异地养老者社会融入的四维检视与应对逻辑——基于海南省的实证调查
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摘要
异地养老者社会融入与老年人口生活幸福指数密切相关,是中国积极应对人口老龄化无法回避的现实问题,而人口老龄化所产生的冲击不亚于人类历史上发生过的任何一次变革,其重要性不言而喻。研究发现,异地养老者在政治、经济、社交和文化融入层面都存在不少问题,突出表现为市民身份普遍缺失,政治参与机会少;就业意愿较高而就业率偏低;社会福利被区别对待;与当地人接触有限,语言交流存在障碍,规范习俗与身份认同较弱。要让异地养老者更好地融入养老地,可以从如下方面着手:放宽落户政策,给予他们更多的政治参与机会;转变用人观念,完善老年人口就业政策;引导社会福利由"差异化"走向"均等化";鼓励异地养老者参加养老地社会组织;构建共存共生的多元文化体系。
The social integration of elderly migrants is closely related to the happiness index of the elderly population and it is a realistic problem that China cannot avoid in coping with population aging,the impact of which is no less than any change in human history. The study found that there are many problems in the political,economic,social and cultural integration of the elderly migrants,which are highlighted by the general lack of citizenship,less opportunities for political participation; higher employment willingness and lower employment rate; discriminated social welfare; limited contact with local people and language barriers; weak norms and identities. To make elderly migrants better integrate into the local community,the following can be done: relaxing the hukou settlement policy to give them more opportunities for political participation; changing the concept of employment and improving the employment policy for the elderly; guiding social welfare from "differentiation"towards "Equalization"; encouraging the elderly migrants to engage in local social organizations; building a symbiotic and coexisting multicultural system.
The social integration of elderly migrants is closely related to the happiness index of the elderly population and it is a realistic problem that China cannot avoid in coping with population aging,the impact of which is no less than any change in human history. The study found that there are many problems in the political,economic,social and cultural integration of the elderly migrants,which are highlighted by the general lack of citizenship,less opportunities for political participation; higher employment willingness and lower employment rate; discriminated social welfare; limited contact with local people and language barriers; weak norms and identities. To make elderly migrants better integrate into the local community,the following can be done: relaxing the hukou settlement policy to give them more opportunities for political participation; changing the concept of employment and improving the employment policy for the elderly; guiding social welfare from "differentiation"towards "Equalization"; encouraging the elderly migrants to engage in local social organizations; building a symbiotic and coexisting multicultural system.
引文
[1]李芬.异地养老者的特征:异地养老模式的机遇与挑战——基于157位异地养老者问卷调查的分析[J].人口与发展,2012,(4).
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[3]何阳,叶云岭.关于异地养老机构市场化的思考[J].当代经济管理,2016,(5).
[4]何阳.异地养老与地方智库建设:基于海南智库的现状考证[J].管理现代化,2017,(4).
[5]周红梅.对四川候鸟式养老人群体育生活方式的调查与思考[J].西华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,(5).
[6]杨菊华.中国流动人口的社会融入研究[J].中国社会科学,2015,(2).
[7]宋月萍,陶椰.融入与接纳:互动视角下的流动人口社会融合实证研究[J].人口研究,2012,(3).
[8]孙涛,赵岩,翟磊.社会融入视角下的城市流动人口服务管理研究——基于三亚市的实证调查[J].公共管理学报,2014,(4).
[9]袁年新,许宪隆.长三角地区穆斯林流动人口社会融入研究——基于结构方程模型的分析[J].中国人口科学,2016,(2).
[10]王振卯.少数民族流动人口社会融入影响因素研究——对江苏省的实证分析[J].内蒙古社会科学(汉文版),2010,(5).
[11]秘舒.社会学干预方法在流动儿童社会融入中的应用[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,(4).
[12]PARK R. Human Migration and Marginal Man[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1928,(6).
[13]GORDON M. Assimilation in American life[M]. Glencoe,Il:Free Press,1964.
[14][英]安东尼·吉登斯.第三条道路——社会民主主义的复兴[M].郑戈,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2000.
[15]Carl Parsons. Social Inclusion and School Improvement[J]. Support for learning,1999,(4).
[16]Hugh Collins. Discrimination,Equality and Social inclusion[J]. The Modern Law Review,2003,(1).
[17]梁波,王海英.国外移民社会融入研究综述[J].甘肃行政学院学报,2010,(2).
[18]JUNGER-TAS J. Ethnic Minorities,Social Integration of Immigrants in Welfare States:A comparison of the Literature on Germany,France,Great Britain and the Nether land[J]. European Journal of Political Research,1997,(4).
