陆地水循环要素对黄河流域及周边退耕还林的响应（英文）
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摘要
退耕还林对水资源的影响复杂且尚存在争议,鉴于此本文基于WRF模式对黄河流域及周边的退耕还林进行了模拟研究,结果表明研究区域的陆地水循环要素对土地利用/覆盖变化较为敏感。在耕地转变为混交林的情况下,黄河流域面平均降水量在2006–2010年间增多223.17 mm,蒸发增加223.88 mm,而产流减少2.22 mm。随着时间增长,植被变化对水资源的影响逐渐增强。对于降水明显偏多和偏少的年份,同一植被变化对水循环要素影响的空间分布不同。
Reforestation has attracted worldwide attention because of its multiple environmental benefits,but its impact on water resources is complicated and still controversial. In this study, the authors conducted numerical experiments within and around the Yellow River basin under the Grain-forGreen project using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The results showed that the terrestrial water cycle process was sensitive to land use/cover change in the study region. Under the increase of mixed forests within and below the basin, the basin-averaged precipitation and evaporation increased by 223.17 and 223.88 mm respectively, but the surface runoff decreased by 2.22 mm from 2006 to 2010. In other words, the forest-induced increase in evaporation exceeded that of precipitation along with decreased surface runoff. Importantly, the afforestation effects on water resources seemed to enhance with time, and the effects of the same vegetation change were different in dry and wet years with different precipitation amounts(i.e. different atmospheric circulation background). It should be noted that it is difficult to obtain one product that can explicitly reflect the spatial distribution of actual land cover change promoted by the Grain-for-Green project in the Yellow River basin, which is an important obstacle to clearly identify the reforestation impacts. A land cover dataset derived from advantages of multiple sets of data therefore needs to be proposed.
Reforestation has attracted worldwide attention because of its multiple environmental benefits,but its impact on water resources is complicated and still controversial. In this study, the authors conducted numerical experiments within and around the Yellow River basin under the Grain-forGreen project using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The results showed that the terrestrial water cycle process was sensitive to land use/cover change in the study region. Under the increase of mixed forests within and below the basin, the basin-averaged precipitation and evaporation increased by 223.17 and 223.88 mm respectively, but the surface runoff decreased by 2.22 mm from 2006 to 2010. In other words, the forest-induced increase in evaporation exceeded that of precipitation along with decreased surface runoff. Importantly, the afforestation effects on water resources seemed to enhance with time, and the effects of the same vegetation change were different in dry and wet years with different precipitation amounts(i.e. different atmospheric circulation background). It should be noted that it is difficult to obtain one product that can explicitly reflect the spatial distribution of actual land cover change promoted by the Grain-for-Green project in the Yellow River basin, which is an important obstacle to clearly identify the reforestation impacts. A land cover dataset derived from advantages of multiple sets of data therefore needs to be proposed.
引文
An,W.,Z.Li,S.Wang,X.Wu,Y.Lu,G.Liu,and B.Fu.2017.“Exploring the Effects of the“Grain for Green”Program on the Differences in Soil Water in the Semi-Arid Loess Plateau of China.”Ecological Engineering 107:144-151.doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.07.017.
Chen,L.,Z.Ma,R.Mahmood,T.Zhao,Z.Li,and Y.Li.2016.“Recent Land Cover Changes and Sensitivity of the Model Simulations to Various Land Cover Datasets for China.”Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 129(4):395-408.doi:10.1007/s00703-016-0478-5.
Chen,Y.,K.Wang,Y.Lin,W.Shi,Y.Song,and X.He.2015.“Balancing Green and Grain Trade.”Nature Geoscience 8(10):739-741.doi:10.1038/ngeo2544.
Ellison,D.,M.N.Futter,and K.Bishop.2012.“On the Forest Cover-Water Yield Debate:From Demand-to Supply-Side Thinking.”Global Change Biology 18(3):806-820.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02589.x.
Feng,X.,B.Fu,S.Piao,S.Wang,P.Ciais,Z.Zeng,Y.Lü,et al.2016.“Revegetation in China’s Loess Plateau Is Approaching Sustainable Water Resource Limits.”Nature Climate Change 6(11):1019-1022.doi:10.1038/nclimate3092.
Huang,Z.,Z.Ouyang,F.Li,H.Zheng,and X.Wang.2009.“Progress in the Effects of Forest Ecosystem on Runoff Based on Forest Catchments.”World Forestry Research 22(3):36-41.doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9623-5_5.
