侵蚀程度差异诱发的坡面产流-产沙-总磷流失特征
|
摘要
为了研究不同侵蚀程度下土壤坡面产流产沙及携磷流失特征,以浙江省湖州市安吉县风化花岗岩母质上发育的坡地土壤为研究对象,选择侵蚀强度不同的出露土层(分别为砂土层(A组)和红土层(B组))两组土壤进行人工模拟降雨试验.结果表明:坡地磷素流失主要以侵蚀泥沙为主,径流携磷流失中以地表径流携带流失为主,壤中流磷素流失量较小;由于土壤机械组成、容重的差异,B组土壤壤中流流量及其携磷流失量远小于A组土壤壤中流流量及其携磷流失量;雨强对坡面径流中磷素流失浓度的影响明显,坡面径流和壤中流磷素流失浓度相差极大;两组土壤坡面径流量受雨强的影响基本一致,均为150 mm·h~(-1)>120 mm·h~(-1)> 90 mm·h~(-1)> 60 mm·h~(-1)>30 mm·h~(-1),不同的是红土层土壤坡面径流产流量较大且变幅小;随雨强增加两组土壤壤中流变化特征差异明显,红土层土壤在不同雨强下的壤中流流量排序为90 mm·h~(-1)>120 mm·h~(-1)> 60 mm·h~(-1)> 30 mm·h~(-1)>150 mm·h~(-1),砂土层土壤在不同雨强下的壤中流流量排序为150 mm·h~(-1)>120 mm·h~(-1)> 90 mm·h~(-1)> 60 mm·h~(-1)>30 mm·h~(-1);侵蚀泥沙富集较小颗粒(粉粒、粘粒)和磷素,其磷含量均高于试验用土磷含量;雨强越大,土壤细颗粒含量越高,侵蚀泥沙产量越大.
In order to study the characteristics of runoff, sediment yield and phosphorus loss on slope, the artificially simulated rainfall experiment was respectively carried out on two groups of soil, which developed from sandy soil layer(group A) and red soil layer(group B) of weathered granite in Zhejiang Province. The slope was set at 25° and the rainfall intensity were respectively set at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm·h~(-1). Totally there are 10 effective rainfall with two groups of soil. Main conclusions were as follows:①Phosphorus loss was mainly caused by slope runoff. The phosphorus loss through interflow was extremely small relative to slope runoff. But considering the persistence of interflow, it poses a certain threat to water environment.②Due to the difference in soil mechanical composition and bulk density, the volume and the total phosphorus loss of interflow in group B were much smaller than those in group A.③The effect of rainfall intensity on total phosphorus concentration of slope runoff was obvious, and the total phosphorus concentration in slope runoff and interflow varied significantly. ④The volume of slope runoff in two groups was all basically affected by rainfalll intensity. The difference is that the initial slope runoff volume of group B was large. ⑤Different with the slope runoff, the effects of rainfall intensity on the interflow for two groups was obvious. With different rainfall intensity, the volume of interflow in group A followed by 150 mm·h~(-1)>120 mm·h~(-1)>90 mm·h~(-1)>60 mm·h~(-1)> 30 mm·h~(-1). However, the rank for another group was 90 mm·h~(-1)>120 mm·h~(-1)>60 mm·h~(-1)>30 mm·h~(-1)>150 mm·h~(-1), which related to hydraulic characteristics of soils caused by different bulk density and mechanical composition. In essence, it is related to the erosion degree. ⑥With the increasing of rainfall intensity and soil fine particles, the yield of erosive sediment increased. And erosion sediment enriched with smaller particles(clay and silk particles) and phosphrous, which is consistent with most previous research results.
