不同营养水平下沉水植物的抑藻效应
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摘要
控制水体的营养盐浓度,尤其是磷浓度,可以控制藻类水华的发生.然而,经济成本很高.相对藻类而言,沉水植物对水体营养盐升高敏感性更低,且沉水植物的存在可以改变藻类的群落结构和生长速率.为探讨沉水植物在营养盐与蓝藻水华控制关系中的作用,本研究探讨了有无水生植物存在下,不同营养盐浓度(磷浓度分别为0.025、0.05、0.1 mg·L~(-1),对应地表水Ⅲ～Ⅴ类)下蓝藻水华暴发(chlorophyll-a>10μg·L~(-1))的频率、强度和持续时间.结果表明,初始藻浓度为5μg·L~(-1)和10μg·L~(-1)情况下,3种磷浓度下都会发生水华,磷浓度的升高会导致蓝藻水华暴发的强度和持续时间增加.然而,在加入水生植物金鱼藻后,初始藻浓度为5μg·L~(-1)的条件下,没有形成水华.初始藻浓度为10μg·L~(-1)的条件下,各处理组在实验初始时会形成短暂水华,之后,各处理组的叶绿素a浓度均低于10μg·L~(-1),显示蓝藻生长受到抑制.因此,沉水植物存在情况下,在营养盐较高的水体,蓝藻水华也不会发生.
It is expensive to control the occurrence of algae blooms by lowering nutrient concentration of aquatic environment, especially for phosphorus. Compared with algae, submerged macrophyte is insensitive to the increase of nutrient concentration. Most importantly, submerged macrophyte can change the community structure and growth rate of algae. In order to examine the role of submerged macrophyte in the nutrient and control of cyanobacterial blooms, we studied the effects of submerged macrophyte on the frequency, intensity and persistent period of cyanobacteria blooms(chlorophyll-a >10 μg·L~(-1)) at different phosphorus levels(0.025, 0.05, 0.1 mg·L~(-1), corresponding to surface water classes Ⅲ～Ⅴ). The results demonstrate that cyanobacteria blooms occurred at all the three concentrations of phosphorus at initial algae concentration of both 5 and 10 μg·L~(-1). The increase of phosphorus concentration led to higher intensity and longer period of cyanobacteria blooms. After submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum was added, there was no algae bloom at initial algae concentration of 5 μg·L~(-1) whereas transient algae blooms occurred in all groups at initial algae concentration of 10 μg·L~(-1). The chlorophyll-a concentration of each groups was lower than 10 μg·L~(-1), indicating the growth of cyanobacteria was suppressed by submerged macrophyte. Therefore, the cyanobacterial blooms will not occur in the presence of submerged macrophyte, even in the high nutrient concentration in water body.
It is expensive to control the occurrence of algae blooms by lowering nutrient concentration of aquatic environment, especially for phosphorus. Compared with algae, submerged macrophyte is insensitive to the increase of nutrient concentration. Most importantly, submerged macrophyte can change the community structure and growth rate of algae. In order to examine the role of submerged macrophyte in the nutrient and control of cyanobacterial blooms, we studied the effects of submerged macrophyte on the frequency, intensity and persistent period of cyanobacteria blooms(chlorophyll-a >10 μg·L~(-1)) at different phosphorus levels(0.025, 0.05, 0.1 mg·L~(-1), corresponding to surface water classes Ⅲ～Ⅴ). The results demonstrate that cyanobacteria blooms occurred at all the three concentrations of phosphorus at initial algae concentration of both 5 and 10 μg·L~(-1). The increase of phosphorus concentration led to higher intensity and longer period of cyanobacteria blooms. After submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum was added, there was no algae bloom at initial algae concentration of 5 μg·L~(-1) whereas transient algae blooms occurred in all groups at initial algae concentration of 10 μg·L~(-1). The chlorophyll-a concentration of each groups was lower than 10 μg·L~(-1), indicating the growth of cyanobacteria was suppressed by submerged macrophyte. Therefore, the cyanobacterial blooms will not occur in the presence of submerged macrophyte, even in the high nutrient concentration in water body.