Jia,X.,Y.Wang,M.Shao,Y.Luo,and C.Zhang.2017.“Estimating Regional Losses of Soil Water Due to the Conversion of Agricultural Land to Forest in China’s Loess Plateau.”Ecohydrology 10(6):e1851.doi:10.1002/eco.1851.
Jiang,B.,and S.Liang.2013.“Improved Vegetation Greenness Increases Summer Atmospheric Water Vapor over Northern China.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 118(15):8129-8139.doi:10.1002/jgrd.50602.
Jin,Z.,W.Liang,Y.Yang,W.Zhang,J.Yan,X.Chen,S.Li,and X.Mo.2017.“Separating Vegetation Greening and Climate Change Controls on Evapotranspiration Trend over the Loess Plateau.”Scientific Reports 7(1):8191.doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08477-x.
Li,J.,S.Peng,and Z.Li.2017.“Detecting and Attributing Vegetation Changes on China’s Loess Plateau.”Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 247:260-270.doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.08.005.
Li,P.2015.“The Nation Has Invested a Total of More than4000 Billion Yuan for the First Round of the Grain for Green Project.”Xinhuanet.com.Accessed November 2018.http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2015-08/07/c_1116185623.htm
Li,S.,W.Liang,B.Fu,Y.Lu,S.Fu,S.Wang,and H.Su.2016.“Vegetation Changes in Recent Large-Scale Ecological Restoration Projects and Subsequent Impact on Water Resources in China’s Loess Plateau.”Science of the Total Environment 569-570:1032-1039.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.141.
Ma,D.,M.Notaro,Z.Liu,G.Chen,and Y.Liu.2013.“Simulated Impacts of Afforestation in East China Monsoon Region as Modulated by Ocean Variability.”Climate Dynamics 41:2439-2450.doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1592-9.
Ma,Y.2011.“Climatic and Agricultral Effect of Converting Farmland into Forest or Grass Land in ShanGanNing Region in China.”PhD diss.,Chinese Academy of Meterological Sciences and Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology(in Chinese).
McVicar,T.R.,L.Li,T.G.Van Niel,L.Zhang,R.Li,Q.Yang,X.Zhang,et al.2007.“Developing a Decision Support Tool for China’s Re-Vegetation Program:Simulating Regional Impacts of Afforestation on Average Annual Streamflow in the Loess Plateau.”Forest Ecology and Management 251(1-2):65-81.doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.025.
Meng,X.H.,J.P.Evans,and M.F.McCabe.2014.“The Impact of Observed Vegetation Changes on Land-Atmosphere Feedbacks during Drought.”Journal of Hydrometeorology15(2):759-776.doi:10.1175/jhm-d-13-0130.1.
Pan,T.,S.Wu,and Y.Liu.2015.“Relative Contributions of Land Use and Climate Change to Water Supply Variations over Yellow River Source Area in Tibetan Plateau During the Past Three Decades.”PloS One 10(4):e0123793.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123793.
Qiu,Y.Q.,Y.W.Jia,J.C.Zhao,X.H.Wang,J.Bennett,and Z.H.Zhou.2010.“Valuation of Flood Reductions in the Yellow River Basin under Land Use Change.”Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 136(1):3581-3585.doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2010)136:1(106).
Tobella,A.B.,H.Reese,A.Almaw,J.Bayala,A.Malmer,H.Laudon,and U.Ilstedt.2014.“The Effect of Trees on Preferential Flow and Soil Infiltrability in an Agroforestry Parkland in Semiarid Burkina Faso.”Water Resources Research 50(4):3342-3354.doi:10.1002/2013WR015197.
Wang,H.,F.Sun,J.Xia,and W.Liu.2017.“Impact of LUCC on Streamflow Based on the SWAT Model over the Wei River Basin on the Loess Plateau in China.”Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21:1-17.doi:10.5194/hess-21-1-2017.
Wang,Y.,M.Shao,and Z.Liu.2010.“Large-Scale Spatial Variability of Dried Soil Layers and Related Factors across the Entire Loess Plateau of China.”Geoderma 159:99-108.doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.07.001.
Xu,L.,G.Yang,Y.Feng,Y.Du,and X.Han.2010.“A Study on Microclimate Impacts of Artifical Vegetation on the Loess Plateau.”Research of Soil and Water Conservation 17(4):170-179.(in Chinese).