In order to study the characteristics of runoff, sediment yield and phosphorus loss on slope, the artificially simulated rainfall experiment was respectively carried out on two groups of soil, which developed from sandy soil layer(group A) and red soil layer(group B) of weathered granite in Zhejiang Province. The slope was set at 25° and the rainfall intensity were respectively set at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm·h~(-1). Totally there are 10 effective rainfall with two groups of soil. Main conclusions were as follows:①Phosphorus loss was mainly caused by slope runoff. The phosphorus loss through interflow was extremely small relative to slope runoff. But considering the persistence of interflow, it poses a certain threat to water environment.②Due to the difference in soil mechanical composition and bulk density, the volume and the total phosphorus loss of interflow in group B were much smaller than those in group A.③The effect of rainfall intensity on total phosphorus concentration of slope runoff was obvious, and the total phosphorus concentration in slope runoff and interflow varied significantly. ④The volume of slope runoff in two groups was all basically affected by rainfalll intensity. The difference is that the initial slope runoff volume of group B was large. ⑤Different with the slope runoff, the effects of rainfall intensity on the interflow for two groups was obvious. With different rainfall intensity, the volume of interflow in group A followed by 150 mm·h~(-1)>120 mm·h~(-1)>90 mm·h~(-1)>60 mm·h~(-1)> 30 mm·h~(-1). However, the rank for another group was 90 mm·h~(-1)>120 mm·h~(-1)>60 mm·h~(-1)>30 mm·h~(-1)>150 mm·h~(-1), which related to hydraulic characteristics of soils caused by different bulk density and mechanical composition. In essence, it is related to the erosion degree. ⑥With the increasing of rainfall intensity and soil fine particles, the yield of erosive sediment increased. And erosion sediment enriched with smaller particles(clay and silk particles) and phosphrous, which is consistent with most previous research results.
引文
Ali RezaVaezi,Morvarid Ahmadi,Artemi Cerdà.2017.Contribution of raindrop impact to the change of soil physical properties and water erosion under semi-arid rainfalls[J].Science of the Total Environment,583:382-392
陈玲,刘德富,宋林旭,等.2013.不同雨强下黄棕壤坡耕地径流养分输出机制研究[J].环境科学,34(6):2151-2158
陈玲,宋林旭,崔玉洁,等.2013.模拟降雨条件下黄棕壤坡耕地磷素流失规律研究[J].农业环境科学学报,32(1):49-55
陈儒章,张丽萍,邬燕虹,等.2016.侵蚀性花岗岩坡地不同地貌部位土壤剖面风化特征研究[J].土壤学报,53(6):1380-1388
陈晓安,杨洁,汤崇军,等.2017.雨强和坡度对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流的影响[J].农业工程学报,33(9):141-146
陈晓燕,王茹,卓素娟,等.2012.不同降雨强度下紫色土陡坡地侵蚀泥沙养分特征[J].水土保持学报,26(6):1-5
Chu L P,Wang K Q,Song Z F,et al.2010.Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in tobacco slope cropland interflow[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,29(7):1346-1354
崔天宇,庞奖励,黄春长,等.2015.湖北郧县辽瓦店黄土剖面风化特征及其对气候变化的响应[J].中国沙漠,35(3):610-615
段小丽,张富林,张继铭,等.2012.江汉平原棉田地表径流氮磷养分流失规律[J].水土保持学报,26(2):49-53
Panagos P,Borrelli P,Poesen J,et al.2015.The new assessment of soil loss by water erosion in Europe[J].Environmental Science & Policy,54:438-447
