曝气策略调控CANON工艺降温降基质稳定运行
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摘要
通过调整曝气策略,研究了降温降基质(氨氮)运行过程中实现全程自养脱氮(CANON)序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)稳定运行的可行性.结果表明,在中温(35℃)高基质[(446.47±43.77) mg NH4+-N/L]曝气/停曝=60min/60min条件下,反应器稳定运行223d,总氮去除负荷(TNRR)和总氮去除率(TNRE)分别为(0.49±0.07)kgN/(m3·d)和(84.3±4.6)%.温度降至20～23℃,根据一个运行周期内NO2--N积累速率和去除速率之比调整曝气工况为曝气/停曝=40min/80min,运行69d后TNRR和TNRE分别降至(0.43±0.04) kg N/(m3·d)和(69.5±5.7)%.而后逐步梯度降低基质至(105.6±16.1) mg NH4+-N/L,采用相同策略分别调整曝气/停曝时间为40min/80min、30min/90min和8min/32min,运行93d后TNRR降至(0.16±0.02) kg N/(m3·d),TNRE升至(71.5±7.5)%.高通量测序结果从群落组成角度证实了降温和降基质过程中实施的曝气调控策略维持了CANON系统脱氮功能菌的主导地位,亚硝酸盐氧化菌NOB相对丰度一直被控制在0.1%以下.
The feasibility of the stable operation of a sequencing biofilm batch reactor(SBBR) for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON) was investigated using aeration condition adjusting strategy, along with decreasing temperature and influent substrate(anammonia). The SBBR operated steadily for 223 days at 35°C and high substrate [(446.47±43.77) mg NH4+-N/L] with the aeration regime of aeration/non-aeration=60 min/60 min; the total nitrogen removal rate(TNRR) and total nitrogen removal efficiency(TNRE) reached(0.49±0.07) kg N/(m3·d) and(84.3±4.6)%, respectively. After temperaute decreasd to 20～23°C, the intermittent aerobic condition was changed to aeration/non-aeration=40 min/80 min based on the ratio of NO2--N accumulation rate to NO2--N removal rate in the single-cycles. The TNRR and TNRE decreased to(0.43±0.04) kg N/(m3·d) and(69.5±5.7)% for 67 days of operation, respectively. With gradual decreasing ammonia to(105.6±16.1) mg NH4+-N/L, the aeration/non-aeration time was regulated to 40 min/80 min, 30 min/90 min and 8 min/32 min in sequence. For 67 days operation, the TNRR decreased to(0.16±0.02) kg N/(m3·d); nevertheless, the TNRE increased to(71.5±7.5)%. High-throughput sequencing results confirmed that the regulation strategy applied herein ensured the dominance of nitrogen removal functional bacterias in CANON system during decreasing temperature and substrate while the relative abundance of nitrite oxidizing bacteira was always below 0.1%.
The feasibility of the stable operation of a sequencing biofilm batch reactor(SBBR) for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON) was investigated using aeration condition adjusting strategy, along with decreasing temperature and influent substrate(anammonia). The SBBR operated steadily for 223 days at 35°C and high substrate [(446.47±43.77) mg NH4+-N/L] with the aeration regime of aeration/non-aeration=60 min/60 min; the total nitrogen removal rate(TNRR) and total nitrogen removal efficiency(TNRE) reached(0.49±0.07) kg N/(m3·d) and(84.3±4.6)%, respectively. After temperaute decreasd to 20～23°C, the intermittent aerobic condition was changed to aeration/non-aeration=40 min/80 min based on the ratio of NO2--N accumulation rate to NO2--N removal rate in the single-cycles. The TNRR and TNRE decreased to(0.43±0.04) kg N/(m3·d) and(69.5±5.7)% for 67 days of operation, respectively. With gradual decreasing ammonia to(105.6±16.1) mg NH4+-N/L, the aeration/non-aeration time was regulated to 40 min/80 min, 30 min/90 min and 8 min/32 min in sequence. For 67 days operation, the TNRR decreased to(0.16±0.02) kg N/(m3·d); nevertheless, the TNRE increased to(71.5±7.5)%. High-throughput sequencing results confirmed that the regulation strategy applied herein ensured the dominance of nitrogen removal functional bacterias in CANON system during decreasing temperature and substrate while the relative abundance of nitrite oxidizing bacteira was always below 0.1%.
