阶层教养方式述评:拉鲁框架与中国社会
|
摘要
家庭教养方式作为阶层代际流动的一种微观机制,日益受到国内社会分层研究的重视。本文基于拉鲁所提出的"协作培养"和"自然成长"的阶层分析框架,从养育观、亲子关系和能力培养三个维度梳理家庭阶层地位与教养方式之间的关系。与美国社会相比,中国家庭的教养方式在养育观和亲子关系这两个维度上不存在明显的阶层差异,这可能与儒家文化有关;在能力培养这个维度上的阶层差异虽明显,也有其特殊性,这可能与教育制度有关。
Parenting practice, as an important micro-level mechanism for class mobility and reproduction,has recently received much attention from the Chinese social stratification scholars.Existing research has discussed some aspects of class differences in parenting practice of Chinese families,but still needs overall and systematic analysis of such class differences. Based on Lareau's class framework of"concerted cultivation"and"accomplishment of natural growth",this paper reviews the class differences in parenting practice from three dimensions: parenting beliefs, parent-child relationships,and cultivating strategies. Compared to American families,it doesn't exist significant class difference in parenting beliefs and parent-child relationships in Chinese families. It may be related to the dominant Confucius culture. Chinese families do show a significant class difference in cultivating strategies,but such class difference is not the same as that in American families. It may be related to the education system.
Parenting practice, as an important micro-level mechanism for class mobility and reproduction,has recently received much attention from the Chinese social stratification scholars.Existing research has discussed some aspects of class differences in parenting practice of Chinese families,but still needs overall and systematic analysis of such class differences. Based on Lareau's class framework of"concerted cultivation"and"accomplishment of natural growth",this paper reviews the class differences in parenting practice from three dimensions: parenting beliefs, parent-child relationships,and cultivating strategies. Compared to American families,it doesn't exist significant class difference in parenting beliefs and parent-child relationships in Chinese families. It may be related to the dominant Confucius culture. Chinese families do show a significant class difference in cultivating strategies,but such class difference is not the same as that in American families. It may be related to the education system.
引文
陈欣怡、刘欣,2013,《父母养育观念与文化资本的代际传递》,社会分层与流动研究冬季论坛,上海,12月14~15日。
陈志贤、杨巧玲,2011,《为难父母、父母为难:〈联合报〉亲职报道内容分析》,《新闻学研究》第1期。
楚红丽,2007,《基础教育阶段家庭消费支出内容与结构的研究述评》,《教育科学》第2期。
洪岩璧、赵延东,2014,《从资本到惯习:中国城市家庭教育模式的阶层分化》,《社会学研究》第4期。
侯利明,2015,《地位下降回避还是学历下降回避---教育不平等生成机制再探讨》,《社会学研究》第2期。
胡安宁,2017,《文化资本研究:中国语境下的再思考》,《社会科学》第1期。
黄秋雯、伍青生,2011,《小学生家庭课外课程的选择行为及其变化》,《上海教育科研》第4期。
拉鲁,2010,《不平等的童年:阶层、种族和家庭生活》,张旭译,北京:北京大学出版社。
蓝佩嘉,2014,《做父母、做阶级:亲职叙事、教养实作与阶级不平等》,《台湾社会学》第27期。
李春玲,2003,《社会政治变迁与教育机会不平等---家庭背景及制度因素对教育获得的影响(1940-2001)》,《中国社会科学》第3期。
李国强,2009,《家庭社会资本:家校合作的重要影响因素》,《中国教育学刊》第11期。
李路路、朱斌,2015,《当代中国的代际流动模式及其变迁》,《中国社会科学》第5期。
李骏、张陈陈,2018,《教养方式不存在阶层差异吗?来自全国和上海的新证据》,中国社会学年会,南京,7月16~18日。
李晓晗、郑磊,2017,《家庭社会经济地位对父母参与的影响及作用机制---基于CEPS数据的研究》,《教育经济评论》第1期。
林文瑛、王震武,1995,《中国父母的教养观:严教观或打骂观?》,《本土心理学研究》第3期。
刘保中、张月云、李建新,2015,《家庭社会经济地位与青少年教育期望:父母参与的中介作用》,《北京大学教育评论》第3期。
刘欣、田丰,2018,《社会结构研究40年:中国社会学研究者的探索》,《江苏社会科学》第4期。
刘永恒,2008,《近十年来国内教育补习研究:回顾与展望》,《未来与发展》第1期。
孙彩虹,2003,《重庆市中小学生家庭教育消费支出差异分析》,《重庆工商大学学报·西部经济论坛》第1期。
田丰、静永超,2018a,《工之子恒为工?中国城市社会流动与教养方式的阶层分化》,《社会学研究》第6期。
---,2018b,《家庭阶层地位、社会资本与青少年学业表现》,《复旦学报》第6期。
田丰、梁丹妮,2017,《中国城市家庭子女课外教育选择的阶层差异》,“全面二孩背景下的育儿问题”学业研讨会,北京,9月16~17日。
田丰、杨张韫宇,2017,《钢琴无用?家庭文化资本投资与学校教育》,社会分层与流动专业委员会冬季论坛,西安,12月8~10日。
吴愈晓、黄超、黄苏雯,2017,《家庭、学校与文化的双重再生产:文化资本效应的异质性分析》,《社会发展研究》第3期。