Yasunari,T.2007.“Role of Land-Atmosphere Interaction on Asian Monsoon Climate.”Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 85:55-75.doi:10.2151/jmsj.85B.55.
Yosef,G.,R.Walko,R.Avisar,F.Tatarinov,E.Rotenberg,and D.Yakir.2018.“Large-Scale Semi-Arid Afforestation Can Enhance Precipitation and Carbon Sequestration Potential.”Scientific Reports 8(1):996.doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19265-6.
Yuan,W.,X.Li,S.Liang,X.Cui,W.Dong,S.Liu,J.Xia,Y.Chen,D.Liu,and W.Zhu.2014.“Characterization of Locations and Extents of Afforestation from the Grain for Green Project in China.”Remote Sensing Letters 5:221-229.doi:10.1080/2150704X.2014.894655.
Zhang,S.,D.Yang,Y.Yang,S.Piao,H.Yang,H.Lei,and B.Fu.2018a.“Excessive Afforestation and Soil Drying on China’s Loess Plateau.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences 123(3):923-935.doi:10.1002/2017JG004038.
Zhang,S.,Y.Yang,T.R.McVicar,and D.Yang.2018b.“An Analytical Solution for the Impact of Vegetation Changes on Hydrological Partitioning within the Budyko Framework.”Water Resources Research 54(1):519-537.doi:10.1002/2017wr022028.
Zhou,S.,Q.Shao,and W.Cao.2016.“Characteristics of Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Loess Plateau over the past 20 Years.”Journal of Geo-Information Science 18(2):190-199.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.00190.(in Chinese).
Chen,L.,Z.Ma,R.Mahmood,T.Zhao,Z.Li,and Y.Li.2016.“Recent Land Cover Changes and Sensitivity of the Model Simulations to Various Land Cover Datasets for China.”Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 129(4):395-408.doi:10.1007/s00703-016-0478-5.
Chen,Y.,K.Wang,Y.Lin,W.Shi,Y.Song,and X.He.2015.“Balancing Green and Grain Trade.”Nature Geoscience 8(10):739-741.doi:10.1038/ngeo2544.
Ellison,D.,M.N.Futter,and K.Bishop.2012.“On the Forest Cover-Water Yield Debate:From Demand-to Supply-Side Thinking.”Global Change Biology 18(3):806-820.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02589.x.
Feng,X.,B.Fu,S.Piao,S.Wang,P.Ciais,Z.Zeng,Y.Lü,et al.2016.“Revegetation in China’s Loess Plateau Is Approaching Sustainable Water Resource Limits.”Nature Climate Change 6(11):1019-1022.doi:10.1038/nclimate3092.
Huang,Z.,Z.Ouyang,F.Li,H.Zheng,and X.Wang.2009.“Progress in the Effects of Forest Ecosystem on Runoff Based on Forest Catchments.”World Forestry Research 22(3):36-41.doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9623-5_5.
Jia,X.,Y.Wang,M.Shao,Y.Luo,and C.Zhang.2017.“Estimating Regional Losses of Soil Water Due to the Conversion of Agricultural Land to Forest in China’s Loess Plateau.”Ecohydrology 10(6):e1851.doi:10.1002/eco.1851.
Jiang,B.,and S.Liang.2013.“Improved Vegetation Greenness Increases Summer Atmospheric Water Vapor over Northern China.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 118(15):8129-8139.doi:10.1002/jgrd.50602.
Jin,Z.,W.Liang,Y.Yang,W.Zhang,J.Yan,X.Chen,S.Li,and X.Mo.2017.“Separating Vegetation Greening and Climate Change Controls on Evapotranspiration Trend over the Loess Plateau.”Scientific Reports 7(1):8191.doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08477-x.
Li,J.,S.Peng,and Z.Li.2017.“Detecting and Attributing Vegetation Changes on China’s Loess Plateau.”Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 247:260-270.doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.08.005.
Li,P.2015.“The Nation Has Invested a Total of More than4000 Billion Yuan for the First Round of the Grain for Green Project.”Xinhuanet.com.Accessed November 2018.http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2015-08/07/c_1116185623.htm
Li,S.,W.Liang,B.Fu,Y.Lu,S.Fu,S.Wang,and H.Su.2016.“Vegetation Changes in Recent Large-Scale Ecological Restoration Projects and Subsequent Impact on Water Resources in China’s Loess Plateau.”Science of the Total Environment 569-570:1032-1039.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.141.