[19]ENTZINGER H B,BIEZEVELD R I. Bench marking in Immigrant Integration[R]. Rotterdam:Erasmus University Rotterdam,2003.
[20]段成荣,段力刚.流动人口政治参与问题研究[J].国家行政学院学报,2014,(5).
[21]王羚.“候鸟老人”经济学[N].第一财经日报,2016-12-06.
[22]王树新,杨彦.老年人力资源开发的策略构想[J].人口研究,2005,(3).
[23]何阳,李芬.政府治理异地养老的理论与实践启示[J].青海社会科学,2017,(1).
[24]马广海,许英.论社会福利:概念和视角[J].山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,(5).
(1)海南省人才办的一项调查显示,54.31%的省外人才愿意为海南提供智力服务,34.14%的人才表示视情况而定。参见:海南:“候鸟”人才献智国际旅游岛[N].中国组织人事报,2017-04-04.
(2)调查显示,海南省候鸟老年人群的户籍地主要在北方地区,特别集中在黑龙江省、吉林省、北京市以及辽宁省。仅来自上述四省市的候鸟老人就占总人数的53.9%。参见:王羚.“候鸟老人”经济学[N].第一财经日报,2016-12-06.
[2]黄诚.候鸟老人养老服务需求特征研究——基于对海南三亚的问卷调查分析[J].中国市场,2015,(21).
[3]何阳,叶云岭.关于异地养老机构市场化的思考[J].当代经济管理,2016,(5).
[4]何阳.异地养老与地方智库建设:基于海南智库的现状考证[J].管理现代化,2017,(4).
[5]周红梅.对四川候鸟式养老人群体育生活方式的调查与思考[J].西华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,(5).
[6]杨菊华.中国流动人口的社会融入研究[J].中国社会科学,2015,(2).
[7]宋月萍,陶椰.融入与接纳:互动视角下的流动人口社会融合实证研究[J].人口研究,2012,(3).
[8]孙涛,赵岩,翟磊.社会融入视角下的城市流动人口服务管理研究——基于三亚市的实证调查[J].公共管理学报,2014,(4).
[9]袁年新,许宪隆.长三角地区穆斯林流动人口社会融入研究——基于结构方程模型的分析[J].中国人口科学,2016,(2).
[10]王振卯.少数民族流动人口社会融入影响因素研究——对江苏省的实证分析[J].内蒙古社会科学(汉文版),2010,(5).
[11]秘舒.社会学干预方法在流动儿童社会融入中的应用[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,(4).
[12]PARK R. Human Migration and Marginal Man[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1928,(6).
[13]GORDON M. Assimilation in American life[M]. Glencoe,Il:Free Press,1964.
[14][英]安东尼·吉登斯.第三条道路——社会民主主义的复兴[M].郑戈,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2000.
[15]Carl Parsons. Social Inclusion and School Improvement[J]. Support for learning,1999,(4).
[16]Hugh Collins. Discrimination,Equality and Social inclusion[J]. The Modern Law Review,2003,(1).
[17]梁波,王海英.国外移民社会融入研究综述[J].甘肃行政学院学报,2010,(2).
[18]JUNGER-TAS J. Ethnic Minorities,Social Integration of Immigrants in Welfare States:A comparison of the Literature on Germany,France,Great Britain and the Nether land[J]. European Journal of Political Research,1997,(4).
[19]ENTZINGER H B,BIEZEVELD R I. Bench marking in Immigrant Integration[R]. Rotterdam:Erasmus University Rotterdam,2003.
[20]段成荣,段力刚.流动人口政治参与问题研究[J].国家行政学院学报,2014,(5).
[21]王羚.“候鸟老人”经济学[N].第一财经日报,2016-12-06.
[22]王树新,杨彦.老年人力资源开发的策略构想[J].人口研究,2005,(3).
[23]何阳,李芬.政府治理异地养老的理论与实践启示[J].青海社会科学,2017,(1).
[24]马广海,许英.论社会福利:概念和视角[J].山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,(5).
(1)海南省人才办的一项调查显示,54.31%的省外人才愿意为海南提供智力服务,34.14%的人才表示视情况而定。参见:海南:“候鸟”人才献智国际旅游岛[N].中国组织人事报,2017-04-04.
(2)调查显示,海南省候鸟老年人群的户籍地主要在北方地区,特别集中在黑龙江省、吉林省、北京市以及辽宁省。仅来自上述四省市的候鸟老人就占总人数的53.9%。参见:王羚.“候鸟老人”经济学[N].第一财经日报,2016-12-06.