孔德和涂尔干论社会研究中的本体论——从拒斥到发掘其科学意蕴
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摘要
孔德开创的实证社会学源于一种立足于社会事实而不是抽象观念的方式研究社会的科学动机。涂尔干认识到,孔德有关事实的观点太狭隘了。事实绝非仅仅是感觉经验的对象。感觉经验只能认识事实的外部特征,而要真正把握事实的本质,必须考虑事实在整体中的结构关联和功用。社会事实受到社会规则和集体意识的制约。社会中的个体作为社会的组成部分在社会整体的结构中发挥各自的功能,并受到社会整体系统的约束和调整。每个个体的人都会死亡,其意识会随着其亡而消逝,但社会的集体意识(思想方式、观念形态和价值取向等)会依存社会的结构而保存下来且影响一代又一代人。涂尔干对社会事实的考察,揭示了社会本体论的科学意蕴。
The empirical sociology initiated by Auguste Comte originated from a scientific motivation to study society based on social facts rather than abstract ideas. émile Durkheim recognized that Comte's view of facts was too narrow. Facts are not merely the objects of sensory experience, through which we can only find the external characteristics of facts. To truly grasp the essence of facts, we must consider the structural correlation and function of facts in the whole. Social facts are constrained by social rules and collective consciousness. As a part of society, individuals in society play their respective functions in the overall structure of society and are restrained and adjusted by the overall system of society. Every individual will die, and his consciousness will disappear with his death, but the collective consciousness of society(way of thinking, ideology and value orientation, etc.) will depend on the structure of society and be preserved to affect generation after generation. Durkheim's investigation of social facts reveals the scientific implication of social ontology.
The empirical sociology initiated by Auguste Comte originated from a scientific motivation to study society based on social facts rather than abstract ideas. émile Durkheim recognized that Comte's view of facts was too narrow. Facts are not merely the objects of sensory experience, through which we can only find the external characteristics of facts. To truly grasp the essence of facts, we must consider the structural correlation and function of facts in the whole. Social facts are constrained by social rules and collective consciousness. As a part of society, individuals in society play their respective functions in the overall structure of society and are restrained and adjusted by the overall system of society. Every individual will die, and his consciousness will disappear with his death, but the collective consciousness of society(way of thinking, ideology and value orientation, etc.) will depend on the structure of society and be preserved to affect generation after generation. Durkheim's investigation of social facts reveals the scientific implication of social ontology.
引文
(1)孔德:《论实证精神》,南京:译林出版社,2011年,第9页。
(2)孔德:《论实证精神》,第25页。
(3)Cf.Andrew Wernick,Auguste Comte and the Religion of Humanity:The Post-Theistic Program of French Social Theory (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001) 5.
(4)迪尔凯姆:《社会学方法的准则》,北京:商务印书馆,2009年,第35页。
(5)② 迪尔凯姆:《社会学方法的准则》,第7、7页。
(6)② 迪尔凯姆:《社会学方法的准则》,第30、12页。
(7)Doyle Paul Johnson,Contemporary Sociological Theory (Springer 2008)31.
(8)Emile Durkheim,The Division of Labor in Society,tran.George Simpson (New York:Free Press,1947) 79-80.中译文参见涂尔干:《社会分工论》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2013年,第42～43页。
(9)Jonathan H.Turner,Leonard Beeghley,Charles H,Powers:《社会学理论的产生》,台北:洪叶文化,2000年,第393页。
(10)George Ritzer:《社会学理论》(下册),台北:巨流图书有限公司,2003年,第393页。
(11)涂尔干著:《宗教生活的基本形式》,北京:商务印书馆,2011年,第18页。
(2)孔德:《论实证精神》,第25页。
(3)Cf.Andrew Wernick,Auguste Comte and the Religion of Humanity:The Post-Theistic Program of French Social Theory (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001) 5.
(4)迪尔凯姆:《社会学方法的准则》,北京:商务印书馆,2009年,第35页。
(5)② 迪尔凯姆:《社会学方法的准则》,第7、7页。
(6)② 迪尔凯姆:《社会学方法的准则》,第30、12页。
(7)Doyle Paul Johnson,Contemporary Sociological Theory (Springer 2008)31.
(8)Emile Durkheim,The Division of Labor in Society,tran.George Simpson (New York:Free Press,1947) 79-80.中译文参见涂尔干:《社会分工论》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2013年,第42～43页。
(9)Jonathan H.Turner,Leonard Beeghley,Charles H,Powers:《社会学理论的产生》,台北:洪叶文化,2000年,第393页。
(10)George Ritzer:《社会学理论》(下册),台北:巨流图书有限公司,2003年,第393页。
(11)涂尔干著:《宗教生活的基本形式》,北京:商务印书馆,2011年,第18页。