Gang T,Li H P,Jin Y,et al.2009.Characteristics of phosphorus transfer in farmland under artificial rainfall conditions[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,21(1):45-52
Gebhardt S,Fleige H,Horn R.2010.Effect of compaction on pore functions of soils in a Saalean moraine landscape in North Germany[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,172(5):688-695
高雅.2014.水体富营养化和水华的控制技术研究现状[J].科技创新导报,11(31):1-3,5
何丙辉,梁艳玲,黄欢.2017.坡面不同截-排水沟布置方式下土壤微团聚体流失特征[J].农业工程学报,33(13):151-158
黄满湘,周成虎,章申,等.2002.农田暴雨径流侵蚀泥沙流失及其对氮磷的富集[J].水土保持学报,16(4):13-16,33
黄晓冬.2016.东北地区土壤侵蚀与水土流失现状探析[J].现代农业科技,(7):262;264
Issa O M,Bissonnais Y L,Planchon O,et al.2006.Soil detachment and transport on field-and laboratory-scale interrill areas: erosion processes and the size-selectivity of eroded sediment[J].Earth Surface Processes & Landforms,31(8):929-939
Jozef Kobza,Gabriela Baranková,Jarmila Makovníková,et al.2017.Current state and development of land degradation processes based on soil monitoring in Slovakia[J].Agriculture(Pol′nohospodárstvo),63(2):74-85
孔燕,和树庄,胡斌,等.2012.滇池流域富磷地区暴雨径流中磷素的沉降及输移规律[J].环境科学学报,32(9):2160-2166
Kumar A,Saha A.2011.Effect of polyacrylamide and gypsum on surface runoff,sediment yield and nutrient losses from steep slopes[J].Agricultural Water Management,98(6):999-1004
李雷,戴万宏.2009.巢湖水体富营养化污染现状及防治对策[J].中国水土保持,(7):55-57
李世阳,王立,Prasanta K Kalita,等.2016.面源污染中磷流失多重影响因素主成分分析[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,48(2):57-62
Liu X L,He Y Q,Zhang H L,et al.2010.Impact of land use and soil fertility on distributions of soil aggregate fractions and some nutrients[J].Pedosphere,20(5):666-673
李想,刘艳霞,刘益仁,等.2013.有机无机肥配合对土壤磷素吸附、解吸和迁移特性的影响[J].核农学报,27(2):253-259
吕玉娟,彭新华,高磊,等.2015.红壤丘陵岗地区坡地地表径流氮磷流失特征研究[J].土壤,47(2):297-304
Ma D,Bai H,Miao X,et al.2016.Compaction and seepage properties of crushed limestone particle mixture: an experimental investigation for Ordovician karst collapse pillar groundwater inrush[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,75(1):11
Ma T,Li C,Lu Z,et al.2015.Rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for the initiation of landslides in Zhejiang Province,China[J].Geomorphology,245:193-206
钱婧,张丽萍,王文艳,等.2016.浙江红壤坡面菜地养分流失模拟试验及模型建立[J].自然灾害学报,25(3):114-123
秦伟,左长清,晏清洪,等.2015.红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀规律[J].农业工程学报,31(2):124-132
Roberts W M,Stutter M I,Haygarth P M.2015.Phosphorus retention and remobilization in vegetated buffer strips: a review[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,41(2):389-399
单艳红,杨林章,颜廷梅,等.2005.水田土壤溶液磷氮的动态变化及潜在的环境影响[J].生态学报,25(1):115-121
史佳良,王秀茹,李淑芳,等.2016.次降雨过程中北京市不同土地利用方式下土壤养分流失特征[J].水土保持学报,30(5):58-63;68
王勇辉,焦黎,张高.2009.艾比湖流域土壤机械组成测定与分析[J].新疆师范大学学报(自然科学版),28(2):4-9
王占礼.2000.中国水土流失的成因、威胁及其防治途径[J].世界科技研究与发展,22(3):78-83
武红旗,范燕敏,管光玉,等.2018.天山北坡退化山地草甸土壤的主要理化性质分析[J].山东农业科学,50(1):76-80
吴秋菊,吴佳,王林华,等.2015.黄土区坡耕地土壤结皮对入渗的影响[J].土壤学报,52(2):303-311
许其功,刘鸿亮,沈珍瑶,等.2007.三峡库区典型小流域氮磷流失特征[J].环境科学学报,27(2):326-331
杨一松,王兆骞,陈欣,等.2004.南方红壤坡地不同利用模式的水土保持及生态效益研究[J].水土保持学报,18(5):84-87
叶玉适,梁新强,李亮,等.2015.不同水肥管理对太湖流域稻田磷素径流和渗漏损失的影响[J].环境科学学报,35(4):1125-1135
