新型城镇化背景下城市外来人口的社会融合
|
摘要
促进农业转移人口的市民化、提高城镇化质量,已成为新型城镇化关注的焦点。在考察中国城镇化过程和行为主体的基础上,揭示城市外来人口社会融合面临的主要问题及形成原因,进而提出促进外来人口社会融合的策略。研究发现:政府、企业和个人不仅是推进城镇化的三个行为主体,三者之间的交互影响也导致外来人口社会融合问题的产生。中央政府主要通过政策引导城镇化的健康发展,地方政府在推进地方城镇化中扮演重要的作用,但更多关注自身行政区范围内的经济发展和社会福祉,通过户籍制度排斥外来人口的社会融入。中国企业主要承接劳动密集型的产业,因而大多采取低工资、低社会保障的政策。个人的人力资本等特征对于外来人口的社会融合也具有重要影响。但在三个行为主体中,外来人口处于最弱势的地位,制度性的障碍使他们难以嵌入城市社会。为了更好促进城市外来人口的社会融合,研究认为:需要进一步深化户籍制度改革,建设包容性城市,推进基本公共服务均等化,政府、企业和个人三个行为主体共同承担市民化的成本。
Under the background of human-oriented new-type urbanization, the citizenization of rural migrants attracted more and more attention from scholars and governments in recent years. On the basis of analyzing the China's urbanization and behavioral agencies, the paper indicated major difficulties facing the rural migrants in the process of social integration. The main findings are as follows:(1) the government, firm and individual are three main behavioral agencies in the process of urbanization in China, and their interaction is the main cause leading to the appearances of social exclusion.(2) The central government is mainly in charge of guiding the overall development of national urbanization by making top-level policies, while local governments play an important part in promoting local urbanization. However, by mean of the household registration system, local governments pay more attention to the economic development, and generally exclude the rural migrants from other administrative units to share the equal welfare together with the local residents.(3) Most China's firms mainly undertake labor-intensive industries, and most of them adopt low-wage and low-social security policies to decrease the productive cost. These measures result in low wages and low social security level for rural migrants and hinder their social integration.(4) The human capital characteristics of individuals also have an important influence on the social integration of floating population.Generally, the rural migrants with more human capitals(well-educated, younger, etc.) are more likely to integrate themselves into local society. Among the three behavioral agencies, the rural migrants are no doubt in the weakest status, and the institutional obstacles hinder them to embed in the urban society. In the end, some suggestions were proposed to promote the social integration of rural migrants. Firstly, we should deepen the reform of the household registration system, build an inclusive city, and promote the equalization of basic public services. Secondly,the government, firms and individuals should share the cost to realize citizenship.
Under the background of human-oriented new-type urbanization, the citizenization of rural migrants attracted more and more attention from scholars and governments in recent years. On the basis of analyzing the China's urbanization and behavioral agencies, the paper indicated major difficulties facing the rural migrants in the process of social integration. The main findings are as follows:(1) the government, firm and individual are three main behavioral agencies in the process of urbanization in China, and their interaction is the main cause leading to the appearances of social exclusion.(2) The central government is mainly in charge of guiding the overall development of national urbanization by making top-level policies, while local governments play an important part in promoting local urbanization. However, by mean of the household registration system, local governments pay more attention to the economic development, and generally exclude the rural migrants from other administrative units to share the equal welfare together with the local residents.(3) Most China's firms mainly undertake labor-intensive industries, and most of them adopt low-wage and low-social security policies to decrease the productive cost. These measures result in low wages and low social security level for rural migrants and hinder their social integration.(4) The human capital characteristics of individuals also have an important influence on the social integration of floating population.Generally, the rural migrants with more human capitals(well-educated, younger, etc.) are more likely to integrate themselves into local society. Among the three behavioral agencies, the rural migrants are no doubt in the weakest status, and the institutional obstacles hinder them to embed in the urban society. In the end, some suggestions were proposed to promote the social integration of rural migrants. Firstly, we should deepen the reform of the household registration system, build an inclusive city, and promote the equalization of basic public services. Secondly,the government, firms and individuals should share the cost to realize citizenship.