引文
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Carpenter S R,Lathrop R C.2008.Probabilistic estimate of a threshold for eutrophication [J].Ecosystems,11(4):601-613
陈元,赵洋甬,潘双叶,等.2009.PHYTO-PAM对浮游植物中叶绿素的分类测定 [J].现代科学仪器,19(4):100-103
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代亮亮,郭亮亮,吴中奎,等.2016.不同浓度藻类水华对两种沉水植物的影响 [J].中国环境科学,36(9):2765-2773
Dong J,Yang K,Li S S,et al.2014.Submerged vegetation removal promotes shift of dominant phytoplankton functional groups in a eutrophic lake [J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,26:1699-1707
Dudgeon D.2010.Prospects for sustaining freshwater biodiversity in the 21st century:linking ecosystem structure and function [J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2(5):422-430
Folke C,Carpenter S,Walker B,et al.2004.Regime shifts,resilience,and biodiversity in ecosystem management [J].Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst,35(1):557-581
郭怀成,孙延枫.2002.滇池水体富营养化特征分析及控制对策探讨 [J].地理科学进展,21(5):500-506
Hilt S,Gross E M.2008.Can allelopathically active submerged macrophytes stabilise clear-water states in shallow lakes?[J].Basic & Applied Ecology,9(4):422-432
金相灿,刘文生.1999.湖泊污染底泥疏浚工程技术:滇池草海底泥疏挖及处置 [J].环境科学研究,12(5):9-12
孔繁翔,高光.2005.大型浅水富营养化湖泊中蓝藻水华形成机理的思考 [J].生态学报,25(3):589-595
李根保,李林,潘珉,等.2014.滇池生态系统退化成因、格局特征与分区分步恢复策略 [J].湖泊科学,26(4):485-496
Lombardo P,Cooke G D.2003.Ceratophyllum demersum-phosphorus interactions in nutrient enriched aquaria [J].Hydrobiologia,497(1):79-90
Mjelde M,Faafeng B.2010.Ceratophyllum demersum hampers phytoplankton development in some small Norwegian lakes over a wide range of phosphorus concentrations and geographical latitude [J].Freshwater Biology,37(2):355-365
Moore K A,Wetzel R L.2000.Seasonal variations in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) responses to nutrient enrichment and reduced light availability in experimental ecosystems [J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology,244(1):1-28
O′neil J,Davis T W,Burford M A,et al.2012.The rise of harmful cyanobacteria blooms:the potential roles of eutrophication and climate change [J].Harmful Algae,14:313-334
Paerl H W,Huisman J.2009.Climate change:a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms [J].Environmental Microbiology Reports,1(1):27-37
Palmer M A,Lettenmaier D P,Poff N L,et al.2009.Climate change and river ecosystems:Protection and adaptation options [J].Environmental Management,44(6):1053-1068
Pelechata A,Pelechaty M.2010.The in situ influence of Ceratophyllum demersum on a phytoplankton assemblage [J].Oceanological & Hydrobiological Studies,39(1):95-101
Scheffer M,Hosper S,Meijer M,et al.1993.Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes [J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,8(8):275-279
Short F T,Burdick D M,III J E K.1995.Mesocosm experiments quantify the effects of eutrophication on eelgrass,Zostera marina [J].Limnology & Oceanography,40(4):740-749
Taylor J M,King R S,Pease A A,et al.2014.Nonlinear response of stream ecosystem structure to low-level phosphorus enrichment [J].Freshwater Biology,59(5):969-984
魏复盛.2002.水和废水监测分析方法.第4版 [M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.243-257
薛建辉,阮宏华,刘金根,等.2008.太湖流域水岸生态防护林体系建设技术与对策 [J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),32(5):13-18
张德浩,蒋岭.2005.深圳特区城市水环境污染原因与对策 [J].西南给排水,27(2):25-27
章宗涉.1998.水生高等植物-浮游植物关系和湖泊营养状态 [J].湖泊科学,10(4):83-86
朱伟,张俊,赵联芳.2006.底质中氨氮对沉水植物生长的影响 [J].生态环境学报,15(5):24-30