引文
[1]郑平,徐向阳,胡宝兰.新型生物脱氮理论与技术[M].北京:北京科学出版社,2004.Zheng P,Xu X,Hu B.New biological nitrogen removal theoryand technology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.
[2]Strous M,Kuenen J G,Jetten M S M.Key Physiology of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,1999,65(7):3248-3250.
[3]Graaf A A v d.Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing micro-organisms in a fluidized bed reactor[J].Microbiology,1996,142(8):2187-2196.
[4]Schaubroeck T,Clippeleir H D,Weissenbacher N,et al.Environmental sustainability of an energy self-sufficient sewage treatment plant:Improvements through DEMON and co-digestion[J].Water Research,2015,74:166-179.
[5]Joss A,Salzgeber D,Eugster J,et al.Full-scale nitrogen removal from digester liquid with partial nitritation and anammox in One SBR[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(14):5301-5306.
[6]Shalini S S,Joseph K.Nitrogen management in landfill leachate:Application of SHARON,ANAMMOX and combined SHARON-ANAMMOX process[J].Waste Management,2012,32(12):2385-2400.
[7]Helmer C,Kunst S,Juretschko S,et al.Nitrogen loss in a nitrifying biofilm system[J].Water Science&Technology,1999,39(7):13-21.
[8]Metcalfeddy I,Tchobanoglous G,Stensel H D.Wastewater engineering:treatment and reuse[J].McGraw-Hill Series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering),2003,73(1):50-51.
[9]张肖静,李冬,梁瑜海,等.氨氮浓度对CANON工艺性能及微生物特性的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(7):1715-1721.Zhang X,Li D,Liang Y,et al.Effect of ammonia concentration on the performance and microbial characteristics of CANON process[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(7):1715-1721.
[10]李冬,赵世勋,王俊安,等.污水处理厂CANON工艺启动策略[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(11):4125-4131.Li D,Zhao S,Wang J,et al.Startup strategies of CANON process in wastewater treatment plant[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(11):4125-4131.
[11]李冬,赵世勋,关宏伟,等.常温低氨氮CANON工艺稳定性研究[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(1):102-107.Li D,Zhao S,Guan H,et al.Stable operation of CANON process at normal temperature and low ammonia concentration[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(1):102-107.
[12]Egli K,Fanger U,Alvarez P J J,et al.Enrichment and characterization of an anammox bacterium from a rotating biological contactor treating ammonium-rich leachate[J].Archives of Microbiology,2001,175(3):198-207.
[13]Dosta J,Fernández I,Vázquez-Padín J R,et al.Short-and long-term effects of temperature on the Anammox process[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154(1):688-693.
[14]Isaka K,Date Y,Kimura Y,et al.Nitrogen removal performance using anaerobic ammonium oxidation at low temperatures[J].Fems Microbiology Letters,2010,282(1):32-38.
[15]Vázquez-Padín J R,Fernández I,Morales N,et al.Autotrophic nitrogen removal at low temperature[J].Water Science&Technology A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research,2011,63(6):1282.
[16]Wett B,Omari A,Podmirseg S M,et al.Going for mainstream deammonification from bench to full scale for maximized resource efficiency[J].Water Science&Technology A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research,2013,68(2):283.
[17]Hippen A,Rosenwinkel K H,Baumgarten G,et al.Aerobic deammonification:A new experience in the treatment of waste waters[J].Water Science&Technology,1997,35(10):111-120.
[18]Zhang L,Zhang S,Peng Y,et al.Nitrogen removal performance and microbial distribution in pilot-and full-scale integrated fixed-biofilm activated sludge reactors based on nitritation-anammox process[J].Bioresource technology,2015,196:448-453.
[19]Xu Z Y,Zeng G M,Yang Z H,et al.Biological treatment of landfill leachate with the integration of partial nitrification,anaerobic ammonium oxidation and heterotrophic denitrification[J].Bioresource technology,2010,101(1):79-86.
[20]刘涛.基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮工艺(CANON)效能及微生物特征研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2013.Liu T.The efficiency and microbial characteristics of the whole autotrophic denitrification process(CANON)based on nitrosation[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2013.