引文
[1]宁越敏,杨传开.中国推进新型城镇化的背景与发展战略思考.见:宁越敏.中国城市研究.北京:商务印书馆,2013:14-26.[Ning Yuemin,Yang Chuankai.The background and development strategy of new urbanization in China.In:Ning Yuemin.China Urban Studies.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2013:14-26.]
[2]王春光.农村流动人口的“半城市化”问题研究.社会学研究,2006,(5):107-122.[Wang Chunguang.A study of floating rural people's"semi-urbanization".Sociological Studies,2006,(5):107-122.]
[3]陆大道,陈明星.关于“国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020)”编制大背景的几点认识.地理学报,2015,70(2):179-185.[Lu Dadao,Chen Mingxing.Several viewpoints on the background of compiling the"National New Urbanization Planning(2014-2020)".Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):179-185.]
[4]Park R E,Burgess E W.Introduction to the Science of Sociology.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1921.
[5]任远,乔楠.城市外来人口社会融合的过程、测量及影响因素.人口研究,2010,34(2):11-20.[Ren Yuan,Qiao Nan.Social integration for migrants:Process,measurement and determinants.Population Research,2010,34(2):11-20.]
[6]汪明峰,程红,宁越敏.上海城中村外来人口的社会融合及其影响因素.地理学报,2015,70(8):1243-1255.[Wang Mingfeng,Cheng Hong,Ning Yuemin.Social integration of migrants in Shanghai's urban villages.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(8):1243-1255.]
[7]李志刚,吴缚龙,肖扬.基于全国第六次人口普查数据的广州新移民居住分异研究.地理研究,2014,33(11):2056-2068.[Li Zhigang,Wu Fulong,Xiao Yang.Residential segregation of new migrants in Guangzhou,China:A study of the 6th census.Geographical Research,2014,33(11):2056-2068.]
[8]陈明星,龚颖华.城镇化系列咨询研究进展与影响.地理研究,2016,35(11):2015-2024.[Chen Mingxing,Gong Yinghua.Research progress and influence of series of consulting reports of urbanization.Geographical Research,2016,35(11):2015-2024.]
[9]方创琳,鲍超,黄金川,等.中国城镇化发展的地理学贡献与责任使命.地理科学,2018,38(3):321-331.[Fang Chuanglin,Bao Chao,Huang Jinchuan et al.Contribution,responsibility and mission of geography on China's urbanization development.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(3):321-331.]
[10]陈明星.城市化领域的研究进展和科学问题.地理研究,2015,34(4):614-630.[Chen Mingxing.Research progress and scientific issues in the field of urbanization.Geographical Research,2015,34(4):614-630.]
[11]崔功豪,马润潮.中国自下而上城市化的发展及其机制.地理学报,1999,54(2):106-115.[Cui Gonghao,Ma R C.Urbanization from below in China:Its development and mechanisms.Acta Geographica Sinica,1999,54(2):106-115.]
[12]陈明星,陆大道,张华.中国城市化水平的综合测度及其动力因子分析.地理学报,2009,64(4):387-398.[Chen Mingxing,Lu Dadao,Zhang Hua.Comprehensive evaluation and the driving factors of China's urbanization.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(4):387-398.]
[13]宁越敏.新城市化进程:90年代中国城市化动力机制和特征探讨.地理学报,1998,53(5):476-484.[Ning Yuemin.New process of urbanization:Dynamics and features of urbanization in China since 1990.Acta Geographica Sinica,1998,53(5):476-484.]
[14]宁越敏.中国城市化特点、问题及治理.南京社会科学,2012,(10):19-27.[Ning Yuemin.A study on the urbanization,urban problems and solution in China.Nanjing Social Sciences,2012,(10):19-27.]