谢爱磊、洪岩璧,2017,《社会资本概念在教育研究中的应用---综述与评论》,《清华大学教育研究》第1期。
熊秉真,2008,《童年忆往:中国孩子的历史》,南宁:广西师范大学出版社。
薛海平,2016,《课外补习、学习成绩与社会再生产》,《教育与经济》第2期。
薛海平、丁小浩,2009,《中国城镇学生教育补习研究》,《教育研究》第1期。
杨多云,2012,《文化资本影响学业成就深探》,《少年儿童研究》第4期。
杨可,2018,《母职的经纪人化---教育市场化背景下的母职变迁》,《妇女研究论丛》第3期。
张桂金、张东、周文,2016,《多代流动效应:来自中国的证据》,《社会》第3期。
钟瑜婷,2012,《中国家庭子女养育观的阶层差异》,复旦大学社会学系硕士学位论文。
周怡、朱静、王平、李沛,2016,《社会分层的理论逻辑》,北京:中国人民大学出版社。
Aikens,Nikki L.&Oscar Barbarin 2008,“Socioeconomic Differences in Reading Trajectories:The Contribution of Family,Neighborhood,and School Contexts.”Journal of Educational Psychology 100(2).
Amato,Paul R.&Frieda Fowler 2002,“Parenting Practices,Child Adjustment,and Family Diversity.”Journal of Marriage and Family 64(3).
Aschaffenburg,Karen&Ineke Maas 1997,“Cultural and Educational Careers:The Dynamics of Social Reproduction.”American Sociological Review 62(4).
Barajas-Gonzalez,R Gabriela&Jeanne Brooks-Gunn 2014,“Income,Neighborhood Stressors,and Harsh parenting:Test of Moderation by Ethnicity,Age,and Gender.”Journal of Family Psychology 28(6).
Baumrind,Diana M.1971,“Current Patterns of Parental Authority.”Developmental Psychology 4.
Bennett,Pamela R.,Amy C.Lutz&Lakshmi Jayaram 2012,“Beyond the Schoolyard:The Role of Parenting Logics,Financial Resources,and Social Institutions in the Social Class Gap in Structured Activity Participation.”Sociology of Education 85(2).
Bourdieu,Pierre 1980,The Logic of Practice.Cambridge:Polity Press.
Calarco,Jessica Mc Crory 2011,“I Need Help!”“Social Class and Children’s Help-Seeking in Elementary School.”American Sociological Review 76(6).
---2014,“Coached for the Classroom:Parents’Cultural Transmission and Children’s Reproduction of Educational Inequalities.”American Sociological Review 79(5).
Carolan,B.V.2016,“Unequal Academic Achievement in High School:The Mediating Roles of Concerted Cultivation and Close Friends.”British Journal of Sociology of Education 37(7).
Carolan,B.V.&S.J.Wasserman 2015,“Does Parenting Style Matter?Concerted Cultivation,Educational Expectations,and the Transmission of Educational Advantage.”Sociological Perspectives 58(2).
Castro,Maria,Eva Expósito-Casas,Esther López-Martín,Luis Lizasoain,Enrique Navarro-Asencio&JoséLuis Gaviriaa2015,“Parental Involvement on Student Academic Achievement:A Meta-Analysis.”Educational Research Review14(1).
Chao,Ruth K.1994,“Beyond Parental Control and Authoritarian Parenting Style:Understanding Chinese parenting through the Cultural Notion of Training.”Child Development 65(4).
---2000,“The Parenting of Immigrant Chinese and European American Mothers:Relations between Parenting Styles,Socialization Goals,and Parental Practices.”Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 21(2).
---2001,“Extending Research on the Consequences of Parenting Style for Chinese Americans and European Americans.”Child Development 72(6).
Cheadle,Jacob E.2009,“Parent Educational Investment and Children’s General Knowledge Development.”Social Science Research 38(2).
Cheadle,Jacob E.&Paul R.Amato 2011,“A Quantitative Assessment of Lareau’s Qualitative Conclusions About Class,Race,and Parenting.”Journal of Family Issues 32(5).
Chen,Xinyin,Qi Dong&Hong Zhou.1997,“Authoritative and Authoritarian Parenting Practices and Social and School Performance in Chinese Children.”International Journal of Behavioral Development 21(4).
Chen,Ting,James Kai-sing Kung&Chicheng Ma 2016,“Long Lived Keju!The Persistent Effect of China’s Imperial Examination System.”in Summer School on Socioeconoimc Inequality.Jinan University,Guangzhou.