[21]李冬,李晓莹,杨杰,等.SBR中不同曝气方式下CANON工艺的启动与运行[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2017,46(9):109-116.Li D,Li X,Yang J,et al.Start-up and long term operation of CANONin sequencing batch reactor with different aeration patterns[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2017,46(9):109-116.
[22]Corbalá-Robles L,Picioreanu C,Van Loosdrecht M C,et al.Analysing the effects of the aeration pattern and residual ammonium concentration in a partial nitritation-anammox process[J].Environmental Technology,2016,37(6):694-702.
[23]Strous M,Gerven E V,Kuenen J G,et al.Effects of aerobic and microaerobic conditions on anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing(anammox)sludge[J].Appl.Environ.Microbiol.,1997,63(6):2446-2448.
[24]Graaf A A v d.Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing micro-organisms in a fluidized bed reactor[J].Microbiol,1996,142(8):2187-2196.
[25]Schmidt I,Sliekers O,Schmid M,et al.Aerobic and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria-competitors or natural partners[J].Fems Microbiology Ecology,2002,39(3):175-181.
[26]张姚,韩海成,王伟刚,等.溶解氧对CANON颗粒污泥自养脱氮性能的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(12):4501-4510.
[27]Siegrist H,Reithaar S,Lais P.Nitrogen loss in a nitrifying rotating contactor treating ammonium rich leachate without organic carbon[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(4/5):589-591.
[28]张彤,曹国民,赵庆祥.固定化微生物脱氮技术进展[J].城市环境与城市生态,2000,(2):17-20.Zhang T,Cao G,Zhao Q.Progress of immobilized microbial denitrification technology[J].Urban Environment and Urban Ecology,2000,(2):17-20.
[29]国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京中国环境科学出版社,2002.Editorial Board of the State Environmental Protection Administration of China"Water and Wastewater Monitoring and Analysis Method".Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis method(4th edition)[M].China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[30]Strous M,Heijnen J J,Kuenen J G,et al.The sequencing batch reactor as a powerful tool for the study of slowly growing anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms[J].Applied Microbiology&Biotechnology,1998,50(5):589-596.
[31]郑照明,李军,杨京月,等.SNAD工艺在不同间歇曝气工况下的脱氮性能[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(2):511-519.Zheng L,Li J,Yang J,et al.Nitrogen removal performance of the SNAD process under different intermittent aerobic conditions[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(2):511-519.
[32]Gilbert E M,Agrawal S,Karst S M,et al.Low Temperature Partial Nitritation/Anammox in a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Treating Low Strength Wastewater[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(15):8784-8792.
[33]Chu Z R,Wang K,Li X K,et al.Microbial characterization of aggregates within a one-stage nitritation–anammox system using high-throughput amplicon sequencing[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,262:41-48.
[34]熊蕾.Anammox反应器的启动运行及Mn(Ⅱ)的作用特性研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2014.Xiong L.The start-up operation of Anammox reactor and the action characteristics of Mn(II)[D].Changsha:Central South University,2014.
[35]Zhang X,Li D,Liang Y,et al.Performance and microbial community of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON)process in two membrane bioreactors(MBR)fed with different substrate levels[J].Bioresource technology,2014,152(1):185-191.
[36]Liu T,Li D,Zhang J,et al.Effect of temperature on functional bacterial abundance and community structure in CANON process[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2016,105:306-313.
[37]Ali M,Okabe S.Anammox-based technologies for nitrogen removal:Advances in process start-up and remaining issues[J].Chemosphere,2015,141:144-153.
[38]Bagchi S,Biswas R,Nandy T.Autotrophic Ammonia Removal Processes:Ecology to Technology[J].Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,2012,42(13):1353-1418.
[39]Kouba V,Vejmelkova D,Proksova E,et al.High-Rate Partial Nitritation of Municipal Wastewater after Psychrophilic Anaerobic Pretreatment[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(19):11029-11038.
[40]Ding,Shuang,Zheng,et al.Ecological characteristics of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria[J].Applied Microbiology&Biotechnology,2013,97(5):1841-1849.