[15]许学强,周一星,宁越敏.城市地理学.北京:高等教育出版社,2009.[Xu Xueqiang,Zhou Yixing,Ning Yuemin.Urban Geography.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2009.]
[16]李美云.西方建设企业型政府的经验和教训.红旗文稿,2010,(15):34-36.[Li Meiyun.The experience and lessons of building an enterprise-based government in the west countries.Red Flag Manuscript,2010,(15):34-36.]
[17]官永彬.财政分权、地方政府竞争与区域基本公共服务差距.重庆师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2014,(2):73-84.[Guan Yongbin.Fiscal decentralization,local government competition,and regional gaps in basic public service.Journal of Chongqing Normal University Edition of Social Sciences,2014,(2):73-84.]
[18]王桂新.我国城市化发展的几点思考.人口研究,2012,36(2):37-44.[Wang Guixin.Reflections on urbanization development in China.Population Research,2012,36(2):37-44.]
[19]侯力.从“城乡二元结构”到“城市二元结构”及其影响.人口学刊,2007,(2):32-36.[Hou Li.From urban and rural dual structure to urban dual structure and it's influences.Population Journal,2007,(2):32-36.]
[20]Shen J.A study of the temporary population in Chinese cities.Habitat International,2002,26:363-377.
[21]艾伦J斯科特.浮现的世界:21世纪的城市与区域.王周扬译.南京:江苏凤凰教育出版社,2017.[Scott A J.AWorld in Emergence:Cities and Regions in the 21st Century.Translated by Wang Zhouyang.Nanjing:Jiangsu Phoenix Education Publishing,2017.]
[22]Fr?bel F,Heinrichs J,Kreyc O.The New International Divisions of Labour.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1980.
[23]宁越敏.新的国家劳动分工、世界城市和我国中心城市的发展.城市问题,1991,(3):2-7.[Ning Yuemin.New international division of labour,world city and the development of key cities in China.Urban Problems,1991,(3):2-7.]
[24]Mok K H,Wu X F.Dual decentralization in China's transitional economy:Welfare regionalism and policy implications for central-local relationship.Policy and Society,2013,32(1):61-75.
[25]悦中山,李树茁,费尔德曼.农民工的社会融合研究:现状、影响因素与后果.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2012.[Yue Zhongshan,Li Shuzhuo,Feldman Marcus.Social Integration of Rural-Urban Migrants in China:Current Status,Determinants and Consequences.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2012.]
[26]王春光.对新生代农民工城市融合问题的认识.人口研究,2010,34(2):31-34.[Wang Chunguang.Social integration of the second generation of rural migrant workers.Population Research,2010,34(2):31-34.]
[27]黄斌欢.双重脱嵌与新生代农民工阶级形成.社会学研究,2014,(2):170-188.[Huang Binhuan.Double disembeddedness and class formation of new generation of migrant workers.Sociological Studies,2014,(2):170-188.]
[28]宁越敏.中国都市区和大城市群的界定:兼论大城市群在区域经济发展中的作用.地理科学,2011,31(3):257-263.[Ning Yuemin.Definition of Chinese metropolitan areas and large urban agglomerations:Role of large urban agglomerations in regional development.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(3):257-263.]
[29]张欣炜,宁越敏.中国大都市区的界定和发展研究:基于第六次人口普查数据的研究.地理科学,2015,35(6):665-673.[Zhang Xinwei,Ning Yuemin.The definition and development of metropolitan areas in China based on the data from the 6th national census.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(6):665-673.]
[30]陈云松,张翼.城镇化的不平等效应与社会融合.中国社会科学,2015,(6):78-95.[Chen Yunsong,Zhang Yi.The inequality effect and social integration in urbanization.Social Sciences in China,2015,(6):78-95.]
[31]Chan K W,Buckingham W.Is China abolishing the hukou system.The China Quarterly,2008,195:582-606.
[32]Yi C,Huang Y.Effectiveness,efficiency and equity.In:Huang Y,Li S M.Housing Inequality in China.London:Routledge,2014.