Chen,Xinyin,Mowei Liu,Boshu Li,Guozhen Cen,Huichang Chen&Li Wang 2000,“Maternal Authoritative and Authoritarian Attitudes and Mother-Child Interactions and Relationships in Urban China.”International Journal of Behavioral Development 24(1).
Chin,Tiffani&Meredith Philips 2004,“Social Reproduction and Child-Rearing Practices:Social Class,Children’s Agency,and the Summer Activity Gap.”Sociology of Education 77(3).
Coleman James,1988,Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.American Journal of Sociology 94.
Condron,Dennis J 2009,“Social Class,School and Non-School Environments,and Black/White Inequalities in Children’s Learning.”American Sociological Review 74(5).
Di Maggio,Paul 1982,“Cultural Capital and School Success:The Impact of Status Culture Participation on the Grades of U.S.High School Students.”American Sociological Review 47(2).
Di Maggio,Paul&John Mohr 1985,“Cultural Capital,Educational Attainment,and Marital Selection.”American Journal of Sociology 90(6).
Downey,Douglas B.,Paul T.von Hippel&Beckett A.Broh 2004,“Are Schools the Great Equalizer?Cognitive Inequality during the Summer Months and the School Year.”American Sociological Review 69(5).
Dumais,Susan A.2006a,“Early Childhood Cultural Capital,Parental Habitus,and Teachers’Perceptions.”Poetics 34(2).
---2006b,“Elementary School Students’Extracurricular Activities:The Effects of Participation on Achievement and Teachers’Evaluations.”Sociological Spectrum 26(2).
Ellis,Godfrey J.,Gary R.Lee&Larry R.Petersen 1978,“Supervision and Conformity:A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Parental Socialization Values.”American Journal of Sociology 84(2).
Entwisle,D.R.,K.L.Alexander&L.S.Olson 2005,“First Grade and Educational Attainment by Age 22:A New Story.”American Journal of Sociology 110(5).
Epstein,Joyce L.1987,“Toward a Theory of Family-School Connections:Teacher Practices and Parent Involvement across the School Years.”In K.Hurrelmann&F.-X.Kaufmann(eds.),Social intervention:Potential and Constraints.Berlin:Walter de Gruyter.
---2010,School,Family,and Community Partnerships:Preparing Educators and Improving Schools.New York:Routledge.
Fan,Xitao&Michael Chen 2001,“Parental Involvement and Students’Academic Achievement:A Meta-Analysis.”Educational Psychology Review 13(1).
Friedman,Hilary Levey 2013,Playing to Win:Raising Children in a Competitive Culture.Berkeley:University of California Press.
Gaddis,S.M.2013,“The Influence of Habitus in the Relationship between Cultural Capital and Academic Achievement.”Social Science Research 42(1).
Gerris,Jan R.,Maja Dekovic&Jan M.A.M Janssens 1997,“The Relationship between Social Class and Childbearing Behaviors:Parents’Perspective Taking and Value Orientations.”Journal of Marriage and Family 59(4).
Gershenson,Seth 2013,“Do Summer Time-Use Gaps Vary by Socioeconomic Status?”American Educational Research Journal 50(6).
Goodnow,Jacqueline J.&W.Andrews Collins 1990,Development According to Parents:The Nature,Sources,and Consequences of Parents’Ideas.New York:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Goyette,Kimberly&Yu Xie 1999,“Educational Expectations of Asian American Youths:Determinants and Ethnic Differences.”Sociology of Education 72(1).
Greenhalgh,Susan 2012,“Patriarchal Demographics?China’s Sex Ratio Reconsidered.”Population and Development Review 38(Supplement).
Juang,Linda P.&Rainer K.Silbereisen 2002,“The Relationship between Adolescent Academic Capability Beliefs,Parenting and School Grades.”Journal of Adolescence 25(1).
Kao,Grace 2004,“Parental Influences on the Educational Outcomes of Immigrant Youth.”International Migration Review 37(4).
Katsillis,John&Richard Rubinson 1990,“Cultural Capital,Student Achievement,and Educational Reproduction:The Case of Greece.”American Sociological Review 55(2).
Kipnis,Andrew B.2011,Governing Educational Desire:Culture,Politics,and Schooling in China.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Kohn,Melvin L.1959,“Social Class and Parental Values.”American Journal of Sociology 64(4).
---1963,“Social Class and Parent-Child Relationships:An Interpretation.”American Journal of Sociology 68(4).
---1987,“Cross-National Research as an Analytic Strategy.”American Socioalogical Review 52(6).
Kohn,Melvin L.&Carmi Schooler 1969,“Class,Occupation,and Orientation.”American Sociological Review 34(5).
Kong,Peggy A.2015,Parenting,Education,and Social Mobility in Rural China:Cultivating Dragons and Phoenixes.New York:Routledge.
