基于多层结构磁滞模型的硬化层深度磁学表征与检测方法
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摘要
零部件表面经过硬化处理后,一般将形成由硬化层、过渡层和心部组织组成的三层结构,而硬化层深度是表面力学性能的重要评价指标。为将磁测法应用于硬化层深度的定量检测,建立了基于点状磁荷假设的多层结构磁滞模型,预测出三层结构微分磁导率曲线的双峰特性。双峰峰值、峰值比等参数与硬化层深度存在良好线性关系,由此提出一种硬化层深度的磁学无损检测新方法。对具有不同深度高频感应淬硬层的40Cr钢杆试样进行磁滞回线试验测试,分析结果表明:相比矫顽力,微分磁导率曲线的双峰峰值比更适用于硬化层深度的定量表征,其重复测试结果的变异系数小于1%,与硬化层深度的线性拟合确定系数高于0.95。建立的多层结构磁滞模型可为硬化层深度的磁测法提供理论依据,基于微分磁导率双峰曲线的硬化层深度检测方法可推广至平面或曲面构件。
Surface heat treatment can induce micro-structural changes in the components surface to form hardened and transition layer above the core zone, which can be treated as a three-layer structure. The case depth of the hardened layer is an important criteria for evaluating the mechanical properties of the surface material. Magnetic hysteresis model for multilayer structure is established based on point-like magnetic dipole for quantitative evaluation of case depth. Double peaks occur in the predicted differential permeability curve of three-layer structure. The heights of the two peaks and the height ratio almost linearly change as the increasing case depth to produce a new case depth evaluation method. The measured differential permeability curves, which are obtained from high-frequency induction hardened 40 Cr steel rods, show that the peak heights ratio is more suitable for case depth evaluation as compared to coercive force. The variation coefficients among the repeated testing results of the two peak heights are lower than 1%, and the linear regression coefficients are higher than 0.95. The proposed hysteresis model can act as theoretical tool for case depth evaluation using magnetic testing method, and the proposed method can be applied for plat or curved components.
Surface heat treatment can induce micro-structural changes in the components surface to form hardened and transition layer above the core zone, which can be treated as a three-layer structure. The case depth of the hardened layer is an important criteria for evaluating the mechanical properties of the surface material. Magnetic hysteresis model for multilayer structure is established based on point-like magnetic dipole for quantitative evaluation of case depth. Double peaks occur in the predicted differential permeability curve of three-layer structure. The heights of the two peaks and the height ratio almost linearly change as the increasing case depth to produce a new case depth evaluation method. The measured differential permeability curves, which are obtained from high-frequency induction hardened 40 Cr steel rods, show that the peak heights ratio is more suitable for case depth evaluation as compared to coercive force. The variation coefficients among the repeated testing results of the two peak heights are lower than 1%, and the linear regression coefficients are higher than 0.95. The proposed hysteresis model can act as theoretical tool for case depth evaluation using magnetic testing method, and the proposed method can be applied for plat or curved components.
引文
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[3]王红美,徐滨士,马世宁,等.纳米压痕法测试电刷镀镍镀层的硬度和弹性模量[J].机械工程学报,2005,41(4):128-131.WANG Hongmei,XU Bingshi,MA Shining,et al.Hardness and modulus of elasticity of brush plated nickel coating by nanoindentation testing[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2005,41(4):128-131.
[4]高长旭,邢振平,李博.感应加热淬火硬化层深度检测方法探讨[J].哈尔滨轴承,2015,36(4):33-36.GAO Changxu,XING Zhenping,LI Bo.Discussion on detecting method for hardening depth of induction heating quenching[J].Journal of Harbin Bearing,2015,36(4):33-36.
[5]罗新,吴伟,李大鹏,等.20Cr Mn Ti钢渗碳淬火硬化层深度的磁矫顽力检测[J].无损检测,2016,38(7):47-50.LUO Xin,WU Wei,LI Dapeng,et al.Detection of20Cr Mn Ti steel carburizing hardening depth by magnetic coercive force[J].Nondestructive Testing,2016,38(7):47-50.
[6]MOORTHY V.Distortion analysis of magnetic excitation:a novel method for non-destructive evaluation of depth of surface-hardening in ferritic steels[J].Philosophical Magazine Letters,2014,94(9):564-572.
[7]SANTA-AHO S,VIPPOLA M,SORSA A,et al.Utilization of Barkhausen noise magnetizing sweeps for case-depth detection from hardened steel[J].NDT&E International,2012,52:95-102.
[8]BLAOW M M,SHAW B A.Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Profile Analysis:Effect of excitation field strength and detection coil sensitivity in case carburized steel[J].Materials Sciences and Applications,2014,5(5):258-266.
[9]ZHANG C X,BOWLER N,LO C.Magnetic characterization of surface-hardened steel[J].Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,2009,321(23):3878-3887.
[10]KOBAYASHI S,TAKAHASHI H,KAMADA Y.Evaluation of case depth in induction-hardened steels:magnetic hysteresis measurements and hardness-depth profiling by differential permeability analysis[J].Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,2013,343:112-118.
[11]SATO M,ISHII Y.Simple and approximate expressions of demagnetizing factors of uniformly magnetized rectangular rod and cylinder[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1989,66(2):983-985.
[12]GORKUNOV E S,POVOLOTSKAYA A M,KULEEV V G,et al.Coercive force of a package of steel sheets with different degrees of magnetic hardness[J].Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing,2002,38(5):331-338.
[13]TAKáCS J.Mathematics of hysteretic phenomena:the T(x)model for the description of hysteresis[M].Weinheim:Wiley-VCH Verlag Gmb H&Co,2003.
[14]RAGHUNATHAN A,MELIKHOV Y,SNYDER J E,et al.Modeling of two-phase magnetic materials based on Jiles-Atherton theory of hysteresis[J].Journal of Magnetism&Magnetic Materials,2012,324(1):20-22.