上海城市表土磁性特征对重金属污染的指示作用
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摘要
选取上海市城市表土作为研究对象,结合磁学方法与传统化学方法,研究了上海市192件表土样品的磁性特征和重金属含量,并探讨了磁学参数指示重金属污染的可行性.结果表明,上海市表土磁化率平均值为187.66×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1),亚铁磁性矿物占主导地位,颗粒较粗.上海市表土重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni、Mn、Fe含量均超过背景值,属于轻度污染.重金属和磁学参数(磁化率、饱和等温剩磁)具有相似的空间分布,高值集中在宝山区和闵行区,低值集中在崇明区.工业生产和交通活动是上海市表土重金属、磁性矿物的主要来源.磁化率χlf指示污染负荷指数的半定量结果为:χlf<38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤属于清洁状态,无污染;38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf<258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受轻度污染;258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf<793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受中度污染;χlf≥793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受重度污染.因此,磁学参数对城市表土重金属污染有着一定的指示意义.
In this study,we combined magnetic and traditional chemical methods to study the magnetic characteristics and heavy metal concentrations of 192 topsoil samples in Shanghai and explored the feasibility of using magnetic parameters to indicate heavy metal pollution. The results show that the average magnetic susceptibility of topsoil in Shanghai is 187.66×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1). Coarse ferrimagnetic minerals dominate magnetic properties of the samples.The contents of Zn,Pb,Cu,Cr,Ni,Mn and Fe exceed the background value,suggesting that Shanghai topsoil is slightly polluted. Heavy metals and magnetic parameters( magnetic susceptibility and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization) have similar spatial distribution,with the higher values occured in the Baoshan and Minhang District,and lower values in the Chongming District. Industrial and traffic activities are the main sources of heavy metals and magnetic minerals of topsoil in Shanghai city. Semi-quantitative analysis enables that magnetic susceptibility can be used as an indicator of PLI,with the following category defined: χlf<38.90×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1),no pollution; 38.90×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf<258.69×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1),slight pollution; 258.69×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf<793.45×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1),moderate pollution; χlf≥793.45×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1),heavy pollution. Our study show that magnetic parameters of topsoil can be indicative of heavy metal pollution in urban environment.
In this study,we combined magnetic and traditional chemical methods to study the magnetic characteristics and heavy metal concentrations of 192 topsoil samples in Shanghai and explored the feasibility of using magnetic parameters to indicate heavy metal pollution. The results show that the average magnetic susceptibility of topsoil in Shanghai is 187.66×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1). Coarse ferrimagnetic minerals dominate magnetic properties of the samples.The contents of Zn,Pb,Cu,Cr,Ni,Mn and Fe exceed the background value,suggesting that Shanghai topsoil is slightly polluted. Heavy metals and magnetic parameters( magnetic susceptibility and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization) have similar spatial distribution,with the higher values occured in the Baoshan and Minhang District,and lower values in the Chongming District. Industrial and traffic activities are the main sources of heavy metals and magnetic minerals of topsoil in Shanghai city. Semi-quantitative analysis enables that magnetic susceptibility can be used as an indicator of PLI,with the following category defined: χlf<38.90×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1),no pollution; 38.90×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf<258.69×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1),slight pollution; 258.69×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf<793.45×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1),moderate pollution; χlf≥793.45×10~(-8) m~3·kg~(-1),heavy pollution. Our study show that magnetic parameters of topsoil can be indicative of heavy metal pollution in urban environment.
