and seeding forest of Robinia pseudoacacia L.[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(2):59.
[10]HRUKA K.Human impact on the forest vegetation in the western part of the Pannonic Plain(Yugoslavia)[J].Vegetatio,1991,92(2):161.
[11]BENESPERI R,GIULIANI C,ZANETTI S,et al.Forest plant diversity is threatened by Robinia pseudoacacia,(black-locust)invasion[J].Biodiversity&Conservation,2012,21(14):3555.
[12]中国科学院南京土壤研究所微生物室.土壤微生物研究法[M].北京:科学出版社,1985:44.Microbiology Laboratory,Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Researching methods of soil microbe[M].Beijing:Science Press,1985:44.
[13]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986:294.GUAN Songyin.Soil enzyme and its research methods[M].Beijing:Agriculture Press,1986:294.
[14]GARC A-RUIZ R,OCHOA V,HINOJOSA M B,et al.Suitability of enzyme activities for the monitoring of soil quality improvement in organic agricultural systems[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2008,40(9):2137.
[15]GARC A-RUIZ R,OCHOA V,VINEGLA B,et al.Soil enzymes,nematode community and selected physico-chemical properties as soil quality indicators in organic and conventional olive oil farming:Influence of seasonality and site features[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2009,41(3):305.
[16]GONG Lu,RAN Qiyang,HE Guixiang,et al.A soil quality assessment under different land use types in Keriya river basin,southern Xinjiang,China[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2015,146:223.
[17]BUZHDYGAN O Y,RUDENKO S S,KAZANCI C,et al.Effect of invasive black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia,L.)on nitrogen cycle in floodplain ecosystem[J].Ecological Modelling,2016,319:170.
[18]赵路红,李昌珍,康迪,等.黄土丘陵区植被恢复对土壤可溶性氮组分的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(10):3533..ZHAO Luhong,LI Changzhen,KANG Di,et al.Effects of vegetation restoration on soil soluble nitrogen in the Loess Hilly Region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(10):3533.
[19]SANTONJA M,BALDY V,FERNANDEZ C,et al.Potential shift in plant communities with climate change:outcome on litter decomposition and nutrient release in a mediterranean oak forest[J].Ecosystems,2015,18(7):1253.
[20]赵勇,吴明作,樊巍,等.太行山针、阔叶森林凋落物分解及养分归还比较[J].自然资源学报,2009,24(9):1616.ZHAO Yong,WU Mingzuo,FAN Wei,et al.Comparison of nutrient return and litter decomposition between coniferous and broad-leaved forests in hilly region of Taihang mountains[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(9):1616.
[21]UNGER P W.Aggregate and organic carbon concentration interrelationships of a Torrertic Paleustoll[J].Soil&Tillage Research,1997,42(1/2):95.
[22]李志安,邹碧,丁永祯,等.植物残茬对土壤酸度的影响及其作用机理[J].生态学报,2005,25(9):2382.LI Zhi'an,ZOU Bi,DING Yongzhen,et al.Effect of plant residues on soil acidity and its mechanisms[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(9):2382.
[23]彭东海,杨建波,李健,等.间作大豆对甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮菌多样性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(9):959.PENG Donghai,YANG Jianbo,LI Jian,et al.Effects of intercropping with soybean on bacterial and nitrogen-fixing bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of sugarcane[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2014,38(9):959.
[24]王从彦,曹震,王磊,等.豆科植物对根际土壤微生物种群及代谢的影响[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(1):85.WANG Congyan,CAO Zhen,WANG Lei,et al.Ecological effects of leguminous plants on microorganism community in rhizosphere soils[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(1):85.
[25]万忠梅,宋长春.土壤酶活性对生态环境的响应研究进展[J].土壤通报,2009,40(4):951.WAN Zhongmei,SONG Changchun.Advance on response of soil enzyme activity to ecological environment[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2009,40(4):951.
[26]吕凤莲,薛萐,王国梁,等.N添加对油松幼苗土壤酶活性和微生物生物量的影响[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(2):338.LV Fenglian,XUE Sha,WANG Guoliang,et al.Effects of N addition on soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass beneath Pinus tabuliformis seedlings[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(2):338.