[33]朱力.农民工阶层的特征与社会地位.南京大学学报:哲学·人文科学·社会科学版,2003,40(6):41-50.[Zhu Li.Characteristics and social status of the peasant worker class.Journal of Nanjing University:Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences,2003,40(6):41-50.]
[34]李强.多元城镇化与中国发展.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013.[Li Qiang.Diverse Urbanization and China Development.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2013.]
[35]王美艳,蔡昉.户籍制度改革的历程与展望.广东社会科学,2008,(6):19-26.[Wang Meiyan,Cai Fang.The process and outlook of reform of hukou.Social Sciences in Guangdong,2008,(6):19-26.]
[36]吴开亚,张力,陈筱.户籍改革进程的障碍:基于城市落户门槛的分析.中国人口科学,2010,(1):66-74.[Wu Kaiya,Zhang Li,Chen Xiao.The barrier of hukou reform:An analysis of the qualifications for the urban hukou.Chinese Journal of Population Science,2010,(1):66-74.]
[37]宋月萍,陶椰.融入与接纳:互动视角下的外来人口社会融合实证研究.人口研究,2012,36(3):38-49.[Song Yueping,Tao Ye.Assimilation and acceptance:An empirical study on migrants'social assimilation from interactive perspective.Population Research,2012,36(3):38-49.]
[38]张欣炜,宁越敏.农业转移人口市民化成本测算及分担机制研究:以山东省淄博市为例.城市发展研究,2018,25(1):55-62.[Zhang Xinwei,Ning Yuemin.The costs and sharing mechanism of citizenization of rural to urban migrants:Acase of Zibo,Shandong.Urban Development Studies,2018,25(1),55-62.]
[39]爱德华·格莱泽.城市的胜利.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2012.[Edward G.Triumph of the City.Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press,2012.]
(1)为什么农民工不愿意上社保? http://www.cb.com.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=20&id=1084796&all.
(2)http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201504/t20150429_797821.html.
(3)中国社会科学院“中国社会状况综合调查”课题组:2011年中国民生及城市化调查报告http://css.cssn.cn/css_sy/lncgxz/201706/P020170615343851171043.pdf.
(4)http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-10/11/content_5117442.htm[2018-02-10].
(5)http://www.sohu.com/a/69521086_110211.
[2]王春光.农村流动人口的“半城市化”问题研究.社会学研究,2006,(5):107-122.[Wang Chunguang.A study of floating rural people's"semi-urbanization".Sociological Studies,2006,(5):107-122.]
[3]陆大道,陈明星.关于“国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020)”编制大背景的几点认识.地理学报,2015,70(2):179-185.[Lu Dadao,Chen Mingxing.Several viewpoints on the background of compiling the"National New Urbanization Planning(2014-2020)".Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):179-185.]
[4]Park R E,Burgess E W.Introduction to the Science of Sociology.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1921.
[5]任远,乔楠.城市外来人口社会融合的过程、测量及影响因素.人口研究,2010,34(2):11-20.[Ren Yuan,Qiao Nan.Social integration for migrants:Process,measurement and determinants.Population Research,2010,34(2):11-20.]
[6]汪明峰,程红,宁越敏.上海城中村外来人口的社会融合及其影响因素.地理学报,2015,70(8):1243-1255.[Wang Mingfeng,Cheng Hong,Ning Yuemin.Social integration of migrants in Shanghai's urban villages.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(8):1243-1255.]
[7]李志刚,吴缚龙,肖扬.基于全国第六次人口普查数据的广州新移民居住分异研究.地理研究,2014,33(11):2056-2068.[Li Zhigang,Wu Fulong,Xiao Yang.Residential segregation of new migrants in Guangzhou,China:A study of the 6th census.Geographical Research,2014,33(11):2056-2068.]
[8]陈明星,龚颖华.城镇化系列咨询研究进展与影响.地理研究,2016,35(11):2015-2024.[Chen Mingxing,Gong Yinghua.Research progress and influence of series of consulting reports of urbanization.Geographical Research,2016,35(11):2015-2024.]
