碳排放共同责任的测度优化与国际比较研究
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摘要
以世界投入产出数据库和世界发展指标数据库为基础,以优化碳排放共同责任测算方案中的责任分担系数为核心,对15个代表性经济体的碳排放共同责任进行了科学测度与对比分析。研究发现,总体而言,发达国家的共同责任碳排放量高于其生产端责任碳排放量且低于其消费端责任碳排放量。与之相对,部分金砖国家和新兴经济体国家共同责任碳排放量则低于生产端责任排放量并高于消费端责任排放量。从产品视角和碳排放视角对责任分担系数优化后,重新测算的各个国家共同责任碳排放量结果与传统方法测算的结果相似,但美国、日本、英国等发达国家的碳排放责任有所上升,土耳其、墨西哥等新兴经济体国家的碳排放责任维持稳定,而中国和俄罗斯等金砖国家的碳排放责任明显下降。在共同责任测度优化的基础上,应根据各国发展的阶段特征按照"共同但有区别"原则完善碳排放的责任核算体系。
This paper provides scientific measure and comparative analysis on common responsibility for carbon emissions of 15 representative economies based on World Input-Output Database and World Development Indicators Database,and focuses on optimizing the responsibility sharing coefficient in the measurement of common responsibility for carbon emissions. The results are that,in general,developed countries' common responsibility for carbon emissions is higher than their producer responsibility and low er than their consumer responsibility. On the contrary,common responsibility for carbon emissions is low er than the producer responsibility and higher than the consumer responsibility in some countries of BRICS and emerging economies. After the responsibility sharing coefficient is optimized from the perspective of product and carbon emission,each country's reassessment of the carbon emissions is very similar to that of conventional methods. How ever,the carbon emission responsibilities of the developed countries such as the United States,Japan and the United Kingdom have increased. Emerging economies,such as Turkey and M exico,have a stable carbon responsibility. While in some BRICS countries,for example,China and Russia,have significantly reduced their carbon emissions. On the basis of common responsibility measure optimization,the accounting system for carbon emissions should be developed and improved according to the development stage characteristics of each country and the "common but differentiated responsibility"principle.
This paper provides scientific measure and comparative analysis on common responsibility for carbon emissions of 15 representative economies based on World Input-Output Database and World Development Indicators Database,and focuses on optimizing the responsibility sharing coefficient in the measurement of common responsibility for carbon emissions. The results are that,in general,developed countries' common responsibility for carbon emissions is higher than their producer responsibility and low er than their consumer responsibility. On the contrary,common responsibility for carbon emissions is low er than the producer responsibility and higher than the consumer responsibility in some countries of BRICS and emerging economies. After the responsibility sharing coefficient is optimized from the perspective of product and carbon emission,each country's reassessment of the carbon emissions is very similar to that of conventional methods. How ever,the carbon emission responsibilities of the developed countries such as the United States,Japan and the United Kingdom have increased. Emerging economies,such as Turkey and M exico,have a stable carbon responsibility. While in some BRICS countries,for example,China and Russia,have significantly reduced their carbon emissions. On the basis of common responsibility measure optimization,the accounting system for carbon emissions should be developed and improved according to the development stage characteristics of each country and the "common but differentiated responsibility"principle.
引文
樊纲,苏铭,曹静.2010.最终消费与碳减排责任的经济学分析[J].经济研究(1):50-55.
黄敏.2012.中国消费碳排放的测度及影响因素研究[J].财贸经济(3):129-135.
彭水军,张文城,孙传旺.2015.中国生产侧和消费侧碳排放量测算及影响因素研究[J].经济研究(1):168-182.
彭水军,张文城,卫瑞.2016.碳排放权的国家责任核算方案[J].经济研究(3):137-150.
史亚东.2012.各国二氧化碳排放责任的实证分析[J].统计研究(7):61-67.
徐盈之,吕璐.2014.基于投入产出分析的我国碳减排责任分配优化研究[J].东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版)(3):15-22.
徐盈之,张赟.2013.中国区域碳减排责任及碳减排潜力研究[J].财贸研究(2):50-59.
张友国.2012.基于经济利益的产业间环境责任分配[J].中国工业经济(7):57-69.
赵定涛,杨树.2013.共同责任视角下贸易碳排放分摊机制[J].中国人口·资源与环境(11):1-6.
周新.2010.国际贸易中的隐含碳排放核算及贸易调整后的国家温室气体排放[J].管理评论(6):17-24.
ANDREW R,FORGIE V.2008.A three-perspective view of greenhouse gas emission responsibilities in New Zealand[J].Ecological Economics,68(1-2):194-204.
ANDREW R,PETER G P,LENNOX J.2009.Approximation and regional aggregation in multi-regional input-output analysis for national carbon footprint accounting[J].Economic Systems Research,21(3):311-335.
EICHNER T,PETHIG R.2015.Unilateral climate policy with production-based and consumption-based carbon emission taxes[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,61(2):141-163.
FERNG J J.2003.Allocating the responsibility of CO2over-emissions from the perspectives of benefit principle and ecological deficit[J].Ecological Economics,46(1):121-141.
GALLEGO B,LENZEN M.2005.A consistent input-output formulation of shared producer and consumer responsibility[J].Economic Systems Research,17(4):365-391.
KONDO Y,MORIGUCHI Y,SHIMIZU H.1998.CO2emissions in Japan:influences of imports and exports[J].Applied Energy,59(2-3):163-174.