Lamborn,Susie D.,Nina S.Mounts,Laurence Steinberg&Sanford M.Dornbusch 1991,“Patterns of Competence and Adjustment among Adolescents from Authoritative,Authoritarian,Indulgent,and Neglectful Families.”Child Development 62(5).
Lareau,Annette 1989,Home Advantage:Social Class and Parental Intervention in Elementary Education.New York:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers.
---2002,“Invisible Inequality:Social Class and Childrearing in Black Families and White Families.”American Sociological Review 67(5).
---2003,Unequal Childhoods:Class,Race,and Family Life.Berkeley:University of California Press.
---2015,“Cultural Knowledge and Social Inequality.”American Sociological Review 80(1).
Lareau,Annette&Elliot B.Weininger 2003,“Cultural Capital in Educational Research:A Critical Assessment.”Theory and Society 32(5/6).
Lavee,E.&O.Benjamin 2015,“Working-Class Mothers’School Involvement:a Class-Specific Maternal Ideal?”Sociological Review 63(3).
Massey,Doublas S.,Camille Z.Charles,Garvey F.Lundy&Mary J.Fischer 2003,The Source of the River:The Social Origins of Freshmen at America’s Selective Colleges and Universities.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Mccoby,E.&J.Martin 1983,“Socialization in the Context of the Family:Parent-Child Interaction.”In E.M.Hetherington(ed.),Handbook of Child Psychology(Vol.4):Socialization,Personality,and Social Development.New York:Wiley.
Mc Lanahan,Sara S.&Christine Percheski 2008,“Family Structure and the Reproduction of Inequalities.”Annual Review of Sociology 34.
Park,Heejung&Anna S.Lau 2016,“Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Priorities:Child Independence and Obedience Around the World.”Journal of Marriage and Family 78(1).
Pong,Suet-ling,Lingxin Hao&E.Gardner 2005,“The Roles of Parenting Styles and Social Capital of Immigrant Asian and Hispanic Adolescents.”Social Science Quarterly 86(4).
Pong,Suet-ling,Jamie Johnston&Vivien Chen 2010,“Authoritarian Parenting and Asian Adolescent School Performance:Insights from the US and Taiwan.”International Journal of Behavioral Development 34(1).
Potter,Daniel&Josipa Roksa 2013,“Accumulating Advantages over Time:Family Experiences and Social Class Inequality in Academic Achievement.”Social Science Research 42(4).
Roska,Josipa&Daniel Potter 2011,“Parenting and Academic Achievement:Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Advantage.”Sociology of Education 84(4).
Sherman,R.2017,“Conflicted Cultivation:Parenting,Privilege,and Moral Worth in Wealthy New York Families.”American Journal of Cultural Sociology 5(1-2).
Stefansen,Kari&H.Aarseth 2011,“Enriching Intimacy:the Role of the Emotional in the‘Resourcing’of MiddleClass Children.”British Journal of Sociology of Education 32(3).
Steinberg,Laurence,Susie D.Lamborn,N.S.Mounts Darling&Sanford M.Dornbusch 1994,“Over-Time Changes in Adjustment and Competence among Adolescents from Authoritative,Authoritarian,Indulgent,and Neglectful Families.”Child Development 65(3).
Streib,Jessi 2013,“Class Origin and College Graduates’Parenting Beliefs.”Sociological Quarterly 54(4).
Stuber,Jenny M.2012,Inside the College Gates:How Class and Culture Matter in Higher Education.Lexington:Lexington Books.
Swidler,Ann 1986,“Culture in Action:Symbols and Strategies.”American Sociological Reivew 51(2).
Trussell,D.E.&S.M.Shaw 2012,“Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces.”Leisure Sciences 34(5).
Vaisey,Stephen 2009,“Motivation and Justification:a Dual-Process Model of Culture in Action.”American Journal of Sociology 114(6).
Vincent,Carol&Stephen J.Ball 2007,“‘Making Up’the Middle-Class Child:Families,Activities and Class Dispositions.”Sociology 41(6).
Weininger,E.B.&A.Lareau 2003,“Translating Bourdieu into the American Context:The Question of Social Class and Family-School Relations.”Poetics 31(5-6).
Weininger,E.B.,A.Lareau&D.Conley 2015,“What Money Doesn’t Buy:Class Resources and Children’s Participation in Organized Extracurricular Activities.”Social Forces 94(2).
White,A.M.&C.T.Gager 2007,“Idle Hands and Empty Pockets?Youth Involvement in Extracurricular Activities,Social Capital,and Economic Status.”Youth&Society 39(1).
Wilder,S.2014,“Effects of Parental Involvement on Academic Achievement:A Meta-Synthesis.”Educational Review66(3).
Willis,Paul E.1981,Learning to Labor:How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs.New York:Columbia University Press.
Wingard,L.2007,“Constructing Time and Prioritizing Activities in Parent-Child Interaction.”Discourse&Society 18(1).