[9]方创琳,鲍超,黄金川,等.中国城镇化发展的地理学贡献与责任使命.地理科学,2018,38(3):321-331.[Fang Chuanglin,Bao Chao,Huang Jinchuan et al.Contribution,responsibility and mission of geography on China's urbanization development.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(3):321-331.]
[10]陈明星.城市化领域的研究进展和科学问题.地理研究,2015,34(4):614-630.[Chen Mingxing.Research progress and scientific issues in the field of urbanization.Geographical Research,2015,34(4):614-630.]
[11]崔功豪,马润潮.中国自下而上城市化的发展及其机制.地理学报,1999,54(2):106-115.[Cui Gonghao,Ma R C.Urbanization from below in China:Its development and mechanisms.Acta Geographica Sinica,1999,54(2):106-115.]
[12]陈明星,陆大道,张华.中国城市化水平的综合测度及其动力因子分析.地理学报,2009,64(4):387-398.[Chen Mingxing,Lu Dadao,Zhang Hua.Comprehensive evaluation and the driving factors of China's urbanization.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(4):387-398.]
[13]宁越敏.新城市化进程:90年代中国城市化动力机制和特征探讨.地理学报,1998,53(5):476-484.[Ning Yuemin.New process of urbanization:Dynamics and features of urbanization in China since 1990.Acta Geographica Sinica,1998,53(5):476-484.]
[14]宁越敏.中国城市化特点、问题及治理.南京社会科学,2012,(10):19-27.[Ning Yuemin.A study on the urbanization,urban problems and solution in China.Nanjing Social Sciences,2012,(10):19-27.]
[15]许学强,周一星,宁越敏.城市地理学.北京:高等教育出版社,2009.[Xu Xueqiang,Zhou Yixing,Ning Yuemin.Urban Geography.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2009.]
[16]李美云.西方建设企业型政府的经验和教训.红旗文稿,2010,(15):34-36.[Li Meiyun.The experience and lessons of building an enterprise-based government in the west countries.Red Flag Manuscript,2010,(15):34-36.]
[17]官永彬.财政分权、地方政府竞争与区域基本公共服务差距.重庆师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2014,(2):73-84.[Guan Yongbin.Fiscal decentralization,local government competition,and regional gaps in basic public service.Journal of Chongqing Normal University Edition of Social Sciences,2014,(2):73-84.]
[18]王桂新.我国城市化发展的几点思考.人口研究,2012,36(2):37-44.[Wang Guixin.Reflections on urbanization development in China.Population Research,2012,36(2):37-44.]
[19]侯力.从“城乡二元结构”到“城市二元结构”及其影响.人口学刊,2007,(2):32-36.[Hou Li.From urban and rural dual structure to urban dual structure and it's influences.Population Journal,2007,(2):32-36.]
[20]Shen J.A study of the temporary population in Chinese cities.Habitat International,2002,26:363-377.
[21]艾伦J斯科特.浮现的世界:21世纪的城市与区域.王周扬译.南京:江苏凤凰教育出版社,2017.[Scott A J.AWorld in Emergence:Cities and Regions in the 21st Century.Translated by Wang Zhouyang.Nanjing:Jiangsu Phoenix Education Publishing,2017.]
[22]Fr?bel F,Heinrichs J,Kreyc O.The New International Divisions of Labour.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1980.
[23]宁越敏.新的国家劳动分工、世界城市和我国中心城市的发展.城市问题,1991,(3):2-7.[Ning Yuemin.New international division of labour,world city and the development of key cities in China.Urban Problems,1991,(3):2-7.]
[24]Mok K H,Wu X F.Dual decentralization in China's transitional economy:Welfare regionalism and policy implications for central-local relationship.Policy and Society,2013,32(1):61-75.
[25]悦中山,李树茁,费尔德曼.农民工的社会融合研究:现状、影响因素与后果.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2012.[Yue Zhongshan,Li Shuzhuo,Feldman Marcus.Social Integration of Rural-Urban Migrants in China:Current Status,Determinants and Consequences.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2012.]
