保护性耕作对土壤氮组分影响研究进展
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摘要
土壤氮组分虽性质各异,但均是土壤氮库不可缺少的成分,关系到土壤肥力、作物氮素利用以及土壤氮素损失。保护性耕作是气候智慧型的农田管理措施之一,对土壤氮库及其组分有重要的影响。目前关于保护性耕作对土壤氮库影响的研究较多,且呈上升趋势,但研究主要是针对土壤全氮或有机氮,而关于土壤氮组分的研究还相对较少。该文综述了国内外关于保护性耕作对土壤氮组分影响的相关研究,分析认为颗粒氮、轻组氮含量对土壤耕作措施变化响应敏感,在保护性耕作下,这些活跃态氮组分含量较高。此外,保护性耕作可改变土壤微生物量氮、潜在矿化氮含量,进而影响植物氮素吸收,亦可改变土壤溶解性有机氮、提取态有机氮含量,进而控制农田土壤氮素损失。然而,研究主要集中在保护性耕作对土壤氮组分含量的影响,而关于其对土壤氮组分影响的原因以及氮组分与作物的关系尚不完全清楚。在此基础上,提出未来中国保护性耕作对土壤氮组分影响方面的重点研究方向:结合土壤生物学性状(如微生物活性、酶活性),进一步揭示保护性耕作对土壤氮组分的影响机制;基于同位素标记,以土壤-作物系统为研究对象,深入研究保护性耕作对土壤氮素矿化及作物氮素吸收的影响,分析土壤氮组分与作物氮素吸收的关系。
Soil nitrogen pool is an important indicator to assess soil quality and fertility of farmland. At the same time, soil nitrogen pool is related to the sustainability of agricultural production, attracting widespread attention due to its importance in soil-plant systems. Soil total nitrogen(STN) is often used to quantify the size of soil nitrogen pool. However, due to its large inventory and small coefficient of variation, STN cannot accurately reflect the variation of soil nitrogen pool. In order to accurately assess the capacity of soil nitrogen supply and further clarify the mechanism of soil nitrogen pool variation, soil nitrogen pool can be divided into fractions with different characteristics according to the sources and forms, which reflect the nature or function of the soil inhomogeneous nitrogen distribution. Conservation tillage(CT) practice is considered to be one of the climate-smart agricultural management practices, being able to effectively influence the soil nitrogen pool and its fractions. In recent years, studies on CT and its ecological effects have been on an upward trend. Increasing studies has been carried out to investigate the effects of CT on soil nitrogen pools. However, most of these studies focused on the effects of CT on soil total nitrogen content instead of soil nitrogen fractions. Research on the effects of CT on soil nitrogen fractions is still at an early stage. This review integrated the international studies concerning the effects of CT on liable nitrogen fractions,mineralization-related nitrogen fractions, and easily-lost nitrogen fractions. Particular organic matter nitrogen and light organic fraction nitrogen, which represent the liable nitrogen fraction, are sensitive to tillage practice. Microbial biomass nitrogen and potential mineralizable nitrogen are easily affected by CT, which could affect nitrogen mineralization ultimately. Dissolved organic nitrogen and extractable organic nitrogen are easy to lose in agriculture system, whereas CT is an effective method for cutting down soil nitrogen loss. However, the effects of CT on nitrogen fractions and the relationship between nitrogen fractions and nitrogen mineralization have been not totally clear, based on which the directions of the following studies are proposed. In combination with soil biological properties(such as soil microbial activity and soil nitrogen associated enzyme activity), the effects of CT on soil nitrogen fractions need to be further revealed. Based on the isotope labelling, the effects of mineralization and nitrogen absorption in crops should be analyzed to determine the relationship between nitrogen fractions and crop nitrogen uptake under CT in the soil-crop system. Increasing studies showed that the amount of soil nitrogen failed to accurately reflect the availability of soil nitrogen. The absorption of nitrogen by crops is greatly affected by the nitrogen diffusion. Thus, to figure out the effects of CT on soil nitrogen diffusion and the diffusion of nitrogen fraction, is of great importance for further research concerning the nitrogen absorption by crops.
Soil nitrogen pool is an important indicator to assess soil quality and fertility of farmland. At the same time, soil nitrogen pool is related to the sustainability of agricultural production, attracting widespread attention due to its importance in soil-plant systems. Soil total nitrogen(STN) is often used to quantify the size of soil nitrogen pool. However, due to its large inventory and small coefficient of variation, STN cannot accurately reflect the variation of soil nitrogen pool. In order to accurately assess the capacity of soil nitrogen supply and further clarify the mechanism of soil nitrogen pool variation, soil nitrogen pool can be divided into fractions with different characteristics according to the sources and forms, which reflect the nature or function of the soil inhomogeneous nitrogen distribution. Conservation tillage(CT) practice is considered to be one of the climate-smart agricultural management practices, being able to effectively influence the soil nitrogen pool and its fractions. In recent years, studies on CT and its ecological effects have been on an upward trend. Increasing studies has been carried out to investigate the effects of CT on soil nitrogen pools. However, most of these studies focused on the effects of CT on soil total nitrogen content instead of soil nitrogen fractions. Research on the effects of CT on soil nitrogen fractions is still at an early stage. This review integrated the international studies concerning the effects of CT on liable nitrogen fractions,mineralization-related nitrogen fractions, and easily-lost nitrogen fractions. Particular organic matter nitrogen and light organic fraction nitrogen, which represent the liable nitrogen fraction, are sensitive to tillage practice. Microbial biomass nitrogen and potential mineralizable nitrogen are easily affected by CT, which could affect nitrogen mineralization ultimately. Dissolved organic nitrogen and extractable organic nitrogen are easy to lose in agriculture system, whereas CT is an effective method for cutting down soil nitrogen loss. However, the effects of CT on nitrogen fractions and the relationship between nitrogen fractions and nitrogen mineralization have been not totally clear, based on which the directions of the following studies are proposed. In combination with soil biological properties(such as soil microbial activity and soil nitrogen associated enzyme activity), the effects of CT on soil nitrogen fractions need to be further revealed. Based on the isotope labelling, the effects of mineralization and nitrogen absorption in crops should be analyzed to determine the relationship between nitrogen fractions and crop nitrogen uptake under CT in the soil-crop system. Increasing studies showed that the amount of soil nitrogen failed to accurately reflect the availability of soil nitrogen. The absorption of nitrogen by crops is greatly affected by the nitrogen diffusion. Thus, to figure out the effects of CT on soil nitrogen diffusion and the diffusion of nitrogen fraction, is of great importance for further research concerning the nitrogen absorption by crops.
引文
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