引文
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Fabijańczyk P,Zawadzki J,Magiera T,et al.2016.A methodology of integration of magnetometric and geochemical soil contamination measurements[J].Geoderma,277:51-60
Gautam P,Blaha U,Appel E.2005.Integration of magnetism and heavy metal chemistry of soils to quantify the environmental pollution in Kathmandu,Nepal[J].Island Arc,14(4):424-435
Heller F,Strzyszcz Z,Magiera T.1998.Magnetic record of industrial pollution in forest soils of Upper Silesia,Poland[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Soild Earth,1031(B8):17767-17774
Hoffmann V,Knab M,Appel E.1999.Magnetic susceptibility mapping of roadside pollution[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,66(1/2):313-326
Horváth A,Sz cs P,BidlóA.2015.Soil condition and pollution in urban soils:evaluation of the soil quality in a Hungarian town[J].Journal of Soils&Sediments,15(8):1825-1835
Hu X F,Su Y,Ye R,et al.2007.Magnetic properties of the urban soils in Shanghai and their environmental implications[J].Catena,70:428-436
Jeleńska M,Hassoagopsowicz A,Kopcewicz B,et al.2004.Magnetic properties of the profiles of polluted and non-polluted soils:A case study from Ukraine[J].Geophysical Journal International,159(1):104-116
姜琪,胡雪峰,李珊,等.2012.上海宝山和青浦区表土磁性特征的差异及环境指示意义[J].土壤通报,43(4):774-780
Karimi A,Haghnia G H,Ayoubi S,et al.2017.Impacts of geology and land use on magnetic susceptibility and selected heavy metals in surface soils of Mashhad plain,northeastern Iran[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,138(3):127-134
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Lawrence A,Fatima N.2014.Urban air pollution&its assessment in Lucknow City--the second largest city of North India[J].Science of the Total Environment,488-489:447-455
Li C R,Cai G,Wang J,et al.2014.Contents and chemical forms of heavy metals in school and roadside topsoils and road-surface dust of Beijing[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,14(11):1806-1817
李珊,胡雪峰,杜艳,等.2012.上海嘉定区表土磁性强度的空间分异及环境指示意义[J].土壤学报,49(1):9-17
Li X,Liu L,Wang Y,et al.2013.Heavy metal contamination of urban soil in an old industrial city(Shenyang)in Northeast China[J].Geoderma,192(1):50-58
Liu D X,Ma J H,Sun Y L,et al.2016.Spatial distribution of soil magnetic susceptibility and correlation with heavy metal pollution in Kaifeng City,China[J].Catena,139:53-60
刘雯,卢新卫,陈灿灿,等.2013.电厂周围土壤磁化率对重金属污染的指示意义[J].土壤通报,44(4):993-997
卢升高,白世强.2008.杭州城区土壤的磁性与磁性矿物学及其环境意义[J].地球物理学报,51(3):762-769
Magiera T,Zawadzki J,Szuszkiewicz M,et al.2018.Impact of an iron mine and a nickel smelter at the Norwegian/Russian border close to the Barents Sea on surface soil magnetic susceptibility and content of potentially toxic elements[J].Chemosphere,195:48-62
Peng C,Ouyang Z,Wang M,et al.2013.Assessing the combined risks of PAHs and metals in urban soils by urbanization indicators[J].Environmental Pollution,178(1):426-432
钱力,张超,齐鹏,等.2016.永康城市土壤重金属污染评价及来源分析[J].浙江农林大学学报,33(3):427-433
Qing X,Zong Y T,Lu S G.2015.Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city(Anshan),Liaoning,northeast China[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,120:377-385
RachwaM,Kardel K,Magiera T,et al.2017.Application of magnetic susceptibility in assessment of heavy metal contamination of Saxonian soil(Germany)caused by industrial dust deposition[J].Geoderma,295:10-21
Thompson R,Oldfield F.1986.Environmental Magnetism[M].London:Allen Unwin.1-127
王博,夏敦胜,余晔,等.2012.兰州城市表层土壤重金属污染的环境磁学记录[J].科学通报,57(32):3078-3089
旺罗,刘东生,吕厚远.2000.污染土壤的磁化率特性[J].科学通报,45(10):1091-1094
Wang B,Xia D,Yu Y,et al.2014.Detection and differentiation of pollution in urban surface soils using magnetic properties in arid and semi-arid regions of northwestern China[J].Environmental Pollution,184(335/346):335-346
Wang C,Yang Z,Zhong C,et al.2016.Temporal-spatial variation and source apportionment of soil heavy metals in the representative riveralluviation depositional system[J].Environmental Pollution,216:18-26