[41]Wrl V D S,Miclea A,Van Dongen U,et al.The membrane bioreactor:A novel tool to grow anammox bacteria as free cells[J].Biotechnology&Bioengineering,2010,101(2):286-294.
[2]Strous M,Kuenen J G,Jetten M S M.Key Physiology of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,1999,65(7):3248-3250.
[3]Graaf A A v d.Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing micro-organisms in a fluidized bed reactor[J].Microbiology,1996,142(8):2187-2196.
[4]Schaubroeck T,Clippeleir H D,Weissenbacher N,et al.Environmental sustainability of an energy self-sufficient sewage treatment plant:Improvements through DEMON and co-digestion[J].Water Research,2015,74:166-179.
[5]Joss A,Salzgeber D,Eugster J,et al.Full-scale nitrogen removal from digester liquid with partial nitritation and anammox in One SBR[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(14):5301-5306.
[6]Shalini S S,Joseph K.Nitrogen management in landfill leachate:Application of SHARON,ANAMMOX and combined SHARON-ANAMMOX process[J].Waste Management,2012,32(12):2385-2400.
[7]Helmer C,Kunst S,Juretschko S,et al.Nitrogen loss in a nitrifying biofilm system[J].Water Science&Technology,1999,39(7):13-21.
[8]Metcalfeddy I,Tchobanoglous G,Stensel H D.Wastewater engineering:treatment and reuse[J].McGraw-Hill Series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering),2003,73(1):50-51.
[9]张肖静,李冬,梁瑜海,等.氨氮浓度对CANON工艺性能及微生物特性的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(7):1715-1721.Zhang X,Li D,Liang Y,et al.Effect of ammonia concentration on the performance and microbial characteristics of CANON process[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(7):1715-1721.
[10]李冬,赵世勋,王俊安,等.污水处理厂CANON工艺启动策略[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(11):4125-4131.Li D,Zhao S,Wang J,et al.Startup strategies of CANON process in wastewater treatment plant[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(11):4125-4131.
[11]李冬,赵世勋,关宏伟,等.常温低氨氮CANON工艺稳定性研究[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(1):102-107.Li D,Zhao S,Guan H,et al.Stable operation of CANON process at normal temperature and low ammonia concentration[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(1):102-107.
[12]Egli K,Fanger U,Alvarez P J J,et al.Enrichment and characterization of an anammox bacterium from a rotating biological contactor treating ammonium-rich leachate[J].Archives of Microbiology,2001,175(3):198-207.
[13]Dosta J,Fernández I,Vázquez-Padín J R,et al.Short-and long-term effects of temperature on the Anammox process[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154(1):688-693.
[14]Isaka K,Date Y,Kimura Y,et al.Nitrogen removal performance using anaerobic ammonium oxidation at low temperatures[J].Fems Microbiology Letters,2010,282(1):32-38.
[15]Vázquez-Padín J R,Fernández I,Morales N,et al.Autotrophic nitrogen removal at low temperature[J].Water Science&Technology A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research,2011,63(6):1282.
[16]Wett B,Omari A,Podmirseg S M,et al.Going for mainstream deammonification from bench to full scale for maximized resource efficiency[J].Water Science&Technology A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research,2013,68(2):283.
[17]Hippen A,Rosenwinkel K H,Baumgarten G,et al.Aerobic deammonification:A new experience in the treatment of waste waters[J].Water Science&Technology,1997,35(10):111-120.
[18]Zhang L,Zhang S,Peng Y,et al.Nitrogen removal performance and microbial distribution in pilot-and full-scale integrated fixed-biofilm activated sludge reactors based on nitritation-anammox process[J].Bioresource technology,2015,196:448-453.
[19]Xu Z Y,Zeng G M,Yang Z H,et al.Biological treatment of landfill leachate with the integration of partial nitrification,anaerobic ammonium oxidation and heterotrophic denitrification[J].Bioresource technology,2010,101(1):79-86.
[20]刘涛.基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮工艺(CANON)效能及微生物特征研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2013.Liu T.The efficiency and microbial characteristics of the whole autotrophic denitrification process(CANON)based on nitrosation[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2013.
