民国时期大型官营都市工厂的技术发展——以南京首都电厂为例
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摘要
官营企业对中国近代工业技术发展产生了复杂的影响。以南京国民政府时期首都电厂为例,剖析其三个阶段中两次技术转型的来龙去脉。电厂的发电量由小到大,供电由单相到三相,用户由照明用电到工商业与农业灌溉用电,由城区供电到区域性电网供电,技术能力由完全依赖外商到自主工厂设计,技术能力呈逐步上升趋势。大都市的发展、电厂的官营控制与资源的集中,一定程度上促进了首都电厂的技术引进与消化吸收。然而,薄弱的工业基础、资金不足,加之吏治腐败,阻碍了资金与技术密集型工业技术在官营企业的进一步发展。
Government-run enterprises have had a complex impact on the development of modern industrial technology in China.Taking the Capital Electricity Works under the reign of Nanjing National Government as an example, this paper analyses the origin and development of two technological transformations in its three stages. While the power generation capacity of the power plant grew by dozens in the three decades of its early construction, the power supply mode was altered from single-phase supply to three-phase supply, and the uses of power expanded from lighting to industry, commerce and irrigation; the technical ability made progress from being totally dependent on foreign companies to designing the power station by their own engineers. The development of the metropolis and the government control was conducive to the concentration of resources, which promoted the technology introduction, digestion and absorption of the capital power plant. However, the weak industrial base, insufficient funds and corruption of officials hindered the further development of the capital and technology-intensive industrial technology in state-owned enterprises.
Government-run enterprises have had a complex impact on the development of modern industrial technology in China.Taking the Capital Electricity Works under the reign of Nanjing National Government as an example, this paper analyses the origin and development of two technological transformations in its three stages. While the power generation capacity of the power plant grew by dozens in the three decades of its early construction, the power supply mode was altered from single-phase supply to three-phase supply, and the uses of power expanded from lighting to industry, commerce and irrigation; the technical ability made progress from being totally dependent on foreign companies to designing the power station by their own engineers. The development of the metropolis and the government control was conducive to the concentration of resources, which promoted the technology introduction, digestion and absorption of the capital power plant. However, the weak industrial base, insufficient funds and corruption of officials hindered the further development of the capital and technology-intensive industrial technology in state-owned enterprises.
引文
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[34]首都电厂.提倡国煤.首都电厂月刊[J]. 1931(9):2.
[2]郑会欣.扬子电气、淮南矿路两公司的创立与国有企业私营化[J].历史研究, 1998(3):94-111.
[3]张慧卿著.南京百年城市史1912-2012 10卫生体育卷[M].南京:南京出版社, 2014:159-164.
[4]李伯聪,李三虎,李斌.中国近现代工程史纲[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社, 2017:246-329.
[5]建设委员会.全国发电厂调查表[M].建设委员会, 1929:1-11.
[6]护理两江督部堂樊.准农工商部咨复前江督端咨金陵电灯官厂请准立案文.南洋官报[N]. 1909(36):11-12.
[7]建设委员会.建设委员会事业报告:首都电厂[M].南京:建设委员会,1935:1-6, 16.
[8]建设委员会.首都电厂[M].南京:建设委员会. 1934:1-2.
[9]金陵电灯官厂.详定价目简章.南洋官报[N]. 1910(107):36-38.
[10]鲍国宝.首都电厂之整理及扩充[J].工程(中国工程学会会刊), 1929(2):269-273.
[11]首都电厂.首都电厂事业概况,首都电厂月刊[J]. 1937(77):298.
[12]徐新吾,黄汉民.上海近代工业史[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社, 1998:336.
[13]张忠民,朱婷.南京国民政府时期的国有企业(1927-1949)[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社, 2007:99-100.
[14]曹土根,孙立永.南京电力工业志[M].南京:江苏古籍出版社, 1998:2.
[15]江南问题研究会.南京调查资料(公用事业之一):首都电厂[R],1949:2, 6.
[16]国都设计技术专员办事处.首都计划[M].王宇新,王明发点校.南京:南京出版社, 2006:173-174, 193-195, 217.
[17]建设委员会.电气事业专刊[M].建设委员会出版. 1932:51-52.
[18]首都电厂.本厂招标出售旧锅炉说明书,首都电厂月刊[J].1931(7):6.
[19]首都电厂.首都电厂月刊[J]. 1932(14):8.
[20]建设委员会.首都电厂事业报告第一号[R]. 1934:3-4.
[21]建设委员会总务处.建设委员会工作纪要[R]. 1930,附图.
[22]首都电厂.本厂今年之工作,首都电厂月刊[J]. 1932(11):2.
[23]中华民国建设委员会编译委员会.建设公报[J]. 1928(1):175.
[24]陆法曾.本厂三年来之回顾,首都电厂月刊[J]. 1931(2):2.
[25]潘铭新.首都电厂之整理及扩充,建设[J].中华民国建设委员会,1928(1):173.
[26]建设委员会首都电厂.建设委员会首都电厂营业章程[M].建设委员会首都电厂. 1935:1-6.
[27]鲍国宝.首都电气事业之前途,首都电厂月刊[J]. 1932(15):1-2.
[28]首都电厂.本厂五周年纪念报告,首都电厂月刊[J]. 1933(27):2.
[29]首都电厂.本厂一年来工作之回顾,首都电厂月刊[J]. 1934(35):1.
[30]吕音谐.建设委员会首都电厂发电厂实习报告,南开大学电工会刊[J]. 1934(2):1.
[31]陆法曾.首都电厂工程近况,首都电厂月刊[J]. 1936(59):1-3.
[32]南京建设委员会全国电气事业指导委员会.二十五年份中国电气事业概况,中国电力[J]. 1937(1):39.
[33]首都电厂.江宁与本厂合作之电力灌溉,首都电厂月刊[J]. 1935(53):2.
[34]首都电厂.提倡国煤.首都电厂月刊[J]. 1931(9):2.