[27]张艺,王春梅,许可,等.模拟氮沉降对温带森林土壤酶活性的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(6):1956.ZHANG Yi,WANG Chunmei,XU Ke,et al.Effect of simulated nitrogen deposition on soil enzyme activities in a temperate forest[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(6):1956.
[28]DIAMANTIDIS G,EFFOSSE A,POTIER P,et al.Purification and characterization of the first bacterial laccase in the rhizospheric bacterium Azospirillum lipoferum[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(7):919.
[29]杨晨,刘勇,陈晓,等.油松人工林下真菌群落对凋落物分解的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2016,36(7):41.YANG Chen,LIU Yong,CHEN Xiao,et al.Effect of fungal communities on litter decomposition under Pinus tabulaeformis artificial forests[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2016,36(7):41.
[2]贾剑波,刘文娜,余新晓,等.半城子流域3种林地枯落物的持水能力[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(6):26.JIA Jianbo,LIU Wenna,YU Xinxiao,et al.Water-holding characteristics of litters in three types of forest in the upper reaches of Banchengzi Basin[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(6):26.
[3]张建军,徐佳佳,李慧敏.水土保持林生长过程及碳密度的动态变化[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(1):70.ZHANG Jianjun,XU Jiajia,LI Huimin.Growth process of soil and water conservation forest and dynamic change of its carbon intensity[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(1):70.
[4]茹豪,张建军,黄明,等.晋西黄土区不同地类土壤抗冲性分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(4):6.RU Hao,ZHANG Jianjun,HUANG Ming,et al.Soil erosion resistance of different land uses in Loess Plateau area in western Shanxi province[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(4):6.
[5]刘云,李传荣,许景伟,等.黄河三角洲盐碱地刺槐混交林对土壤脲酶活性的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(5):107.LIU Yun,LI Chuanrong,XU Jingwei,et al.Effects of mixed Robinia pseudoacacia plantations on soil urease activities in saline land of the Yellow River Delta[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(5):107.
[6]田宁宁,张建军,茹豪,等.晋西黄土区水土保持林地的土壤水分和养分特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(6):61.TIAN Ningning,ZHANG Jianjun,RU Hao,et al.Soil moisture and nutrient characteristics of soil and water conservation forests in Loess Plateau of western Shanxi province[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(6):61.
[7]马建业,李占斌,马波,等.黄土高原丘陵区不同植被恢复方式下土壤水分特征:以桥子沟流域为例[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(4):8.MA Jianye,LI Zhanbin,MA Bo,et al.Soil water characteristics under different vegetation recovery modes in hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(4):8.
[8]张建军,李慧敏,徐佳佳.黄土高原水土保持林对土壤水分的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(23):71.ZHANG Jianjun,LI Huimin,XU Jiajia.Soil moisture dynamics of water and soil conservation forest on the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(23):71.
[9]耿兵,王华田,王延平,等.刺槐萌生林与实生林的生长比较[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(2):59.GENG Bing,WANG Huatian,WANG Yanping,et al.Comparative study of coppice and seeding forest of Robinia pseudoacacia L.[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(2):59.
[10]HRUKA K.Human impact on the forest vegetation in the western part of the Pannonic Plain(Yugoslavia)[J].Vegetatio,1991,92(2):161.
[11]BENESPERI R,GIULIANI C,ZANETTI S,et al.Forest plant diversity is threatened by Robinia pseudoacacia,(black-locust)invasion[J].Biodiversity&Conservation,2012,21(14):3555.
[12]中国科学院南京土壤研究所微生物室.土壤微生物研究法[M].北京:科学出版社,1985:44.Microbiology Laboratory,Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Researching methods of soil microbe[M].Beijing:Science Press,1985:44.
[13]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986:294.GUAN Songyin.Soil enzyme and its research methods[M].Beijing:Agriculture Press,1986:294.