Carpenter S R,Lathrop R C.2008.Probabilistic estimate of a threshold for eutrophication [J].Ecosystems,11(4):601-613
陈元,赵洋甬,潘双叶,等.2009.PHYTO-PAM对浮游植物中叶绿素的分类测定 [J].现代科学仪器,19(4):100-103
Correll D L.1998.Role of phosphorus in the eutrophication of receiving waters:A review [J].Journal of Environmental Quality,27(2):261-266
代亮亮,郭亮亮,吴中奎,等.2016.不同浓度藻类水华对两种沉水植物的影响 [J].中国环境科学,36(9):2765-2773
Dong J,Yang K,Li S S,et al.2014.Submerged vegetation removal promotes shift of dominant phytoplankton functional groups in a eutrophic lake [J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,26:1699-1707
Dudgeon D.2010.Prospects for sustaining freshwater biodiversity in the 21st century:linking ecosystem structure and function [J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2(5):422-430
Folke C,Carpenter S,Walker B,et al.2004.Regime shifts,resilience,and biodiversity in ecosystem management [J].Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst,35(1):557-581
郭怀成,孙延枫.2002.滇池水体富营养化特征分析及控制对策探讨 [J].地理科学进展,21(5):500-506
Hilt S,Gross E M.2008.Can allelopathically active submerged macrophytes stabilise clear-water states in shallow lakes?[J].Basic & Applied Ecology,9(4):422-432
金相灿,刘文生.1999.湖泊污染底泥疏浚工程技术:滇池草海底泥疏挖及处置 [J].环境科学研究,12(5):9-12
孔繁翔,高光.2005.大型浅水富营养化湖泊中蓝藻水华形成机理的思考 [J].生态学报,25(3):589-595
李根保,李林,潘珉,等.2014.滇池生态系统退化成因、格局特征与分区分步恢复策略 [J].湖泊科学,26(4):485-496
Lombardo P,Cooke G D.2003.Ceratophyllum demersum-phosphorus interactions in nutrient enriched aquaria [J].Hydrobiologia,497(1):79-90
Mjelde M,Faafeng B.2010.Ceratophyllum demersum hampers phytoplankton development in some small Norwegian lakes over a wide range of phosphorus concentrations and geographical latitude [J].Freshwater Biology,37(2):355-365
Moore K A,Wetzel R L.2000.Seasonal variations in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) responses to nutrient enrichment and reduced light availability in experimental ecosystems [J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology,244(1):1-28
O′neil J,Davis T W,Burford M A,et al.2012.The rise of harmful cyanobacteria blooms:the potential roles of eutrophication and climate change [J].Harmful Algae,14:313-334
Paerl H W,Huisman J.2009.Climate change:a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms [J].Environmental Microbiology Reports,1(1):27-37
Palmer M A,Lettenmaier D P,Poff N L,et al.2009.Climate change and river ecosystems:Protection and adaptation options [J].Environmental Management,44(6):1053-1068
Pelechata A,Pelechaty M.2010.The in situ influence of Ceratophyllum demersum on a phytoplankton assemblage [J].Oceanological & Hydrobiological Studies,39(1):95-101
Scheffer M,Hosper S,Meijer M,et al.1993.Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes [J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,8(8):275-279
Short F T,Burdick D M,III J E K.1995.Mesocosm experiments quantify the effects of eutrophication on eelgrass,Zostera marina [J].Limnology & Oceanography,40(4):740-749
Taylor J M,King R S,Pease A A,et al.2014.Nonlinear response of stream ecosystem structure to low-level phosphorus enrichment [J].Freshwater Biology,59(5):969-984
魏复盛.2002.水和废水监测分析方法.第4版 [M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.243-257
薛建辉,阮宏华,刘金根,等.2008.太湖流域水岸生态防护林体系建设技术与对策 [J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),32(5):13-18
张德浩,蒋岭.2005.深圳特区城市水环境污染原因与对策 [J].西南给排水,27(2):25-27
章宗涉.1998.水生高等植物-浮游植物关系和湖泊营养状态 [J].湖泊科学,10(4):83-86
朱伟,张俊,赵联芳.2006.底质中氨氮对沉水植物生长的影响 [J].生态环境学报,15(5):24-30