Ma,D.,M.Notaro,Z.Liu,G.Chen,and Y.Liu.2013.“Simulated Impacts of Afforestation in East China Monsoon Region as Modulated by Ocean Variability.”Climate Dynamics 41:2439-2450.doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1592-9.
Ma,Y.2011.“Climatic and Agricultral Effect of Converting Farmland into Forest or Grass Land in ShanGanNing Region in China.”PhD diss.,Chinese Academy of Meterological Sciences and Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology(in Chinese).
McVicar,T.R.,L.Li,T.G.Van Niel,L.Zhang,R.Li,Q.Yang,X.Zhang,et al.2007.“Developing a Decision Support Tool for China’s Re-Vegetation Program:Simulating Regional Impacts of Afforestation on Average Annual Streamflow in the Loess Plateau.”Forest Ecology and Management 251(1-2):65-81.doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.025.
Meng,X.H.,J.P.Evans,and M.F.McCabe.2014.“The Impact of Observed Vegetation Changes on Land-Atmosphere Feedbacks during Drought.”Journal of Hydrometeorology15(2):759-776.doi:10.1175/jhm-d-13-0130.1.
Pan,T.,S.Wu,and Y.Liu.2015.“Relative Contributions of Land Use and Climate Change to Water Supply Variations over Yellow River Source Area in Tibetan Plateau During the Past Three Decades.”PloS One 10(4):e0123793.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123793.
Qiu,Y.Q.,Y.W.Jia,J.C.Zhao,X.H.Wang,J.Bennett,and Z.H.Zhou.2010.“Valuation of Flood Reductions in the Yellow River Basin under Land Use Change.”Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 136(1):3581-3585.doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2010)136:1(106).
Tobella,A.B.,H.Reese,A.Almaw,J.Bayala,A.Malmer,H.Laudon,and U.Ilstedt.2014.“The Effect of Trees on Preferential Flow and Soil Infiltrability in an Agroforestry Parkland in Semiarid Burkina Faso.”Water Resources Research 50(4):3342-3354.doi:10.1002/2013WR015197.
Wang,H.,F.Sun,J.Xia,and W.Liu.2017.“Impact of LUCC on Streamflow Based on the SWAT Model over the Wei River Basin on the Loess Plateau in China.”Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21:1-17.doi:10.5194/hess-21-1-2017.
Wang,Y.,M.Shao,and Z.Liu.2010.“Large-Scale Spatial Variability of Dried Soil Layers and Related Factors across the Entire Loess Plateau of China.”Geoderma 159:99-108.doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.07.001.
Xu,L.,G.Yang,Y.Feng,Y.Du,and X.Han.2010.“A Study on Microclimate Impacts of Artifical Vegetation on the Loess Plateau.”Research of Soil and Water Conservation 17(4):170-179.(in Chinese).
Yasunari,T.2007.“Role of Land-Atmosphere Interaction on Asian Monsoon Climate.”Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 85:55-75.doi:10.2151/jmsj.85B.55.
Yosef,G.,R.Walko,R.Avisar,F.Tatarinov,E.Rotenberg,and D.Yakir.2018.“Large-Scale Semi-Arid Afforestation Can Enhance Precipitation and Carbon Sequestration Potential.”Scientific Reports 8(1):996.doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19265-6.
Yuan,W.,X.Li,S.Liang,X.Cui,W.Dong,S.Liu,J.Xia,Y.Chen,D.Liu,and W.Zhu.2014.“Characterization of Locations and Extents of Afforestation from the Grain for Green Project in China.”Remote Sensing Letters 5:221-229.doi:10.1080/2150704X.2014.894655.
Zhang,S.,D.Yang,Y.Yang,S.Piao,H.Yang,H.Lei,and B.Fu.2018a.“Excessive Afforestation and Soil Drying on China’s Loess Plateau.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences 123(3):923-935.doi:10.1002/2017JG004038.
Zhang,S.,Y.Yang,T.R.McVicar,and D.Yang.2018b.“An Analytical Solution for the Impact of Vegetation Changes on Hydrological Partitioning within the Budyko Framework.”Water Resources Research 54(1):519-537.doi:10.1002/2017wr022028.
Zhou,S.,Q.Shao,and W.Cao.2016.“Characteristics of Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Loess Plateau over the past 20 Years.”Journal of Geo-Information Science 18(2):190-199.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.00190.(in Chinese).