[14]GARC A-RUIZ R,OCHOA V,HINOJOSA M B,et al.Suitability of enzyme activities for the monitoring of soil quality improvement in organic agricultural systems[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2008,40(9):2137.
[15]GARC A-RUIZ R,OCHOA V,VINEGLA B,et al.Soil enzymes,nematode community and selected physico-chemical properties as soil quality indicators in organic and conventional olive oil farming:Influence of seasonality and site features[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2009,41(3):305.
[16]GONG Lu,RAN Qiyang,HE Guixiang,et al.A soil quality assessment under different land use types in Keriya river basin,southern Xinjiang,China[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2015,146:223.
[17]BUZHDYGAN O Y,RUDENKO S S,KAZANCI C,et al.Effect of invasive black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia,L.)on nitrogen cycle in floodplain ecosystem[J].Ecological Modelling,2016,319:170.
[18]赵路红,李昌珍,康迪,等.黄土丘陵区植被恢复对土壤可溶性氮组分的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(10):3533..ZHAO Luhong,LI Changzhen,KANG Di,et al.Effects of vegetation restoration on soil soluble nitrogen in the Loess Hilly Region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(10):3533.
[19]SANTONJA M,BALDY V,FERNANDEZ C,et al.Potential shift in plant communities with climate change:outcome on litter decomposition and nutrient release in a mediterranean oak forest[J].Ecosystems,2015,18(7):1253.
[20]赵勇,吴明作,樊巍,等.太行山针、阔叶森林凋落物分解及养分归还比较[J].自然资源学报,2009,24(9):1616.ZHAO Yong,WU Mingzuo,FAN Wei,et al.Comparison of nutrient return and litter decomposition between coniferous and broad-leaved forests in hilly region of Taihang mountains[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(9):1616.
[21]UNGER P W.Aggregate and organic carbon concentration interrelationships of a Torrertic Paleustoll[J].Soil&Tillage Research,1997,42(1/2):95.
[22]李志安,邹碧,丁永祯,等.植物残茬对土壤酸度的影响及其作用机理[J].生态学报,2005,25(9):2382.LI Zhi'an,ZOU Bi,DING Yongzhen,et al.Effect of plant residues on soil acidity and its mechanisms[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(9):2382.
[23]彭东海,杨建波,李健,等.间作大豆对甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮菌多样性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(9):959.PENG Donghai,YANG Jianbo,LI Jian,et al.Effects of intercropping with soybean on bacterial and nitrogen-fixing bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of sugarcane[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2014,38(9):959.
[24]王从彦,曹震,王磊,等.豆科植物对根际土壤微生物种群及代谢的影响[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(1):85.WANG Congyan,CAO Zhen,WANG Lei,et al.Ecological effects of leguminous plants on microorganism community in rhizosphere soils[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(1):85.
[25]万忠梅,宋长春.土壤酶活性对生态环境的响应研究进展[J].土壤通报,2009,40(4):951.WAN Zhongmei,SONG Changchun.Advance on response of soil enzyme activity to ecological environment[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2009,40(4):951.
[26]吕凤莲,薛萐,王国梁,等.N添加对油松幼苗土壤酶活性和微生物生物量的影响[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(2):338.LV Fenglian,XUE Sha,WANG Guoliang,et al.Effects of N addition on soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass beneath Pinus tabuliformis seedlings[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(2):338.
[27]张艺,王春梅,许可,等.模拟氮沉降对温带森林土壤酶活性的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(6):1956.ZHANG Yi,WANG Chunmei,XU Ke,et al.Effect of simulated nitrogen deposition on soil enzyme activities in a temperate forest[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(6):1956.
[28]DIAMANTIDIS G,EFFOSSE A,POTIER P,et al.Purification and characterization of the first bacterial laccase in the rhizospheric bacterium Azospirillum lipoferum[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(7):919.
[29]杨晨,刘勇,陈晓,等.油松人工林下真菌群落对凋落物分解的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2016,36(7):41.YANG Chen,LIU Yong,CHEN Xiao,et al.Effect of fungal communities on litter decomposition under Pinus tabulaeformis artificial forests[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2016,36(7):41.