LENZEN M.2008.Consumer and producer environmental responsibility:a reply[J].Ecological Economics,66(2):547-550.
LENZEN M,MURRAY J,SACK F,et al.2007.Shared producer and consumer responsibility-theory and practice[J].Ecological Economics,61(1):27-42.
LIU L,CHEN C,ZHAO Y,et al.2015.China's carbon-emissions trading:overview,challenges and future[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,49:254-266.
MUNKSGAARD J,PEDERSEN K A.2001.CO2accounts for open economies:producers or consumer responsibility[J].Energy Policy,29(4):327-334.
PAN J,PHILLIPS J,CHEN Y.2008.China's balance of emissions embodied in trade:approaches to measurement and allocating international responsibility[J].Oxford Review of Economic Policy,24(2):354-376.
PETERS G P.2008.From production-based to consumption-based national emission inventories[J].Ecological Economics,65(1):13-23.
RODRIGUES J,DOMINGOS T,GILJUM S,et al.2006.Designing an indicator of environmental responsibility[J].Ecological Economics,59(3):256-266.
WIEDMANN T.2009.A review of recent multi-region input-output models used for consumption-based emission and resource accounting[J].Ecological Economics,69(2):211-222.
WIEDMANN T,WILTING H C,LENZEN M,et al.2011.Quo vadis MRIO?Methodological,data and institutional requirements for multiregion input-output analysis[J].Ecological Economics,70(11):1937-1945.
ZHANG Y.2015.Provincial responsibility for carbon emissions in China under different principles[J].Energy Policy,86:142-153.
(1)数据来源于WIOD投入产出数据库,网址:http://www. wiod. org/home。
黄敏.2012.中国消费碳排放的测度及影响因素研究[J].财贸经济(3):129-135.
彭水军,张文城,孙传旺.2015.中国生产侧和消费侧碳排放量测算及影响因素研究[J].经济研究(1):168-182.
彭水军,张文城,卫瑞.2016.碳排放权的国家责任核算方案[J].经济研究(3):137-150.
史亚东.2012.各国二氧化碳排放责任的实证分析[J].统计研究(7):61-67.
徐盈之,吕璐.2014.基于投入产出分析的我国碳减排责任分配优化研究[J].东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版)(3):15-22.
徐盈之,张赟.2013.中国区域碳减排责任及碳减排潜力研究[J].财贸研究(2):50-59.
张友国.2012.基于经济利益的产业间环境责任分配[J].中国工业经济(7):57-69.
赵定涛,杨树.2013.共同责任视角下贸易碳排放分摊机制[J].中国人口·资源与环境(11):1-6.
周新.2010.国际贸易中的隐含碳排放核算及贸易调整后的国家温室气体排放[J].管理评论(6):17-24.
ANDREW R,FORGIE V.2008.A three-perspective view of greenhouse gas emission responsibilities in New Zealand[J].Ecological Economics,68(1-2):194-204.
ANDREW R,PETER G P,LENNOX J.2009.Approximation and regional aggregation in multi-regional input-output analysis for national carbon footprint accounting[J].Economic Systems Research,21(3):311-335.
EICHNER T,PETHIG R.2015.Unilateral climate policy with production-based and consumption-based carbon emission taxes[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,61(2):141-163.
FERNG J J.2003.Allocating the responsibility of CO2over-emissions from the perspectives of benefit principle and ecological deficit[J].Ecological Economics,46(1):121-141.
GALLEGO B,LENZEN M.2005.A consistent input-output formulation of shared producer and consumer responsibility[J].Economic Systems Research,17(4):365-391.
KONDO Y,MORIGUCHI Y,SHIMIZU H.1998.CO2emissions in Japan:influences of imports and exports[J].Applied Energy,59(2-3):163-174.
LENZEN M.2008.Consumer and producer environmental responsibility:a reply[J].Ecological Economics,66(2):547-550.
LENZEN M,MURRAY J,SACK F,et al.2007.Shared producer and consumer responsibility-theory and practice[J].Ecological Economics,61(1):27-42.
LIU L,CHEN C,ZHAO Y,et al.2015.China's carbon-emissions trading:overview,challenges and future[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,49:254-266.
MUNKSGAARD J,PEDERSEN K A.2001.CO2accounts for open economies:producers or consumer responsibility[J].Energy Policy,29(4):327-334.
PAN J,PHILLIPS J,CHEN Y.2008.China's balance of emissions embodied in trade:approaches to measurement and allocating international responsibility[J].Oxford Review of Economic Policy,24(2):354-376.
PETERS G P.2008.From production-based to consumption-based national emission inventories[J].Ecological Economics,65(1):13-23.
RODRIGUES J,DOMINGOS T,GILJUM S,et al.2006.Designing an indicator of environmental responsibility[J].Ecological Economics,59(3):256-266.
WIEDMANN T.2009.A review of recent multi-region input-output models used for consumption-based emission and resource accounting[J].Ecological Economics,69(2):211-222.
WIEDMANN T,WILTING H C,LENZEN M,et al.2011.Quo vadis MRIO?Methodological,data and institutional requirements for multiregion input-output analysis[J].Ecological Economics,70(11):1937-1945.
ZHANG Y.2015.Provincial responsibility for carbon emissions in China under different principles[J].Energy Policy,86:142-153.
(1)数据来源于WIOD投入产出数据库,网址:http://www. wiod. org/home。