张利超,王辉文,谢颂华.2016.江西省水土流失现状与发展趋势分析[J].水土保持研究,23(1):356-359
张丽萍,付兴涛,吴希媛.2012.竹林坡地径流中泥沙及氮磷载荷特征模拟[J].应用生态学报,23(4):881-888
Zhang S,Grip H,L?vdahl L.2006.Effect of soil compaction on hydraulic properties of two loess soils in China[J].Soil & Tillage Research,90(1):117-125
张素,熊东红,校亮,等.2016.冲沟不同部位土壤机械组成及抗冲性差异[J].土壤,48(6):1270-1276
张怡,丁迎盈,王大安,等.2015.坡度对侵蚀产沙及其粒径分布的影响[J].水土保持学报,29(6):25-29
张展羽,张卫,杨洁,等.2012不同尺度下梯田果园地表径流养分流失特征分析[J].农业工程学报,28(11):105-109
Zheng F L,Huang C H,Norton L D.2004.Effects of near-surface hydraulic gradients on nitrate and phosphorus losses in surface runoff[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,33(6):2174
郑海金,胡建民,黄鹏飞,等.2014.红壤坡耕地地表径流与壤中流氮磷流失比较[J].水土保持学报,28(6):41-45;70
郑剑锋,李付宽,孙力平.2016.滨海地区混盐水体富营养化主因子识别与分析—以天津市清净湖为例[J].环境科学学报,36(3):785-791
周林飞,郝利朋,孙中华.2011.辽宁浑河流域不同土地类型地表径流和壤中流氮、磷流失特征[J].生态环境学报,20(4):737-742
Zhou M H,Zhu B,Wang T,et al.2010.Phosphorus losses and effects of fertilization on sloping cropland of purple soil[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,41(11):1374-1381
朱高立,文博,李静,等.2016.不同雨强和覆盖度条件下崩积体侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征[J].土壤学报,53(6):1371-1379
陈玲,刘德富,宋林旭,等.2013.不同雨强下黄棕壤坡耕地径流养分输出机制研究[J].环境科学,34(6):2151-2158
陈玲,宋林旭,崔玉洁,等.2013.模拟降雨条件下黄棕壤坡耕地磷素流失规律研究[J].农业环境科学学报,32(1):49-55
陈儒章,张丽萍,邬燕虹,等.2016.侵蚀性花岗岩坡地不同地貌部位土壤剖面风化特征研究[J].土壤学报,53(6):1380-1388
陈晓安,杨洁,汤崇军,等.2017.雨强和坡度对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流的影响[J].农业工程学报,33(9):141-146
陈晓燕,王茹,卓素娟,等.2012.不同降雨强度下紫色土陡坡地侵蚀泥沙养分特征[J].水土保持学报,26(6):1-5
Chu L P,Wang K Q,Song Z F,et al.2010.Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in tobacco slope cropland interflow[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,29(7):1346-1354
崔天宇,庞奖励,黄春长,等.2015.湖北郧县辽瓦店黄土剖面风化特征及其对气候变化的响应[J].中国沙漠,35(3):610-615
段小丽,张富林,张继铭,等.2012.江汉平原棉田地表径流氮磷养分流失规律[J].水土保持学报,26(2):49-53
Panagos P,Borrelli P,Poesen J,et al.2015.The new assessment of soil loss by water erosion in Europe[J].Environmental Science & Policy,54:438-447
Gang T,Li H P,Jin Y,et al.2009.Characteristics of phosphorus transfer in farmland under artificial rainfall conditions[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,21(1):45-52
Gebhardt S,Fleige H,Horn R.2010.Effect of compaction on pore functions of soils in a Saalean moraine landscape in North Germany[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,172(5):688-695
高雅.2014.水体富营养化和水华的控制技术研究现状[J].科技创新导报,11(31):1-3,5
何丙辉,梁艳玲,黄欢.2017.坡面不同截-排水沟布置方式下土壤微团聚体流失特征[J].农业工程学报,33(13):151-158
黄满湘,周成虎,章申,等.2002.农田暴雨径流侵蚀泥沙流失及其对氮磷的富集[J].水土保持学报,16(4):13-16,33
黄晓冬.2016.东北地区土壤侵蚀与水土流失现状探析[J].现代农业科技,(7):262;264
Issa O M,Bissonnais Y L,Planchon O,et al.2006.Soil detachment and transport on field-and laboratory-scale interrill areas: erosion processes and the size-selectivity of eroded sediment[J].Earth Surface Processes & Landforms,31(8):929-939
Jozef Kobza,Gabriela Baranková,Jarmila Makovníková,et al.2017.Current state and development of land degradation processes based on soil monitoring in Slovakia[J].Agriculture(Pol′nohospodárstvo),63(2):74-85
孔燕,和树庄,胡斌,等.2012.滇池流域富磷地区暴雨径流中磷素的沉降及输移规律[J].环境科学学报,32(9):2160-2166