Wu,Peixia,Clyde C.Robinson,Chongming Yang,Grag H.Hart,Su sanne F.Olsen,Christin I.,Porter,Shenghua Jin,Jianzheng Wo&Xinzi Wu,2002,“Similanties and Differences in Mothers’Parenting of Preschoolers in China and United States.”International Journal of Behavioral Development 26.
Xie,Ailei 2016,Family Strategies,Guanxi and School Success in Rural China.London:Routledge.
Xie,Ailei&Gerard A.Postiglione 2015,“Guanxi and School Success:An Ethnographic Inquiry of Parental Involvement in Rural China.”British Journal of Sociology of Education 37(7).
Zhang,Yueyun&Yu Xie 2016,“Family Background,Private Tutoring,and Children’s Educational Performance in Contemporary China.”Chinese Sociological Review 48(1).
(1)需要指出的是,尽管拉鲁将协作培养和自然成长视为两种截然不同的教养方式,大部分定量研究则将教养方式视为是连续变化的,这两类方式代表养育质量高低的两个极端。
陈志贤、杨巧玲,2011,《为难父母、父母为难:〈联合报〉亲职报道内容分析》,《新闻学研究》第1期。
楚红丽,2007,《基础教育阶段家庭消费支出内容与结构的研究述评》,《教育科学》第2期。
洪岩璧、赵延东,2014,《从资本到惯习:中国城市家庭教育模式的阶层分化》,《社会学研究》第4期。
侯利明,2015,《地位下降回避还是学历下降回避---教育不平等生成机制再探讨》,《社会学研究》第2期。
胡安宁,2017,《文化资本研究:中国语境下的再思考》,《社会科学》第1期。
黄秋雯、伍青生,2011,《小学生家庭课外课程的选择行为及其变化》,《上海教育科研》第4期。
拉鲁,2010,《不平等的童年:阶层、种族和家庭生活》,张旭译,北京:北京大学出版社。
蓝佩嘉,2014,《做父母、做阶级:亲职叙事、教养实作与阶级不平等》,《台湾社会学》第27期。
李春玲,2003,《社会政治变迁与教育机会不平等---家庭背景及制度因素对教育获得的影响(1940-2001)》,《中国社会科学》第3期。
李国强,2009,《家庭社会资本:家校合作的重要影响因素》,《中国教育学刊》第11期。
李路路、朱斌,2015,《当代中国的代际流动模式及其变迁》,《中国社会科学》第5期。
李骏、张陈陈,2018,《教养方式不存在阶层差异吗?来自全国和上海的新证据》,中国社会学年会,南京,7月16~18日。
李晓晗、郑磊,2017,《家庭社会经济地位对父母参与的影响及作用机制---基于CEPS数据的研究》,《教育经济评论》第1期。
林文瑛、王震武,1995,《中国父母的教养观:严教观或打骂观?》,《本土心理学研究》第3期。
刘保中、张月云、李建新,2015,《家庭社会经济地位与青少年教育期望:父母参与的中介作用》,《北京大学教育评论》第3期。
刘欣、田丰,2018,《社会结构研究40年:中国社会学研究者的探索》,《江苏社会科学》第4期。
刘永恒,2008,《近十年来国内教育补习研究:回顾与展望》,《未来与发展》第1期。
孙彩虹,2003,《重庆市中小学生家庭教育消费支出差异分析》,《重庆工商大学学报·西部经济论坛》第1期。
田丰、静永超,2018a,《工之子恒为工?中国城市社会流动与教养方式的阶层分化》,《社会学研究》第6期。
---,2018b,《家庭阶层地位、社会资本与青少年学业表现》,《复旦学报》第6期。
田丰、梁丹妮,2017,《中国城市家庭子女课外教育选择的阶层差异》,“全面二孩背景下的育儿问题”学业研讨会,北京,9月16~17日。
田丰、杨张韫宇,2017,《钢琴无用?家庭文化资本投资与学校教育》,社会分层与流动专业委员会冬季论坛,西安,12月8~10日。
吴愈晓、黄超、黄苏雯,2017,《家庭、学校与文化的双重再生产:文化资本效应的异质性分析》,《社会发展研究》第3期。
谢爱磊、洪岩璧,2017,《社会资本概念在教育研究中的应用---综述与评论》,《清华大学教育研究》第1期。
熊秉真,2008,《童年忆往:中国孩子的历史》,南宁:广西师范大学出版社。
薛海平,2016,《课外补习、学习成绩与社会再生产》,《教育与经济》第2期。
薛海平、丁小浩,2009,《中国城镇学生教育补习研究》,《教育研究》第1期。
杨多云,2012,《文化资本影响学业成就深探》,《少年儿童研究》第4期。
杨可,2018,《母职的经纪人化---教育市场化背景下的母职变迁》,《妇女研究论丛》第3期。
张桂金、张东、周文,2016,《多代流动效应:来自中国的证据》,《社会》第3期。
钟瑜婷,2012,《中国家庭子女养育观的阶层差异》,复旦大学社会学系硕士学位论文。
周怡、朱静、王平、李沛,2016,《社会分层的理论逻辑》,北京:中国人民大学出版社。
Aikens,Nikki L.&Oscar Barbarin 2008,“Socioeconomic Differences in Reading Trajectories:The Contribution of Family,Neighborhood,and School Contexts.”Journal of Educational Psychology 100(2).