Wang G,Liu Y,Chen J,et al.2017.Magnetic evidence for heavy metal pollution of topsoil in Shanghai,China[J].Frontiers of Earth Science,(1):1-9
Wang G,Ren F F,Chen J,et al.2017.Magnetic evidence of anthropogenic dust deposition in urban soils of Shanghai,China[J].Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry,77(3):421-428
Wang L,Liu M,Tao W,et al.2017.Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in urban soil in the typical semiarid city of Xi'an,Northwest China[J].Chemosphere,191:467-476
Wang X S.2013.Assessment of heavy metal pollution in Xuzhou urban topsoils by magnetic susceptibility measurements[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,92(92):76-83
夏敦胜,马剑英,王冠,等.2006.环境磁学及其在西北干旱区环境研究中的问题[J].地学前缘,(13):168-179
薛勇,胡雪峰,叶荣,等.2016.上海宝山不同功能区表土磁化率特征及对重金属污染的指示作用[J].土壤通报,47(5):1245-1252
Yang T,Liu Q,Zeng Q,et al.2012.Relationship between magnetic properties and heavy metals of urban soils with different soil types and environmental settings:implications for magnetic mapping[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,66(2):409-420
于瑞莲,林燕萍,冯家毅,等.2012.泉州城市表层土壤中金属元素来源分析[J].矿物学报,32(1):159-168
章家恩,徐琪.1997.城市土壤的形成特征及其保护[J].土壤,29(4):189-193
Attoucheik L,Jordanova N,Bayou B,et al.2017.Soil metal pollution from former Zn-Pb mining assessed by geochemical and magnetic investigations:case study of the Bou Caid area(Tissemsilt,Algeria)[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,76(7):298
Bityukova L,Scholger R,Birke M.1999.Magnetic susceptibility as indicator of environmental pollution of soils in Tallinn[J].Physics&Chemistry of the Earth,Part A:Solid Earth and Geodesy,24(9):829-835
Cervi E C,Costa A C S D,Junior I G D S.2014.Magnetic susceptibility and the spatial variability of heavy metals in soils developed on basalt[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,111:377-383
陈轶楠,张永清,张希云,等.2014.晋南某钢厂周边土壤重金属与磁化率分布规律及其相关性研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,28(1):85-91
陈裕颖,王冠,陈姣,等.2017.上海市杨浦区表土重金属污染的磁学响应[J].水土保持通报,37(3):28-34
Cornellr R M,Schwermann U.1996.The Iron Oxides:Structure,Properties,Reactions,Occurrence and Uses[M].VCH:Weinheim
Dankoub Z,Ayoubi S,Khademi H,et al.2012.Spatial distribution of magnetic properties and selected heavy metals in calcareous soils as affected by land use in the Isfahan Region,Central Iran[J].Pedoshpere,22(1):33-47
Dearing J A.1999.Environmental Magnetic Susceptibility,Using the Bartington MS2 System(2nd edtion)[M].England:Chi Publishing
Ewen C,Anagnostopoulou M A,Ward N I.2009.Monitoring of heavy metal levels in roadside dusts of Thessaloniki,Greece in relation to motor vehicle traffic density and flow[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,157(1/4):483-498
Fabijańczyk P,Zawadzki J,Magiera T,et al.2016.A methodology of integration of magnetometric and geochemical soil contamination measurements[J].Geoderma,277:51-60
Gautam P,Blaha U,Appel E.2005.Integration of magnetism and heavy metal chemistry of soils to quantify the environmental pollution in Kathmandu,Nepal[J].Island Arc,14(4):424-435
Heller F,Strzyszcz Z,Magiera T.1998.Magnetic record of industrial pollution in forest soils of Upper Silesia,Poland[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Soild Earth,1031(B8):17767-17774
Hoffmann V,Knab M,Appel E.1999.Magnetic susceptibility mapping of roadside pollution[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,66(1/2):313-326
Horváth A,Sz cs P,BidlóA.2015.Soil condition and pollution in urban soils:evaluation of the soil quality in a Hungarian town[J].Journal of Soils&Sediments,15(8):1825-1835
Hu X F,Su Y,Ye R,et al.2007.Magnetic properties of the urban soils in Shanghai and their environmental implications[J].Catena,70:428-436
Jeleńska M,Hassoagopsowicz A,Kopcewicz B,et al.2004.Magnetic properties of the profiles of polluted and non-polluted soils:A case study from Ukraine[J].Geophysical Journal International,159(1):104-116
姜琪,胡雪峰,李珊,等.2012.上海宝山和青浦区表土磁性特征的差异及环境指示意义[J].土壤通报,43(4):774-780