Kumar A,Saha A.2011.Effect of polyacrylamide and gypsum on surface runoff,sediment yield and nutrient losses from steep slopes[J].Agricultural Water Management,98(6):999-1004
李雷,戴万宏.2009.巢湖水体富营养化污染现状及防治对策[J].中国水土保持,(7):55-57
李世阳,王立,Prasanta K Kalita,等.2016.面源污染中磷流失多重影响因素主成分分析[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,48(2):57-62
Liu X L,He Y Q,Zhang H L,et al.2010.Impact of land use and soil fertility on distributions of soil aggregate fractions and some nutrients[J].Pedosphere,20(5):666-673
李想,刘艳霞,刘益仁,等.2013.有机无机肥配合对土壤磷素吸附、解吸和迁移特性的影响[J].核农学报,27(2):253-259
吕玉娟,彭新华,高磊,等.2015.红壤丘陵岗地区坡地地表径流氮磷流失特征研究[J].土壤,47(2):297-304
Ma D,Bai H,Miao X,et al.2016.Compaction and seepage properties of crushed limestone particle mixture: an experimental investigation for Ordovician karst collapse pillar groundwater inrush[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,75(1):11
Ma T,Li C,Lu Z,et al.2015.Rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for the initiation of landslides in Zhejiang Province,China[J].Geomorphology,245:193-206
钱婧,张丽萍,王文艳,等.2016.浙江红壤坡面菜地养分流失模拟试验及模型建立[J].自然灾害学报,25(3):114-123
秦伟,左长清,晏清洪,等.2015.红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀规律[J].农业工程学报,31(2):124-132
Roberts W M,Stutter M I,Haygarth P M.2015.Phosphorus retention and remobilization in vegetated buffer strips: a review[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,41(2):389-399
单艳红,杨林章,颜廷梅,等.2005.水田土壤溶液磷氮的动态变化及潜在的环境影响[J].生态学报,25(1):115-121
史佳良,王秀茹,李淑芳,等.2016.次降雨过程中北京市不同土地利用方式下土壤养分流失特征[J].水土保持学报,30(5):58-63;68
王勇辉,焦黎,张高.2009.艾比湖流域土壤机械组成测定与分析[J].新疆师范大学学报(自然科学版),28(2):4-9
王占礼.2000.中国水土流失的成因、威胁及其防治途径[J].世界科技研究与发展,22(3):78-83
武红旗,范燕敏,管光玉,等.2018.天山北坡退化山地草甸土壤的主要理化性质分析[J].山东农业科学,50(1):76-80
吴秋菊,吴佳,王林华,等.2015.黄土区坡耕地土壤结皮对入渗的影响[J].土壤学报,52(2):303-311
许其功,刘鸿亮,沈珍瑶,等.2007.三峡库区典型小流域氮磷流失特征[J].环境科学学报,27(2):326-331
杨一松,王兆骞,陈欣,等.2004.南方红壤坡地不同利用模式的水土保持及生态效益研究[J].水土保持学报,18(5):84-87
叶玉适,梁新强,李亮,等.2015.不同水肥管理对太湖流域稻田磷素径流和渗漏损失的影响[J].环境科学学报,35(4):1125-1135
张利超,王辉文,谢颂华.2016.江西省水土流失现状与发展趋势分析[J].水土保持研究,23(1):356-359
张丽萍,付兴涛,吴希媛.2012.竹林坡地径流中泥沙及氮磷载荷特征模拟[J].应用生态学报,23(4):881-888
Zhang S,Grip H,L?vdahl L.2006.Effect of soil compaction on hydraulic properties of two loess soils in China[J].Soil & Tillage Research,90(1):117-125
张素,熊东红,校亮,等.2016.冲沟不同部位土壤机械组成及抗冲性差异[J].土壤,48(6):1270-1276
张怡,丁迎盈,王大安,等.2015.坡度对侵蚀产沙及其粒径分布的影响[J].水土保持学报,29(6):25-29
张展羽,张卫,杨洁,等.2012不同尺度下梯田果园地表径流养分流失特征分析[J].农业工程学报,28(11):105-109
Zheng F L,Huang C H,Norton L D.2004.Effects of near-surface hydraulic gradients on nitrate and phosphorus losses in surface runoff[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,33(6):2174
郑海金,胡建民,黄鹏飞,等.2014.红壤坡耕地地表径流与壤中流氮磷流失比较[J].水土保持学报,28(6):41-45;70
郑剑锋,李付宽,孙力平.2016.滨海地区混盐水体富营养化主因子识别与分析—以天津市清净湖为例[J].环境科学学报,36(3):785-791
周林飞,郝利朋,孙中华.2011.辽宁浑河流域不同土地类型地表径流和壤中流氮、磷流失特征[J].生态环境学报,20(4):737-742
Zhou M H,Zhu B,Wang T,et al.2010.Phosphorus losses and effects of fertilization on sloping cropland of purple soil[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,41(11):1374-1381
朱高立,文博,李静,等.2016.不同雨强和覆盖度条件下崩积体侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征[J].土壤学报,53(6):1371-1379