Amato,Paul R.&Frieda Fowler 2002,“Parenting Practices,Child Adjustment,and Family Diversity.”Journal of Marriage and Family 64(3).
Aschaffenburg,Karen&Ineke Maas 1997,“Cultural and Educational Careers:The Dynamics of Social Reproduction.”American Sociological Review 62(4).
Barajas-Gonzalez,R Gabriela&Jeanne Brooks-Gunn 2014,“Income,Neighborhood Stressors,and Harsh parenting:Test of Moderation by Ethnicity,Age,and Gender.”Journal of Family Psychology 28(6).
Baumrind,Diana M.1971,“Current Patterns of Parental Authority.”Developmental Psychology 4.
Bennett,Pamela R.,Amy C.Lutz&Lakshmi Jayaram 2012,“Beyond the Schoolyard:The Role of Parenting Logics,Financial Resources,and Social Institutions in the Social Class Gap in Structured Activity Participation.”Sociology of Education 85(2).
Bourdieu,Pierre 1980,The Logic of Practice.Cambridge:Polity Press.
Calarco,Jessica Mc Crory 2011,“I Need Help!”“Social Class and Children’s Help-Seeking in Elementary School.”American Sociological Review 76(6).
---2014,“Coached for the Classroom:Parents’Cultural Transmission and Children’s Reproduction of Educational Inequalities.”American Sociological Review 79(5).
Carolan,B.V.2016,“Unequal Academic Achievement in High School:The Mediating Roles of Concerted Cultivation and Close Friends.”British Journal of Sociology of Education 37(7).
Carolan,B.V.&S.J.Wasserman 2015,“Does Parenting Style Matter?Concerted Cultivation,Educational Expectations,and the Transmission of Educational Advantage.”Sociological Perspectives 58(2).
Castro,Maria,Eva Expósito-Casas,Esther López-Martín,Luis Lizasoain,Enrique Navarro-Asencio&JoséLuis Gaviriaa2015,“Parental Involvement on Student Academic Achievement:A Meta-Analysis.”Educational Research Review14(1).
Chao,Ruth K.1994,“Beyond Parental Control and Authoritarian Parenting Style:Understanding Chinese parenting through the Cultural Notion of Training.”Child Development 65(4).
---2000,“The Parenting of Immigrant Chinese and European American Mothers:Relations between Parenting Styles,Socialization Goals,and Parental Practices.”Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 21(2).
---2001,“Extending Research on the Consequences of Parenting Style for Chinese Americans and European Americans.”Child Development 72(6).
Cheadle,Jacob E.2009,“Parent Educational Investment and Children’s General Knowledge Development.”Social Science Research 38(2).
Cheadle,Jacob E.&Paul R.Amato 2011,“A Quantitative Assessment of Lareau’s Qualitative Conclusions About Class,Race,and Parenting.”Journal of Family Issues 32(5).
Chen,Xinyin,Qi Dong&Hong Zhou.1997,“Authoritative and Authoritarian Parenting Practices and Social and School Performance in Chinese Children.”International Journal of Behavioral Development 21(4).
Chen,Ting,James Kai-sing Kung&Chicheng Ma 2016,“Long Lived Keju!The Persistent Effect of China’s Imperial Examination System.”in Summer School on Socioeconoimc Inequality.Jinan University,Guangzhou.
Chen,Xinyin,Mowei Liu,Boshu Li,Guozhen Cen,Huichang Chen&Li Wang 2000,“Maternal Authoritative and Authoritarian Attitudes and Mother-Child Interactions and Relationships in Urban China.”International Journal of Behavioral Development 24(1).
Chin,Tiffani&Meredith Philips 2004,“Social Reproduction and Child-Rearing Practices:Social Class,Children’s Agency,and the Summer Activity Gap.”Sociology of Education 77(3).
Coleman James,1988,Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.American Journal of Sociology 94.
Condron,Dennis J 2009,“Social Class,School and Non-School Environments,and Black/White Inequalities in Children’s Learning.”American Sociological Review 74(5).
Di Maggio,Paul 1982,“Cultural Capital and School Success:The Impact of Status Culture Participation on the Grades of U.S.High School Students.”American Sociological Review 47(2).
Di Maggio,Paul&John Mohr 1985,“Cultural Capital,Educational Attainment,and Marital Selection.”American Journal of Sociology 90(6).