Karimi A,Haghnia G H,Ayoubi S,et al.2017.Impacts of geology and land use on magnetic susceptibility and selected heavy metals in surface soils of Mashhad plain,northeastern Iran[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,138(3):127-134
Kokinou E,Belonaki C,Sakadakis D,et al.2013.Environmental monitoring of soil pollution in urban areas(a case study from Heraklion city,Central Crete,Greece)[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece,47:963-971
Lawrence A,Fatima N.2014.Urban air pollution&its assessment in Lucknow City--the second largest city of North India[J].Science of the Total Environment,488-489:447-455
Li C R,Cai G,Wang J,et al.2014.Contents and chemical forms of heavy metals in school and roadside topsoils and road-surface dust of Beijing[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,14(11):1806-1817
李珊,胡雪峰,杜艳,等.2012.上海嘉定区表土磁性强度的空间分异及环境指示意义[J].土壤学报,49(1):9-17
Li X,Liu L,Wang Y,et al.2013.Heavy metal contamination of urban soil in an old industrial city(Shenyang)in Northeast China[J].Geoderma,192(1):50-58
Liu D X,Ma J H,Sun Y L,et al.2016.Spatial distribution of soil magnetic susceptibility and correlation with heavy metal pollution in Kaifeng City,China[J].Catena,139:53-60
刘雯,卢新卫,陈灿灿,等.2013.电厂周围土壤磁化率对重金属污染的指示意义[J].土壤通报,44(4):993-997
卢升高,白世强.2008.杭州城区土壤的磁性与磁性矿物学及其环境意义[J].地球物理学报,51(3):762-769
Magiera T,Zawadzki J,Szuszkiewicz M,et al.2018.Impact of an iron mine and a nickel smelter at the Norwegian/Russian border close to the Barents Sea on surface soil magnetic susceptibility and content of potentially toxic elements[J].Chemosphere,195:48-62
Peng C,Ouyang Z,Wang M,et al.2013.Assessing the combined risks of PAHs and metals in urban soils by urbanization indicators[J].Environmental Pollution,178(1):426-432
钱力,张超,齐鹏,等.2016.永康城市土壤重金属污染评价及来源分析[J].浙江农林大学学报,33(3):427-433
Qing X,Zong Y T,Lu S G.2015.Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city(Anshan),Liaoning,northeast China[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,120:377-385
RachwaM,Kardel K,Magiera T,et al.2017.Application of magnetic susceptibility in assessment of heavy metal contamination of Saxonian soil(Germany)caused by industrial dust deposition[J].Geoderma,295:10-21
Thompson R,Oldfield F.1986.Environmental Magnetism[M].London:Allen Unwin.1-127
王博,夏敦胜,余晔,等.2012.兰州城市表层土壤重金属污染的环境磁学记录[J].科学通报,57(32):3078-3089
旺罗,刘东生,吕厚远.2000.污染土壤的磁化率特性[J].科学通报,45(10):1091-1094
Wang B,Xia D,Yu Y,et al.2014.Detection and differentiation of pollution in urban surface soils using magnetic properties in arid and semi-arid regions of northwestern China[J].Environmental Pollution,184(335/346):335-346
Wang C,Yang Z,Zhong C,et al.2016.Temporal-spatial variation and source apportionment of soil heavy metals in the representative riveralluviation depositional system[J].Environmental Pollution,216:18-26
Wang G,Liu Y,Chen J,et al.2017.Magnetic evidence for heavy metal pollution of topsoil in Shanghai,China[J].Frontiers of Earth Science,(1):1-9
Wang G,Ren F F,Chen J,et al.2017.Magnetic evidence of anthropogenic dust deposition in urban soils of Shanghai,China[J].Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry,77(3):421-428
Wang L,Liu M,Tao W,et al.2017.Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in urban soil in the typical semiarid city of Xi'an,Northwest China[J].Chemosphere,191:467-476
Wang X S.2013.Assessment of heavy metal pollution in Xuzhou urban topsoils by magnetic susceptibility measurements[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,92(92):76-83
夏敦胜,马剑英,王冠,等.2006.环境磁学及其在西北干旱区环境研究中的问题[J].地学前缘,(13):168-179
薛勇,胡雪峰,叶荣,等.2016.上海宝山不同功能区表土磁化率特征及对重金属污染的指示作用[J].土壤通报,47(5):1245-1252
Yang T,Liu Q,Zeng Q,et al.2012.Relationship between magnetic properties and heavy metals of urban soils with different soil types and environmental settings:implications for magnetic mapping[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,66(2):409-420
于瑞莲,林燕萍,冯家毅,等.2012.泉州城市表层土壤中金属元素来源分析[J].矿物学报,32(1):159-168
章家恩,徐琪.1997.城市土壤的形成特征及其保护[J].土壤,29(4):189-193