[26]王春光.对新生代农民工城市融合问题的认识.人口研究,2010,34(2):31-34.[Wang Chunguang.Social integration of the second generation of rural migrant workers.Population Research,2010,34(2):31-34.]
[27]黄斌欢.双重脱嵌与新生代农民工阶级形成.社会学研究,2014,(2):170-188.[Huang Binhuan.Double disembeddedness and class formation of new generation of migrant workers.Sociological Studies,2014,(2):170-188.]
[28]宁越敏.中国都市区和大城市群的界定:兼论大城市群在区域经济发展中的作用.地理科学,2011,31(3):257-263.[Ning Yuemin.Definition of Chinese metropolitan areas and large urban agglomerations:Role of large urban agglomerations in regional development.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(3):257-263.]
[29]张欣炜,宁越敏.中国大都市区的界定和发展研究:基于第六次人口普查数据的研究.地理科学,2015,35(6):665-673.[Zhang Xinwei,Ning Yuemin.The definition and development of metropolitan areas in China based on the data from the 6th national census.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(6):665-673.]
[30]陈云松,张翼.城镇化的不平等效应与社会融合.中国社会科学,2015,(6):78-95.[Chen Yunsong,Zhang Yi.The inequality effect and social integration in urbanization.Social Sciences in China,2015,(6):78-95.]
[31]Chan K W,Buckingham W.Is China abolishing the hukou system.The China Quarterly,2008,195:582-606.
[32]Yi C,Huang Y.Effectiveness,efficiency and equity.In:Huang Y,Li S M.Housing Inequality in China.London:Routledge,2014.
[33]朱力.农民工阶层的特征与社会地位.南京大学学报:哲学·人文科学·社会科学版,2003,40(6):41-50.[Zhu Li.Characteristics and social status of the peasant worker class.Journal of Nanjing University:Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences,2003,40(6):41-50.]
[34]李强.多元城镇化与中国发展.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013.[Li Qiang.Diverse Urbanization and China Development.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2013.]
[35]王美艳,蔡昉.户籍制度改革的历程与展望.广东社会科学,2008,(6):19-26.[Wang Meiyan,Cai Fang.The process and outlook of reform of hukou.Social Sciences in Guangdong,2008,(6):19-26.]
[36]吴开亚,张力,陈筱.户籍改革进程的障碍:基于城市落户门槛的分析.中国人口科学,2010,(1):66-74.[Wu Kaiya,Zhang Li,Chen Xiao.The barrier of hukou reform:An analysis of the qualifications for the urban hukou.Chinese Journal of Population Science,2010,(1):66-74.]
[37]宋月萍,陶椰.融入与接纳:互动视角下的外来人口社会融合实证研究.人口研究,2012,36(3):38-49.[Song Yueping,Tao Ye.Assimilation and acceptance:An empirical study on migrants'social assimilation from interactive perspective.Population Research,2012,36(3):38-49.]
[38]张欣炜,宁越敏.农业转移人口市民化成本测算及分担机制研究:以山东省淄博市为例.城市发展研究,2018,25(1):55-62.[Zhang Xinwei,Ning Yuemin.The costs and sharing mechanism of citizenization of rural to urban migrants:Acase of Zibo,Shandong.Urban Development Studies,2018,25(1),55-62.]
[39]爱德华·格莱泽.城市的胜利.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2012.[Edward G.Triumph of the City.Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press,2012.]
(1)为什么农民工不愿意上社保? http://www.cb.com.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=20&id=1084796&all.
(2)http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201504/t20150429_797821.html.
(3)中国社会科学院“中国社会状况综合调查”课题组:2011年中国民生及城市化调查报告http://css.cssn.cn/css_sy/lncgxz/201706/P020170615343851171043.pdf.
(4)http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-10/11/content_5117442.htm[2018-02-10].
(5)http://www.sohu.com/a/69521086_110211.