Downey,Douglas B.,Paul T.von Hippel&Beckett A.Broh 2004,“Are Schools the Great Equalizer?Cognitive Inequality during the Summer Months and the School Year.”American Sociological Review 69(5).
Dumais,Susan A.2006a,“Early Childhood Cultural Capital,Parental Habitus,and Teachers’Perceptions.”Poetics 34(2).
---2006b,“Elementary School Students’Extracurricular Activities:The Effects of Participation on Achievement and Teachers’Evaluations.”Sociological Spectrum 26(2).
Ellis,Godfrey J.,Gary R.Lee&Larry R.Petersen 1978,“Supervision and Conformity:A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Parental Socialization Values.”American Journal of Sociology 84(2).
Entwisle,D.R.,K.L.Alexander&L.S.Olson 2005,“First Grade and Educational Attainment by Age 22:A New Story.”American Journal of Sociology 110(5).
Epstein,Joyce L.1987,“Toward a Theory of Family-School Connections:Teacher Practices and Parent Involvement across the School Years.”In K.Hurrelmann&F.-X.Kaufmann(eds.),Social intervention:Potential and Constraints.Berlin:Walter de Gruyter.
---2010,School,Family,and Community Partnerships:Preparing Educators and Improving Schools.New York:Routledge.
Fan,Xitao&Michael Chen 2001,“Parental Involvement and Students’Academic Achievement:A Meta-Analysis.”Educational Psychology Review 13(1).
Friedman,Hilary Levey 2013,Playing to Win:Raising Children in a Competitive Culture.Berkeley:University of California Press.
Gaddis,S.M.2013,“The Influence of Habitus in the Relationship between Cultural Capital and Academic Achievement.”Social Science Research 42(1).
Gerris,Jan R.,Maja Dekovic&Jan M.A.M Janssens 1997,“The Relationship between Social Class and Childbearing Behaviors:Parents’Perspective Taking and Value Orientations.”Journal of Marriage and Family 59(4).
Gershenson,Seth 2013,“Do Summer Time-Use Gaps Vary by Socioeconomic Status?”American Educational Research Journal 50(6).
Goodnow,Jacqueline J.&W.Andrews Collins 1990,Development According to Parents:The Nature,Sources,and Consequences of Parents’Ideas.New York:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Goyette,Kimberly&Yu Xie 1999,“Educational Expectations of Asian American Youths:Determinants and Ethnic Differences.”Sociology of Education 72(1).
Greenhalgh,Susan 2012,“Patriarchal Demographics?China’s Sex Ratio Reconsidered.”Population and Development Review 38(Supplement).
Juang,Linda P.&Rainer K.Silbereisen 2002,“The Relationship between Adolescent Academic Capability Beliefs,Parenting and School Grades.”Journal of Adolescence 25(1).
Kao,Grace 2004,“Parental Influences on the Educational Outcomes of Immigrant Youth.”International Migration Review 37(4).
Katsillis,John&Richard Rubinson 1990,“Cultural Capital,Student Achievement,and Educational Reproduction:The Case of Greece.”American Sociological Review 55(2).
Kipnis,Andrew B.2011,Governing Educational Desire:Culture,Politics,and Schooling in China.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Kohn,Melvin L.1959,“Social Class and Parental Values.”American Journal of Sociology 64(4).
---1963,“Social Class and Parent-Child Relationships:An Interpretation.”American Journal of Sociology 68(4).
---1987,“Cross-National Research as an Analytic Strategy.”American Socioalogical Review 52(6).
Kohn,Melvin L.&Carmi Schooler 1969,“Class,Occupation,and Orientation.”American Sociological Review 34(5).
Kong,Peggy A.2015,Parenting,Education,and Social Mobility in Rural China:Cultivating Dragons and Phoenixes.New York:Routledge.
Lamborn,Susie D.,Nina S.Mounts,Laurence Steinberg&Sanford M.Dornbusch 1991,“Patterns of Competence and Adjustment among Adolescents from Authoritative,Authoritarian,Indulgent,and Neglectful Families.”Child Development 62(5).
Lareau,Annette 1989,Home Advantage:Social Class and Parental Intervention in Elementary Education.New York:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers.
---2002,“Invisible Inequality:Social Class and Childrearing in Black Families and White Families.”American Sociological Review 67(5).
---2003,Unequal Childhoods:Class,Race,and Family Life.Berkeley:University of California Press.
---2015,“Cultural Knowledge and Social Inequality.”American Sociological Review 80(1).
Lareau,Annette&Elliot B.Weininger 2003,“Cultural Capital in Educational Research:A Critical Assessment.”Theory and Society 32(5/6).
Lavee,E.&O.Benjamin 2015,“Working-Class Mothers’School Involvement:a Class-Specific Maternal Ideal?”Sociological Review 63(3).