[21]李冬,李晓莹,杨杰,等.SBR中不同曝气方式下CANON工艺的启动与运行[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2017,46(9):109-116.Li D,Li X,Yang J,et al.Start-up and long term operation of CANONin sequencing batch reactor with different aeration patterns[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2017,46(9):109-116.
[22]Corbalá-Robles L,Picioreanu C,Van Loosdrecht M C,et al.Analysing the effects of the aeration pattern and residual ammonium concentration in a partial nitritation-anammox process[J].Environmental Technology,2016,37(6):694-702.
[23]Strous M,Gerven E V,Kuenen J G,et al.Effects of aerobic and microaerobic conditions on anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing(anammox)sludge[J].Appl.Environ.Microbiol.,1997,63(6):2446-2448.
[24]Graaf A A v d.Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing micro-organisms in a fluidized bed reactor[J].Microbiol,1996,142(8):2187-2196.
[25]Schmidt I,Sliekers O,Schmid M,et al.Aerobic and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria-competitors or natural partners[J].Fems Microbiology Ecology,2002,39(3):175-181.
[26]张姚,韩海成,王伟刚,等.溶解氧对CANON颗粒污泥自养脱氮性能的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(12):4501-4510.
[27]Siegrist H,Reithaar S,Lais P.Nitrogen loss in a nitrifying rotating contactor treating ammonium rich leachate without organic carbon[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(4/5):589-591.
[28]张彤,曹国民,赵庆祥.固定化微生物脱氮技术进展[J].城市环境与城市生态,2000,(2):17-20.Zhang T,Cao G,Zhao Q.Progress of immobilized microbial denitrification technology[J].Urban Environment and Urban Ecology,2000,(2):17-20.
[29]国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京中国环境科学出版社,2002.Editorial Board of the State Environmental Protection Administration of China"Water and Wastewater Monitoring and Analysis Method".Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis method(4th edition)[M].China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[30]Strous M,Heijnen J J,Kuenen J G,et al.The sequencing batch reactor as a powerful tool for the study of slowly growing anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms[J].Applied Microbiology&Biotechnology,1998,50(5):589-596.
[31]郑照明,李军,杨京月,等.SNAD工艺在不同间歇曝气工况下的脱氮性能[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(2):511-519.Zheng L,Li J,Yang J,et al.Nitrogen removal performance of the SNAD process under different intermittent aerobic conditions[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(2):511-519.
[32]Gilbert E M,Agrawal S,Karst S M,et al.Low Temperature Partial Nitritation/Anammox in a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Treating Low Strength Wastewater[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(15):8784-8792.
[33]Chu Z R,Wang K,Li X K,et al.Microbial characterization of aggregates within a one-stage nitritation–anammox system using high-throughput amplicon sequencing[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,262:41-48.
[34]熊蕾.Anammox反应器的启动运行及Mn(Ⅱ)的作用特性研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2014.Xiong L.The start-up operation of Anammox reactor and the action characteristics of Mn(II)[D].Changsha:Central South University,2014.
[35]Zhang X,Li D,Liang Y,et al.Performance and microbial community of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON)process in two membrane bioreactors(MBR)fed with different substrate levels[J].Bioresource technology,2014,152(1):185-191.
[36]Liu T,Li D,Zhang J,et al.Effect of temperature on functional bacterial abundance and community structure in CANON process[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2016,105:306-313.
[37]Ali M,Okabe S.Anammox-based technologies for nitrogen removal:Advances in process start-up and remaining issues[J].Chemosphere,2015,141:144-153.
[38]Bagchi S,Biswas R,Nandy T.Autotrophic Ammonia Removal Processes:Ecology to Technology[J].Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,2012,42(13):1353-1418.
[39]Kouba V,Vejmelkova D,Proksova E,et al.High-Rate Partial Nitritation of Municipal Wastewater after Psychrophilic Anaerobic Pretreatment[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(19):11029-11038.
[40]Ding,Shuang,Zheng,et al.Ecological characteristics of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria[J].Applied Microbiology&Biotechnology,2013,97(5):1841-1849.
[41]Wrl V D S,Miclea A,Van Dongen U,et al.The membrane bioreactor:A novel tool to grow anammox bacteria as free cells[J].Biotechnology&Bioengineering,2010,101(2):286-294.