Massey,Doublas S.,Camille Z.Charles,Garvey F.Lundy&Mary J.Fischer 2003,The Source of the River:The Social Origins of Freshmen at America’s Selective Colleges and Universities.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Mccoby,E.&J.Martin 1983,“Socialization in the Context of the Family:Parent-Child Interaction.”In E.M.Hetherington(ed.),Handbook of Child Psychology(Vol.4):Socialization,Personality,and Social Development.New York:Wiley.
Mc Lanahan,Sara S.&Christine Percheski 2008,“Family Structure and the Reproduction of Inequalities.”Annual Review of Sociology 34.
Park,Heejung&Anna S.Lau 2016,“Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Priorities:Child Independence and Obedience Around the World.”Journal of Marriage and Family 78(1).
Pong,Suet-ling,Lingxin Hao&E.Gardner 2005,“The Roles of Parenting Styles and Social Capital of Immigrant Asian and Hispanic Adolescents.”Social Science Quarterly 86(4).
Pong,Suet-ling,Jamie Johnston&Vivien Chen 2010,“Authoritarian Parenting and Asian Adolescent School Performance:Insights from the US and Taiwan.”International Journal of Behavioral Development 34(1).
Potter,Daniel&Josipa Roksa 2013,“Accumulating Advantages over Time:Family Experiences and Social Class Inequality in Academic Achievement.”Social Science Research 42(4).
Roska,Josipa&Daniel Potter 2011,“Parenting and Academic Achievement:Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Advantage.”Sociology of Education 84(4).
Sherman,R.2017,“Conflicted Cultivation:Parenting,Privilege,and Moral Worth in Wealthy New York Families.”American Journal of Cultural Sociology 5(1-2).
Stefansen,Kari&H.Aarseth 2011,“Enriching Intimacy:the Role of the Emotional in the‘Resourcing’of MiddleClass Children.”British Journal of Sociology of Education 32(3).
Steinberg,Laurence,Susie D.Lamborn,N.S.Mounts Darling&Sanford M.Dornbusch 1994,“Over-Time Changes in Adjustment and Competence among Adolescents from Authoritative,Authoritarian,Indulgent,and Neglectful Families.”Child Development 65(3).
Streib,Jessi 2013,“Class Origin and College Graduates’Parenting Beliefs.”Sociological Quarterly 54(4).
Stuber,Jenny M.2012,Inside the College Gates:How Class and Culture Matter in Higher Education.Lexington:Lexington Books.
Swidler,Ann 1986,“Culture in Action:Symbols and Strategies.”American Sociological Reivew 51(2).
Trussell,D.E.&S.M.Shaw 2012,“Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces.”Leisure Sciences 34(5).
Vaisey,Stephen 2009,“Motivation and Justification:a Dual-Process Model of Culture in Action.”American Journal of Sociology 114(6).
Vincent,Carol&Stephen J.Ball 2007,“‘Making Up’the Middle-Class Child:Families,Activities and Class Dispositions.”Sociology 41(6).
Weininger,E.B.&A.Lareau 2003,“Translating Bourdieu into the American Context:The Question of Social Class and Family-School Relations.”Poetics 31(5-6).
Weininger,E.B.,A.Lareau&D.Conley 2015,“What Money Doesn’t Buy:Class Resources and Children’s Participation in Organized Extracurricular Activities.”Social Forces 94(2).
White,A.M.&C.T.Gager 2007,“Idle Hands and Empty Pockets?Youth Involvement in Extracurricular Activities,Social Capital,and Economic Status.”Youth&Society 39(1).
Wilder,S.2014,“Effects of Parental Involvement on Academic Achievement:A Meta-Synthesis.”Educational Review66(3).
Willis,Paul E.1981,Learning to Labor:How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs.New York:Columbia University Press.
Wingard,L.2007,“Constructing Time and Prioritizing Activities in Parent-Child Interaction.”Discourse&Society 18(1).
Wu,Peixia,Clyde C.Robinson,Chongming Yang,Grag H.Hart,Su sanne F.Olsen,Christin I.,Porter,Shenghua Jin,Jianzheng Wo&Xinzi Wu,2002,“Similanties and Differences in Mothers’Parenting of Preschoolers in China and United States.”International Journal of Behavioral Development 26.
Xie,Ailei 2016,Family Strategies,Guanxi and School Success in Rural China.London:Routledge.
Xie,Ailei&Gerard A.Postiglione 2015,“Guanxi and School Success:An Ethnographic Inquiry of Parental Involvement in Rural China.”British Journal of Sociology of Education 37(7).
Zhang,Yueyun&Yu Xie 2016,“Family Background,Private Tutoring,and Children’s Educational Performance in Contemporary China.”Chinese Sociological Review 48(1).
(1)需要指出的是,尽管拉鲁将协作培养和自然成长视为两种截然不同的教养方式,大部分定量研究则将教养方式视为是连续变化的,这两类方式代表养育质量高低的两个极端。